array:24 [ "pii" => "S0001651921000388" "issn" => "00016519" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2021.01.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-05-01" "aid" => "1081" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello" "copyrightAnyo" => "2021" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2022;73:164-76" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173573522000461" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2021.01.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-05-01" "aid" => "1081" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2022;73:164-76" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Response characteristics of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials recorded over splenius capitis in young adults and adolescents" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "164" "paginaFinal" => "176" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Características de la respuesta de los potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares sobre el músculo esplenio en adultos jóvenes y adolescentes" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1096 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 216963 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Latencies for peak 1 and peak 2 at levels evoking the maximum normalized amplitudes of VEMPs recorded at the 3 muscles in each of the 3 positions by ear of stimulation. Individual data are shown in open symbols. Mean (±1SE) are shown by closed symbols for each stimulation ear and bars represent the mean across ears. Latencies for both peak 1 and 2 were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral head turn position, reflecting the atypical waveforms recorded in this position.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Karen A. Gordon, Joshua Baitz, Joshua J. Gnanasegaram, Carmen McKnight, Brian D. Corneil, Aaron J. Camp, Sharon L. Cushing" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Karen A." "apellidos" => "Gordon" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joshua" "apellidos" => "Baitz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Joshua J." "apellidos" => "Gnanasegaram" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carmen" "apellidos" => "McKnight" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Brian D." "apellidos" => "Corneil" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Aaron J." "apellidos" => "Camp" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sharon L." 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A multicentre study" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "183" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Relación entre frenillo lingual corto y maloclusión. Un estudio multicéntrico" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1576 "Ancho" => 2167 "Tamanyo" => 107710 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Marchesan score and type of occlusion.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Christian Calvo-Henríquez, Silvia Martins Neves, Ana María Branco, Jerome R. Lechien, Frank Betances Reinoso, Xenia Mota Rojas, Carlos O’Connor-Reina, Isabel González-Guijarro, Gabriel Martínez Capoccioni" "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Christian" "apellidos" => "Calvo-Henríquez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Silvia Martins" "apellidos" => "Neves" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana María" "apellidos" => "Branco" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jerome R." 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Gordon, Joshua Baitz, Joshua J. Gnanasegaram, Carmen McKnight, Brian D. Corneil, Aaron J. Camp, Sharon L. Cushing" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Karen A." "apellidos" => "Gordon" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "Karen.gordon@utoronto.ca" ] "referencia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Joshua" "apellidos" => "Baitz" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Joshua J." "apellidos" => "Gnanasegaram" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carmen" "apellidos" => "McKnight" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Brian D." "apellidos" => "Corneil" "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span>" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">g</span>" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">h</span>" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Aaron J." "apellidos" => "Camp" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">i</span>" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sharon L." "apellidos" => "Cushing" "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Communication Disorders, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Características de la respuesta de los potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares sobre el músculo esplenio en adultos jóvenes y adolescentes" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2208 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 278778 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Amplitudes of the 18 VEMPs recorded for each participant (3 muscle recording sites<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 positions<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 stimulus ears) increased with contraction strength. Zero amplitudes represent responses recorded at subthreshold intensity levels but with maintained contraction strength.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vestibular evoked myogenic potential is an established clinical test which uses electromyography (EMG) to assess otolith function. First identified by Colebatch and Halmagyi,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the VEMP is a short latency reflex, evoked primarily in response to saccular stimulation. It is mediated by the medial vestibulospinal tract.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> Frequently, VEMPs are recorded from active surface electrodes placed over SCM with a reference over the sternum. The response is elicited by an acoustic stimulus which leads to mechanical displacement of fluid in the cochlea and vestibular end-organs including the saccule. Increasing stimulus intensity results in louder percepts and an increase in VEMP amplitude. The biphasic positive-negative VEMP response is characterized by peak latencies occurring at 13 and 23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms and reflects underlying inhibition and excitation of an already active motoneuron pool. Steady tonic muscle contraction is required throughout testing to generate reliable responses.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Specifically, SCM contraction can be achieved several ways, including, lying supine, neck flexed, head lifted and rotated away from the stimulus ear, where it is primed for recording the inhibitory response. A seated, head turned position can also be used.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7–9</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although VEMPs can be effectively recorded from SCM in these positions in most, at times false negative responses may occur in the elderly and in young patients who may find it challenging to sustain SCM contraction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–13</span></a> In such situations, additional muscular targets from which to record VEMP responses may minimize false negative risk. In a previous study, using both intramuscular (IM) and surface recording techniques, our group showed that VEMP responses can be elicited from SPC when the head is rotated contralateral to the stimulus ear.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Similar results with IM recordings from the contralateral SPC were recently reported.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> These results were consistent with the synergistic actions of ipsilateral SCM and contralateral SPC to turn the head away from the stimulated ear. VEMP responses on contralateral SPC were evoked in either standing or seated positions instead of the supine head lift/turn position which also may overcome the need to have sufficient room to recline the patient in the test area.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the present study, we examined the ability to record vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) responses from surface electrodes placed over the dorsal neck, specifically the lateral portion of splenius capitis (SPC) muscles in adolescents and young adults. Specific aims were to: (1) validate response characteristics against VEMP responses obtained from surface electrodes over Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscles and (2) assess effects of age on responses in adolescents and young adults. Dorsal neck electrodes were positioned over a lateral portion of SPC, where it is the most superficial muscle and not overlaid by sternocleidomastoid (SCM) or trapezius.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VEMPs were recorded in 15 participants with no known hearing, vestibular or neurological disorders in a research protocol approved by the Research Ethics Board at the Hospital for Sick Children (#1000007266) which adheres to the tri-council policy on ethical conduct of research involving human subjects. Participants indicated no prior hearing loss on screening case history. Formal audiometric assessment was not performed and is a limitation of this study.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recordings were collected in a single ear in 2 participants due to time constraints. One adolescent participant indicated discomfort with the test environment and requested that testing be discontinued prior to completing the first recording.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Participants were 11:4 male:female with 8 adults (mean age 23.06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.10 years, range 19.4–29.2 years) and 7 older children and adolescents (mean age 14.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.5 years, range 8.9–15.9 years). VEMPs over SPC were recorded in three different positions: (1) 90° right head rotation while seated, (2) 90° left head rotation while seated and (3) supine head lift/turn position, away from stimulus ear. All three positions were tested in response to left and right ear stimulation (3 positions<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 ears). VEMPs were simultaneously recorded from symmetrical sites over left and right SPC and SCM ipsilateral to the stimulus ear in all 3 positions. We chose to record ipsilateral SCM responses as this would be the response most likely to provide crosstalk with the ipsilateral responses measured over SPC. While positions were not randomized, the ear tested first was.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Responses were evoked by a 500-Hz, Blackman-windowed tone-burst of 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms duration (2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms rise/fall time, no plateau), delivered monaurally via an E-A-RTONE 3A insert earphone (3M Company, Indianapolis, IN). The stimuli were generated in MATLAB (MathWorks Corp., Natick, MA) and delivered at a rate of 5.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz over 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s for 100 repetitions per trial. Sound intensity was calibrated using a sound pressure level meter (Larson-Davis Model 800B Type I precision integrating SLM). In each of the 3 test positions, stimulation began at a maximum intensity of 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB SPL. Stimulus intensity was then lowered by 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB increments once two replicable responses were visually observed. When repeatable VEMP responses were no longer detectable, testing was terminated. When necessary, a third recording was done to confirm response absence.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VEMP responses were collected using surface electrodes and were analyzed using the Neuroscan Synamps 2 (Compumedics Neuroscan, El Paso, TX) recording platform. Responses from right and left dorsal neck musculature (active electrode placed over the area where SPC is the most superficial muscle, midway between the mastoid process and the spinous process of C7, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) were referenced to the ipsilateral mastoid and responses from SCM (electrode on SCM ipsilateral to the stimulus ear) were referenced to the sternal manubrium (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The ground electrode was on the mid-forehead. Impedance was kept below 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kΩ. Non-rectified EMG was monitored throughout data acquisition, allowing for appropriate verbal feedback to participants during testing ensuring consistent muscle contraction. A strip of 3M™ Coban™ Self-Adherent Wrap (St. Paul, MN, USA) was placed comfortably around each participant's neck to maintain static recording electrode location throughout trials. Online average waveforms were scanned for the presence of myogenic responses with biphasic morphology falling within the expected latency.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Analyses of VEMPs recorded from electrodes placed over bilateral SPC and ipsilateral SCM were completed offline. EMG signals were bandpass filtered (1–3000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz) and recorded. The stimulus period was defined as a −5 to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms window relative to stimulus onset. Latencies were adjusted by 1.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms to correct for a fixed delay between stimulus presentation and trigger in the recording system. Amplitudes were expressed as the absolute difference between the first (13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms) and second (23<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms) response peaks in μV. Muscle contraction was quantified by measuring background mean rectified EMG activity over the post-stimulus period of 50–190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms in each trial for the two replicable VEMP recordings. To account for the effects of contraction strength, response amplitudes were normalized as a percent of the total contraction activity of the muscle. Specifically, rectified EMG was measured for each of the 100 trial/sweeps and averaged. Peak amplitudes in each averaged VEMP were normalized by this average. Statistical analyses included mixed model linear regression conducted using R-studio (version 1.0.153, The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Significance was set at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 and post hoc comparisons were corrected by the degrees of freedom Satterthwaite method.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Characteristics of VEMPs recorded over splenius muscles</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 15 participants, 14 completed testing in 3 conditions for at least one ear, with a total of 26 ears tested. VEMPs were observed in all 3 muscles across all trials/sweeps. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a> shows the grand mean responses by condition for each stimulated ear along with individual waveforms. Responses from the contracted ipsilateral SCM by stimulus ear in the supine head lift/turn position are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A and reflect expected waveform morphology with good consistency between participants. Responses from electrodes over the left and right SPC muscles with head turned contralateral to stimulus ear (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B), have similar waveform morphology overall with one positive peak at approximately 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms followed by a negative peak at approximately 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms. The “*” indicates the position and muscles reported in Camp et al., 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> where contralateral SPC is recruited to turn the head away from the stimulated ear. In contrast, the “‡” indicates a position where ipsilateral SPC would not be expected to exhibit a VEMP response, given previous IM recordings <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> showing that the ipsilateral SPC does not contribute to contralateral head turns. Instead, we suspect that this recording may indicate crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM, given our referencing to the ipsilateral mastoid (see Materials and methods). The “crosstalk” could be reflected by the decreased P-N rate (i.e. less steep transition). This positive, negative peak morphology was found in all participants.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the head was turned ipsilateral to the stimulus ear (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>C), responses from these same electrodes over the left and right SPC were characterized by a multi-peaked and often inverted waveform which appeared in most participants with a negative peak at approximately 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms, followed by 2 clear positive peaks between approximately 15–30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms and a negative peak at approximately 35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms. This occurred even when the head was turned in the direction expected to recruit the underlying SPC (e.g., left ear stimulation, left head turn, left SPC electrode; or right ear stimulation, right head turn, right SPC electrode). In this posture, potential cross-talk from the ipsilateral SCM would not be expected, since ipsilateral SCM does not contribute to ipsilateral head turns. Instead, we suspect that the waveforms observed in this posture may reflect the weaker, less frequency, and often excitatory responses that have been reported from IM recordings from SPC in this posture.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">VEMP amplitudes increase with muscle contraction</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contraction strength was monitored in all 3 recording sites/muscles for each VEMP recording (i.e. ipsilateral SPC, contralateral SPC and ipsilateral SCM, relative to stimulus ear). As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>, amplitudes of recorded VEMPs (measured between peak 1 and 2) increased with increasing contraction strength. Mixed model regression (predicted factor: amplitude; fixed factors: contraction strength, muscle, test position, stimulus ear, age, and age group; random intercept and slope with contraction strength by participant) demonstrated that the increase in amplitude with increasing contraction strength was significant (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(1,33)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13.15, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001) however there were no significant differences in the relationship between response amplitude and contraction strength between adolescents and young adults (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(1,10)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.29, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.60). There was a significant interaction effect on amplitudes between the contraction, ear of stimulation and test position (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(2,1166)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10.99, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001). Specifically, amplitude increased with contraction strength most rapidly in the supine head lift/turn position, particularly in responses evoked by right ear stimulation. Amplitudes changed least with contraction when the head was rotated toward the stimulus ear and this was, again, most clear in responses evoked by the right than left ear. In summary, responses measured when the head was rotated contralateral to the stimulus ear were consistent with VEMPS collected over SCM in the supine head lift/turn position. Responses decreased in amplitude with age in this cohort of adolescents and young adults.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To account for effects of contraction strength, response amplitudes were normalized as a percent of the total contraction activity of the muscle. Normalized amplitudes for each participant are plotted with increasing stimulus intensity (mean normalized amplitudes shown in black) for responses measured over the 3 muscles for all 3 positions in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>. Positions and electrodes over SPC using IM electrodes reported in Camp et al., 2017 to be active are highlighted as “*” and electrodes (ipsilateral to stimulus ear) where there would be the potential for crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM are marked as “‡”. Responses evoked by left and right ears are shown separately (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>A: Left ear; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>B: Right ear). Mixed model linear regression was used to identify factors which could affect normalized amplitude growth (fixed factors: intensity, stimulus ear, muscle, position; random intercept and slope by intensity for each participant). Interactions between intensity, ear of stimulation, muscle, and test position were found (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(4,1280)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.23, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.002), reflecting different rates of amplitude growth between the 18 recordings. The fastest rates of increased amplitude were found for SCM and SPC ipsilateral to the stimulus ear in the supine head lift/turn position (right ear/right SPC and left ear/left SPC), suggesting that these responses were evoked by the same/similar muscles (recall that the SPC reference electrode was placed on the mastoid). On the other hand, the amplitude growth was slower in SCM than both right and left SPC in the ipsilateral head turn position (left SPL: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>(1280)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.04, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.041; right SPL: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>(1282)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.42, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.016) and slower in the SCM than the right SPC in the contralateral head turn <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>(1282)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.34, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.019). Because in some settings, clinical testing concentrates on responses at high intensities, further analyses were conducted on maximum amplitude responses recorded for each condition within the range of stimulus intensities.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Effects of position, muscle and age on VEMP responses</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maximum normalized amplitudes were recorded at high presentation intensities (mean(SD)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>127.01(4.0) dB SPL). There were no significant differences in intensity required for maximum amplitudes between ears (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>(233)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.23, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.82). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a> plots maximum normalized amplitudes for each ear, in each test position, by muscle. A mixed model regression (fixed factors: ear stimulated, muscle, position; random intercept by participant) revealed no significant effect of stimulus ear (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(1,200)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.42, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.07) but a significant 3-way interaction between stimulus ear, muscle, and test position (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(4,197)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.11, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0002). In the supine, head lift/turn position, maximum VEMP amplitudes were consistent with the findings of amplitude growth with stimulus intensity (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). Maximum VEMP amplitudes were smallest in SPC contralateral to stimulus ear as compared to the large amplitudes recorded in SCM (both ears) and ipsilateral SPC (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01 for all comparisons but <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.045 for left ear/right SPC vs right ear/SCM). Clear VEMP responses were recorded during contralateral head rotation for both SPC muscles (both left and right ear stimulation). Of particular interest, there was no significant difference between VEMP amplitudes over either SPC recorded with contralateral head rotation as compared to VEMPs recorded at the SCM in the supine head lift/turn position (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). The maximum amplitudes were significantly lower in the ipsilateral head turn position (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001), particularly at SCM, when this muscle would not have been contracted, and even when SPC would have been expected to contribute to the head turn (e.g., recording from left SPC with head rotated left and stimulus to left ear). There was also a significant decrease in overall maximum normalized amplitude with age by mean(SE)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−4.67(1.38)%/year in this group of adolescents and young adults. Previous work from us and others has shown that SPC contributes to ipsilateral head turns or postures, meaning that left-SPC would be recruited during leftward head turns or postures while activity on right-SPC would be suppressed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> Thus, in the position being considered here (left head turn, left ear stimulus), the absence of a response on left-SPC cannot be attributed to background recruitment, since left-SPC would contribute to the head turn. In contrast, the absence of a response on right SPC could be attributable to the absence of background recruitment, since activity on this muscle is absent in leftward head postures.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effects of recording conditions on VEMP thresholds were explored. Mean(±1SE) values and individual data are shown by muscle, position and ear in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>. Mixed model regression (fixed effects: ear stimulated, muscle, position, age; random intercept by participant) revealed main effects of position (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(2,198)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.76, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01), reflecting increased thresholds when the head was turned ipsilateral to the stimulus ear, relative to the contralateral head turn and the supine head lift/turn position. VEMP thresholds in left and right SPC in contralateral head rotation were similar to SCM thresholds in supine head lift/turn (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). Thresholds decreased slightly with age (1.05(1SE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.43) dB SPL/year) (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(1,14)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.96, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.028) over the limited age range tested.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mixed model regressions assessed latencies of VEMP responses (fixed effects: ear of stimulation, muscle, position, age and random intercept by participant). Latencies were also significantly reduced in all muscles when the head was turned ipsilateral to the stimulus ear for both the first (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(2,189)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40.13, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and second (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(2,189)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65.35, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) peaks (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>A, B). The same positions/muscles are highlighted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0010">Figs. 2, 4–6</a>. An example of these atypical responses when the head was turned ipsilateral to the stimulus recorded are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. No effects of age were found on latency of either peaks (peak 1: (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(1,16)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.29, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.15; peak 2: (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(1,15)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.52, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.24) in our group of adolescents and young adults.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective in the present study was to determine whether surface VEMPs from the dorsal neck could be recorded in adolescents and young adults. Surface electrodes placed over SPC and SCM in a seated position with head rotated contralateral to the stimulus ear consistently yielded VEMP responses. Amplitudes, normalized for contraction strength, in this position, were similar to those measured from SCM ipsilateral to the stimulus ear while supine with the head lifted and turned contralateral to the stimulus ear. Head rotation ipsilateral to the stimulus ear resulted in abnormal waveform morphology and decreased amplitudes, even when SPC was being actively recruited. Therefore, it is feasible to record VEMPs with electrodes placed over SPC while seated with the head rotated contralateral to the stimulus ear, in adolescents and young adults.</p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Characteristics of VEMPs recorded over splenius muscles</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consistent presence of VEMP responses in all participants across all trials demonstrates success in achieving and maintaining sufficient and consistent muscle contraction throughout testing. Waveforms recorded from electrodes placed over both SPC muscles showed similar latencies for amplitude peaks, approximately 15 and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms, compared to those recorded from SCM and with the same polarity with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus ear (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). With head rotation ipsilateral to the stimulus ear, responses were multi-peaked. This finding corresponds with responses identified by Colebatch et al. (1998)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> who suggested these atypical waveforms reflected a reflex facilitating rotation toward the site of stimulation. Specifically, Colebatch demonstrated that potentials of the opposite polarity could be seen (at higher intensities of stimulation) in the antagonist muscles suggesting that the reflex might also facilitate rotation of the head toward the side of stimulation. As described below, it is possible that these reflexes were evolving in dorsal neck muscles other than SPC, given our electrode recording montage. Unexpected VEMP responses have also been reported in non-contracted SPC during head rotation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,20</span></a> This appears to be the case in the present study since these abnormal waveforms were found in electrodes over both right and left SPC during ipsilateral head rotation.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">VEMP amplitudes increase with muscle contraction</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The rate of amplitude increase with contraction was largest in the supine head lift/turn position and was most reduced when the head was rotated toward the stimulus ear. Amplitudes from all 3 recording sites were similarly affected by contraction strength as shown by the lack of interaction between muscle recording sites and rate of amplitude increase with contraction in mixed model analyses (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(2, 1159)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.47, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.76). There was no significant age effect on changes in amplitudes with contraction which suggests that normalizing amplitudes for contraction strength similarly in all participants within the age range studied is appropriate. Response amplitudes normalized background EMG activity has been confirmed to reduce variability in interpreting VEMPs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> and corrects for any individual contraction strength effects.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Effects of position and muscle on VEMP responses</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">VEMP response characteristics were significantly affected by the muscle being recorded and the recording position (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0025">Figs. 5–7</a>). Recordings at SCM showed reduced amplitude growth (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>), reduced maximum amplitude (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>), and increased thresholds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>) in the seated position (particularly with head rotation ipsilateral to the stimulus ear) relative to the supine, head lift/turn position which strongly activates the SCM. These results are in contradiction to previous studies that look at the impact of the position used for muscle activation, on VEMP response parameters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> Unlike the current study, Isaacson's demonstrated that position did not impact corrected amplitude measures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> This would suggest that baseline contraction, rather than position, is the most important driver of response amplitude.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> In keeping with the current study, Isaacson's demonstrated that raw response amplitude and muscle contraction were significantly different across positions and unlike the current study, amplitude growth and threshold were not measured.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> These results suggest that the supine, head lift/turn position may drive SCM to a higher degree of recruitment than turned positions alone, although the supine head lift/turn may require more effort to maintain and lead to earlier fatigue. One possible explanation for the differences between studies may be that subjects were asked to press against their own palm to sustain contraction in other studies which could reduce the variability in tonic contraction compared to our seated population. Alternatively, the supine, head lift/turn position may also lead to activation of other neck muscles which contribute to the measured amount of muscle contraction. On the other hand, VEMP amplitudes and latencies in electrodes overlying SPC, ipsilateral to the stimulus ear, were similar to those measured over ipsilateral SCM in the supine head lift/turn position. The potential for surface electrodes placed over SPC to pick-up on crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM during contralateral head rotation had been reported previously.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Indeed, given the placement of the dorsal neck reference electrode over the mastoid, recordings over ipsilateral SPC in the present montage may in fact have picked up SCM responses when participants were in the supine head lift/turn position.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Responses recorded over bilateral SPC in the seated position with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus ear, were not significantly different from the responses recorded over SCM in the supine head lift/turn position. In the case of ipsilateral recording over SPC, activation is likely stemming from ipsilateral SCM, due to strong likelihood of crosstalk from SCM noted above, and since ipsilateral SPC would not be activated during contralateral head rotation. Consistent with this, responses recorded over ipsilateral SPC and ipsilateral SCM during contralateral head rotation had similar amplitude growth (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>), maximum amplitudes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>) and response thresholds (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). More importantly, recordings from electrodes over contralateral SPC during contralateral head rotation, which are not prone to crosstalk from what would be the non-activated SCM, were also not significantly different from SCM responses recorded in the supine head lift/turn position. In addition, VEMPs in this position were observed in all adolescent and young adults who participated. This confirms that the seated position can be used if VEMPs are recorded over the contralateral SPC muscle and the head is rotated contralateral to the stimulus ear. This finding agrees with surface recordings over contralateral SPC that were made in conjunction with IM recordings in our previous study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> as well as more recent studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Participants were more comfortable in the seated positions than the supine position and could hold this position for longer periods.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Thus, this potentially more comfortable recording paradigm could be helpful for successful VEMP recording in populations who find the supine position unmanageable to sustain. The seated position also has the logistical benefit of taking up less space in the clinic than the bed or reclining chair required for the supine head lift/turn position. For these same reasons, many clinics use the seated position to record VEMP over SCM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At first glance, it may seem curious that similar responses were recorded from electrodes placed over both right and left SPC during contralateral and ipsilateral head turns. Using IM electrodes, our group has shown that VEMPs could not be recorded at the ipsilateral SPC in a similar recording position.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> This difference likely results from the fact that SPC on one side acts synergistically with SCM on the other side to strongly rotate the head (e.g., right SPC and left SCM are synergists for rightward head turns). Our choice of using the ipsilateral mastoid as a reference for recordings over SPC is likely pertinent in this regard: while this montage over right SPC would be suitable during rightward head turns, the montage over left SPC in this same position where the window captured by the electrode montage would quite likely be sensitive to left SCM activation. Alternately, the response in the contralateral head turn position could be coming from a different dorsal neck muscle, such as trapezius. During ipsilateral head turn, the atypical multipeaked responses recorded over both left and right SPC is curious, particularly when being recorded over the SPC that is actively recruited to turn the head (since such recordings would not be contaminated by crosstalk from the inactive SCM). These atypical responses may attest to the weak and infrequent excitatory responses that have been reported on SPC in this posture using IM recordings.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> However, the failure for ipsilateral ear stimulation to recruit typical VEMPs on an actively recruited SPC may also reflect the asymmetric nature of this reflex, since stimulation also fails to consistently recruit the strongly activated contralateral SCM.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Comparison to previous work</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vestibular reflexes distribute to multiple muscles, and it should come as no surprise that VEMPs can evolve on multiple neck muscles.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Although recordings on the ventral neck targeting SCM remain the gold standard for VEMPs, many have recorded VEMPs from the dorsal neck, and of these, SPC has been targeted commonly. VEMPs have been recorded from the dorsal neck in the past, although a diversity of recording techniques and positions have made it difficult to identify the signal source. Myogenic responses from SPC were first reported by Colebatch and colleagues in 1998.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> SPC is innervated by the posterior ramus of cervical spinal nerves (C2-4) and SCM is innervated by the accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI), both receive projections from the medial vestibulospinal tract.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although the majority of SPC lies underneath trapezius and SCM, there is small area of the dorsal neck where SPC is the most superficial muscle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,17</span></a> VEMPs recorded via surface electrodes that were attributed to SPC, have been reported during neck extension, isometric rotation against resistance and neck rotation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,18–20</span></a> The peak to peak amplitude of VEMPs recorded from surface electrodes placed over SPC tend to be lower than responses recorded from SCM in the supine head lift/turn position.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,18,19</span></a> If VEMP amplitudes are unrectified then it is expected that SPC would produce lower amplitude responses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a> however VEMP amplitudes attributed to SPC remain lower even when normalized for contraction strength relative to SCM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Some studies have reported that surface SPC recordings were prone to crosstalk from SCM muscle on the same side, particularly during flexion and contralateral rotation, relative to the side of the muscle recording.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SPC can act as both an ipsilateral head turner (acting synergistically with SCM on the other side) and as an extensor (acting antagonistically with SCM). Efforts targeting SPC have used a variety of positions, clinical populations, and electrode montages, and often produced results that seem contradictory. Colebatch and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reported reduced thresholds for activation in patients with Tullio phenomenon in many muscles throughout the body, including responses from contralateral SPC when the head was turned contralaterally which mirrored responses on ipsilateral SCM. This recruitment profile seems consistent with the synergistic actions of contralateral SPC and ipsilateral SCM. However, Gulec and colleagues<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> studied VEMPs on SPC during head rotations in a large cohort of healthy patients and reported bilateral SPC activation during contralateral head turns in most subjects, even though ipsilateral SPC should have been inhibited in this position. Importantly, this study referenced active electrodes over the SPC belly to a sternal reference, and in doing so, set up the possibility that ipsilateral SCM may have instead been recorded.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In our study with IM recordings,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> we did not observe VEMPs on ipsilateral SCM. This is a reminder that the use of surface electrodes has the potential for picking up responses from non-targeted muscles. Finally, other studies reporting a generally lower incidence of VEMPs on SPC<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a> have done so in a head extended position which may not have driven recruitment of SPC to a sufficient degree to detect responses. At the current time, it seems that head rotation, rather than extension, is the superior for detecting VEMPs arising over SPC.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The question of position is also pertinent for VEMPs over SCM. A number of groups, including our own, have reported that VEMPs can be recorded from ipsilateral SCM with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,16,24–26</span></a> Thus, the potential for recording from ipsilateral SCM in a seated position with sharp contralateral head turn has been established. The usefulness of SCM as a target in this position is likely related to its recruitment strength,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> as the incidence of VEMPs decreases more sharply for ipsilateral SCM compared to contralateral SPC in less extreme rotation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> When assessing VEMPs in a seated, head-turned position in patients unable to sustain the supine head lift/turn position, recordings from both ipsilateral SCM and contralateral SPC can be simultaneously recorded.</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Effects of age on VEMP responses</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All adolescents and young adults were able to maintain consistent and effective muscle contraction in both the supine head lift/turn position and the seated head turn position required to obtain VEMP responses without complaint Maximum amplitudes normalized by contraction strength revealed good potential to record in this group; indeed, maximum amplitudes decreased with age by 4.67(±1SE1.38)/year. Thresholds also showed age effects but the increases per year were slight (1.05(±1SE<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.43) dB SPL/year). Previous studies have identified significantly shorter latencies in the second peak (negative) of VEMP responses recorded in children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,28</span></a> but no significant latency differences with age were found in this cohort of adolescents and young adults.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limitations of the current study include that hearing loss and vestibular function were not formally assessed in the study participants. This may have posed a greater concern if VEMP results had not been obtained in any given subject as we would not be able to discern if this was due to vestibular impairment or function of the test. While VEMPs measured over SPC may not be a reasonable alternative to those over SCM, this additional recording site may be better suited as a routine complementary test. In addition, our study population was limited to young adults and adolescents and its applicability and value in children or older adults would need to be assessed. Finally, a number of other groups have examined SPC as a recording site for VEMP. Given the similarities between our study and that of Camp and colleagues (2017)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> there is benefit in highlighting several important distinctions. First, VEMPs were examined in a cohort with a wider but still limited age range (i.e. adolescents and young adults). Second, a belly-tendon montage and a commercially available recording platform, commonly found in the clinical setting was used, rather than relying on recording equipment specialized for EMG research. While these are two different recording platforms, they have similar capacity for recording and stimulating. Third, subjects were asked to rotate their heads contralaterally and ipsilaterally, relative to the stimulus ear.</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Results from the present study suggest that VEMPs can be confidently recorded from electrodes placed over SPC in a seated position when the head is turned contralateral to the stimulus ear in adolescents and young adults. As illustrated both here and elsewhere,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> decisions regarding placement of active and reference electrodes are important, as apparently bilateral responses may in fact arise from the crosstalk of nearby muscles. Future work will assess the use of different reference electrode configurations to better isolate lateralized responses over SPC; placing the reference over C7 (as done in Colebatch et al., 1998<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>) may be appropriate. Regardless, in the head-turned position, recordings from contralateral SPC are unlikely to be contaminated from crosstalk from contralateral SCM, as the latter muscle would not be activated. A recording paradigm that combines ipsilateral SCM and contralateral SPC recordings in a seated position provides an alternative approach and could potentially reduce false negative responses. Recordings over SPC could be employed if an individual is unable to complete testing in supine or finds it difficult to maintain tonic muscle contraction of SCM even while seated. Future studies aim to validate this method in both younger children and older adults.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Authors’ contribution</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">K.A.G. designed the experiments, analyzed data, wrote and revised the paper S.L.C., A.C. and B.D.C. designed the experiments, wrote and revised the paper; J.B. performed the experiments, analyzed data, wrote and revised the paper. J.J.G., C.M. performed the experiments, provided input for the analysis and revised the paper. All authors contributed equally to this work. All authors discussed the results and implications and commented on the manuscript at all stages.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0140">Funding</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0145">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">S.L.C., Speaker's Bureau – Interacoustics and Cochlear Corporation, Royalties Plural Publishing Editor: Balance Disorders in the Pediatric Population, Patent Holder: Patents #: 7041-0: Systems and Methods For Balance Stabilization, Sponsored Research Agreement – Cochlear Americas.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">K.A.G., Speaker's Bureau – Cochlear Corporation, Consultant – Salus University, Consultant – Health Canada; Public Service, Occupational Health Program.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1709632" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1512179" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1512180" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1709633" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1512181" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Characteristics of VEMPs recorded over splenius muscles" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "VEMP amplitudes increase with muscle contraction" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Effects of position, muscle and age on VEMP responses" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Characteristics of VEMPs recorded over splenius muscles" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "VEMP amplitudes increase with muscle contraction" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Effects of position and muscle on VEMP responses" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Comparison to previous work" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Effects of age on VEMP responses" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Authors’ contribution" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 13 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-05-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2021-01-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1512179" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Vestibular evoked myogenic potential" 1 => "Vestibular testing" 2 => "Splenius capitis" 3 => "Sternocleidomastoid muscle" 4 => "Otoliths" 5 => "Saccule" ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "clase" => "abr" "titulo" => "Abbreviations" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1512180" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "VEMP" 1 => "SCM" 2 => "SPC" 3 => "EMG" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1512181" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares" 1 => "Prueba vestibular" 2 => "Músculo esplenio" 3 => "Músculo esternocleidomastoideo" 4 => "Otolitos" 5 => "Sáculo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examine vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) responses recorded from surface electrodes over Splenius Capitis (SPC) in a seated position. Specific aims: (1) validate response characteristics of VEMP recordings from surface electrodes over Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and over SCP and (2) assess age effects on responses in adolescents and young adults.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Simultaneous surface VEMP was recorded bilaterally from electrodes placed over the dorsal neck musculature at a location known from previous work to record from SPC in 15 healthy participants during trials with head rotation toward and away from the stimulated ear. VEMP was also recorded from electrodes over SCM, ipsilateral to the stimulus ear, in the same participants in a supine, head lift/turn position.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Response amplitudes significantly increased with contraction strength and decreased with age. Participants were able to maintain sufficient contraction strength (amplitude) with head rotation to reliably measure over SPC. Normalized response amplitudes measured from electrodes over contralateral SPC were largest with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus ear. Normalized amplitudes and peak latencies were comparable to the same measures from SCM obtained in supine, head lift/turn position.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Otolith generated myogenic responses can be recorded seated from electrodes over the dorsal neck with head rotation contralateral to the stimulus ear. In this position, contralateral recordings are consistent with responses known from previous work to arise from SPC; ipsilateral recordings may include crosstalk from activated muscles nearby, including ipsilateral SCM. Overall, techniques targeting contralateral SPC during contralateral head turn may provide additional methods of recording VEMPs.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Examinamos las respuestas de los potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares (PEMV) recogidas de los electrodos de superficie sobre el músculo esplenio (ME) en posición sentada. Objetivos específicos: 1) validar las características de los registros de la respuesta de los PEMV recogidos de los electrodos de superficie sobre el músculo esternocleidomastoideo (SCM) y el ME, y 2) evaluar los efectos de la edad en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se registraron simultáneamente los PEMV bilaterales de los electrodos situados en la musculatura dorsal del cuello, en un sitio conocido de un estudio anterior para obtener registros del ME en 15 participantes sanos durante los ensayos, con rotación de cabeza hacia y fuera del oído estimulado. También se registraron los PEMV de los electrodos situados sobre el SCM, en posición ipsilateral al oído estimulado, en los mismos participantes, en posición supina y con elevación/giro de cabeza.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las amplitudes de la respuesta se incrementaron significativamente con la fuerza de la contracción y disminuyeron con la edad. Los participantes fueron capaces de mantener suficiente fuerza de contracción (amplitud) con la rotación de cabeza, para realizar mediciones fiables sobre el ME. Las amplitudes de la respuesta normalizada medidas en los electrodos sobre el ME contralateral fueron mayores con la rotación de cabeza contralateral al oído estimulado. Las amplitudes normalizadas y las latencias máximas fueron comparables a las mismas medidas del SCM obtenidas en posición supina, y elevación/giro de cabeza.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las respuestas miogénicas generadas por otolitos pueden registrarse en posición sentada a partir de los electrodos situados en la parte dorsal del cuello, contralateral al oído estimulado. En esta posición, los registros contralaterales son coherentes con las respuestas conocidas de un estudio previo, derivadas del ME; los registros ipsilaterales pueden incluir interferencias de los músculos activados cercanos, incluyendo el SCM ipsilateral. En general, las técnicas centradas en el ME contralateral durante el giro de cabeza contralateral pueden aportar métodos adicionales de registro de los PEMV.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1274 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 83027 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Electrode placement for VEMP recordings in the current study. Solid electrodes are on the posterior surface (i.e. foreground) while patterned electrodes are on the anterior surface (i.e. background).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 4175 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 988449 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(A) VEMP responses from individual participants (thin gray lines) and the grand average (thicker black lines) recorded over Ipsilateral SCM in the supine head lift/turn position to contract this muscle); (B) Measures over both SPC are shown when the contralateral SCM was contracted by rotating the head contralateral to (away from) the stimulus ear; and (C) when the ipsilateral SCM was contracted by rotating the head ipsilateral to (toward) the stimulus ear. The “*” indicates the position and muscles reported in Camp et al., 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> where contralateral SPC is recruited to turn the head away from the stimulated ear. In contrast, the “‡” indicates a position where ipsilateral SPC would not be expected to exhibit a VEMP response, given previous IM recordings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> showing that the ipsilateral SPC does not contribute to contralateral head turns. Instead, we suspect that this recording may indicate crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM, given our referencing to the ipsilateral mastoid (see Materials and methods).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2208 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 278778 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Amplitudes of the 18 VEMPs recorded for each participant (3 muscle recording sites<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 positions<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2 stimulus ears) increased with contraction strength. Zero amplitudes represent responses recorded at subthreshold intensity levels but with maintained contraction strength.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 2248 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 567094 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">VEMPs were recorded from 130<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>dB SPL to subthreshold intensity levels. Growth of normalized amplitudes with intensity are shown for the 3 targeted muscles in all 3 positions. Black line and symbols indicate average (±1SE) amplitudes and gray lines indicate data from individual participants. Data were obtained in response to (A) left ear stimulation and (B) right ear stimulation. The fastest rates of increased amplitude were found for the SCM and SPC ipsilateral to the ear of stimulus presentation in the supine head lift/turn position and the slowest rate of growth was found for the SCM in either head rotation positions. The “*” indicates the position and muscles reported in Camp et al., 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> where contralateral SPC is recruited to turn the head away from the stimulated ear. In contrast, the “‡” indicates a position where ipsilateral SPC would not be expected to exhibit a VEMP response, given previous IM recordings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> showing that the ipsilateral SPC does not contribute to contralateral head turns. Instead, we suspect that this recording may indicate crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM, given our referencing to the ipsilateral mastoid (see Materials and methods).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1885 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 246791 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Maximum normalized amplitudes of VEMPs recorded at the 3 muscles in each of the 3 positions by ear of stimulation. Individual data are shown in open symbols. Mean (±1SE) are shown by closed symbols for each stimulation ear and bars represent the mean across ears. The SCM responses were larger in the supine head lift/turn position compared to the contralateral or ipsilateral head rotations (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01) but not significantly different from either SPC in the contralateral head position (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). The “*” indicates the position and muscles reported in Camp et al., 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> where contralateral SPC is recruited to turn the head away from the stimulated ear. In contrast, the “‡” indicates a position where ipsilateral SPC would not be expected to exhibit a VEMP response, given previous IM recordings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> showing that the ipsilateral SPC does not contribute to contralateral head turns. Instead, we suspect that this recording may indicate crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM, given our referencing to the ipsilateral mastoid (see Materials and methods).</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1885 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 221910 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Intensities at minimum VEMP amplitudes (thresholds) were collected for the 3 muscle recording sites in each of the 3 positions by ear of stimulation. Individual VEMP thresholds are shown in open symbols. Mean (±1SE) are shown by closed symbols for each stimulation ear and bars represent the mean across ears. VEMP thresholds from the SCM in the supine head lift/turn position were not significantly different from those over SPC in contralateral rotation. The highest thresholds were obtained with the ipsilateral rotation (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>(2,179)<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.18, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.017). The “*” indicates the position and muscles reported in Camp et al., 2017<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> where contralateral SPC is recruited to turn the head away from the stimulated ear. In contrast, the “‡” indicates a position where ipsilateral SPC would not be expected to exhibit a VEMP response, given previous IM recordings<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> showing that the ipsilateral SPC does not contribute to contralateral head turns. Instead, we suspect that this recording may indicate crosstalk from ipsilateral SCM, given our referencing to the ipsilateral mastoid (see Materials and methods).</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Figure 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1096 "Ancho" => 3008 "Tamanyo" => 216963 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Latencies for peak 1 and peak 2 at levels evoking the maximum normalized amplitudes of VEMPs recorded at the 3 muscles in each of the 3 positions by ear of stimulation. Individual data are shown in open symbols. Mean (±1SE) are shown by closed symbols for each stimulation ear and bars represent the mean across ears. 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Journal Information
Original article
Response characteristics of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials recorded over splenius capitis in young adults and adolescents
Características de la respuesta de los potenciales evocados miogénicos vestibulares sobre el músculo esplenio en adultos jóvenes y adolescentes
Karen A. Gordona,b,c,d,e,
, Joshua Baitza, Joshua J. Gnanasegarama,e, Carmen McKnighta, Brian D. Corneilf,g,h, Aaron J. Campi, Sharon L. Cushinga,c,d,e
Corresponding author
a Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
b Department of Communication Disorders, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
c Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
d Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
e Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
f Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
g Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
h Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
i Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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