Radiological Anatomy of the Ethmoidal Arteries: CT Cadaver Study

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"documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2011;62:367-74" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 11102 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 39 "HTML" => 9282 "PDF" => 1781 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Artículo original" "titulo" => "Anatomía radiológica de las arterias etmoidales: estudio por TC en cadáver" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "367" "paginaFinal" => "374" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Radiological anatomy of the ethmoidal arteries: CT cadaver study" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figura 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 728 "Ancho" => 1517 "Tamanyo" => 113436 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "A) Localización de la AEA (primera flecha), la AEP (segunda flecha) y la arteria oftálmica (tercera flecha) en un plano sagital. B) Localización de la AEA entre la segunda y tercera lamela en un plano sagital. AEA: arteria etmoidal anterior; AEP: arteria etmoidal posterior; SF: seno frontal; 2L: segunda lamela; 3L: tercera lamela." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Irene Monjas-Cánovas, Elena García-Garrigós, Juan J. Arenas-Jiménez, Javier Abarca-Olivas, Francisco Sánchez-Del Campo, Juan R. Gras-Albert" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Monjas-Cánovas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elena" "apellidos" => "García-Garrigós" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan J." "apellidos" => "Arenas-Jiménez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Abarca-Olivas" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Del Campo" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan R." "apellidos" => "Gras-Albert" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173573511000603" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.04.002" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573511000603?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001651911001026?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00016519/0000006200000005/v1_201304231437/S0001651911001026/v1_201304231437/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173573511000706" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.05.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-09-01" "aid" => "299" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2011;62:375-80" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3208 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 55 "HTML" => 2460 "PDF" => 693 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Temporal Paragangliomas. A 12-Year Experience" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "375" "paginaFinal" => "380" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Paragangliomas temporales. Experiencia de 12 años" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 710 "Ancho" => 950 "Tamanyo" => 209841 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "During an infratemporal approach in a patient with Fisch type C2 right jugulotympanic paraganglioma." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ángel Ramos Macías, Jorge Bueno Yanes, Pilar Bolaños Hernández, Isidoro Lisner Contreras, Ángel Osorio Acosta, Mario Vicente Barrero, María Luisa Zaballos González" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ángel" "apellidos" => "Ramos Macías" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Bueno Yanes" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pilar" "apellidos" => "Bolaños Hernández" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Isidoro" "apellidos" => "Lisner Contreras" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ángel" "apellidos" => "Osorio Acosta" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mario" "apellidos" => "Vicente Barrero" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Luisa" "apellidos" => "Zaballos González" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S000165191100121X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2011.05.002" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S000165191100121X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573511000706?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735735/0000006200000005/v1_201304231502/S2173573511000706/v1_201304231502/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173573511000597" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.04.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-09-01" "aid" => "294" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2011;62:363-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3373 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 83 "HTML" => 2258 "PDF" => 1032 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Endoscopic Management of Paranasal Sinus Mucoceles: Experience With 46 Patients" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "363" "paginaFinal" => "366" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Manejo endoscópico de mucoceles de senos paranasales: experiencia en 46 pacientes" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 470 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 81627 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Image of the right fronto-ethmoidal mucocele in functional endoscopic surgery of the paranasal sinuses. We found that the right middle turbinate was displaced by the lateral nasal wall. We performed partial turbinectomy. (B) The right fronto-ethmoidal cells were opened, the mucocele was identified and its capsule was marsupialised. Purulent discharge was drained from the inside, leaving the periorbit exposed." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Rodolfo Nazar, Alfredo Naser, Javiera Pardo, Juan Fulla, Jesús Rodríguez-Jorge, Paul H. Delano" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rodolfo" "apellidos" => "Nazar" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alfredo" "apellidos" => "Naser" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Javiera" "apellidos" => "Pardo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Fulla" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Jorge" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paul H." "apellidos" => "Delano" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0001651911001002" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2011.04.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001651911001002?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573511000597?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735735/0000006200000005/v1_201304231502/S2173573511000597/v1_201304231502/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original article" "titulo" => "Radiological Anatomy of the Ethmoidal Arteries: CT Cadaver Study" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "367" "paginaFinal" => "374" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Irene Monjas-Cánovas, Elena García-Garrigós, Juan J. Arenas-Jiménez, Javier Abarca-Olivas, Francisco Sánchez-Del Campo, Juan R. Gras-Albert" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Irene" "apellidos" => "Monjas-Cánovas" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "irene_monjas@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "¿" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Elena" "apellidos" => "García-Garrigós" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan J." "apellidos" => "Arenas-Jiménez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Javier" "apellidos" => "Abarca-Olivas" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Francisco" "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Del Campo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan R." "apellidos" => "Gras-Albert" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Anatomía radiológica de las arterias etmoidales: estudio por TC en cadáver" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1574 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 144625 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Multi-planar reconstruction in oblique sagittal plane: distance from nasion to AEA (dashed line). Distance from nasal spine to AEA (oblique line). Angle between nasal spine and AEA. (B) Angle formed by the AEA (anterior) and PEA (posterior) at their entry point into the skull base in an axial plane. AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionEndoscopic sinus surgery has undergone significant progress from its beginnings in Austria, barely 50 years ago, until our days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a>The pillars of this rapid development are better knowledge of the surgical field, improvements in the materials used during surgery, and, primarily, the great forward impulse that imaging techniques have represented, with the plain radiographs used in the 70s having been effectively replaced by the computed tomography (CT) techniques used at present.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010">2,3</a> Recent advances in CT and three-dimensional reconstructions enable visualisation of anatomical details that were impossible before. It is now possible to recognise the paths of 2 major anatomical structures and surgical references: the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries.The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) in particular is one of the most notable endoscopic references, marking the posterior limit of the frontal recess. Similarly, in external approaches, its identification in the frontoethmoidal suture marks the limit of the anterior skull base.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a>In its path, the AEA crosses 3 cavities: the orbit, the ethmoidal labyrinth, and the anterior cranial fossa. It enters the olfactory fossa through the ethmoidal groove, located in the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate, the point of maximum fragility of the entire skull base and the place where cerebrospinal fluid fistulas and postoperative encephalocele most often occur.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> Knowing its anatomy and being able to identify its path in imaging studies helps to avoid iatrogenic damage.The radiological anatomy of the ethmoidal arteries has been widely studied.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,6–12</a> Most works published refer to CT observations of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals themselves. However, due to the technical limitations of the scanner, their arterial contents and the intra-orbital and intra-cranial segments have hardly been referenced.The aim of this article is to present a study of the radiological anatomy of the anterior (AEA) and posterior ethmoid (PEA) arteries by CT images in the perfused cadaver. We aim to define the characteristics and anatomical references of each of their segments and present variants from normality.Material and MethodsWe carried out a descriptive study with CT images obtained from 40 nasal fossae from 20 cadaver heads. We used cadavers from the dissection room at Miguel Hernández School of Medicine. The specimens were initially prepared and preserved according to the Thiel's<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> technique and their vessels perfused with latex according to Thiel.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a>Next, we performed a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses of all specimens in the sample using a multidetector CT, SOMATOM Sensation 10® model (Siemens), with a collimator of 0.75mm, 120kV, and 100mAs, as well as a table speed (pitch) of 0.45 and 10 crowns.We obtained axial sections of 1mm between the top of the frontal sinus and the hard palate and carried out reconstructions with an overlap of 0.75mm. Subsequently, we obtained coronal and sagittal planes from the axial images, with multi-planar reconstructions and post-processed them with two-dimensional techniques such as the Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP).Images were analysed by a single observer, a radiologist, who studied the following parameters: presence of AEA and of PEA, origin of AEA and of PEA, presence of supra-orbital cells, distance from nasal spine to anterior ethmoidal canal, angle between nasal spine and AEA, distance from nasion to anterior ethmoidal canal, location of the AEA according to the ethmoidal lamellae, distance from AEA to PEA, distance from PEA to optic nerve, length of the artery along the anterior ethmoidal canal, length of the artery along the posterior ethmoidal canal, angle of entry into the skull base of the AEA, and angle of entry into the skull base of the PEA.To establish the distance between the nasion and the AEA and between the nasal spine and the AEA, we angled an axis that passed through the midline, by the AEA at the level of its entry point into the skull base in the axial and coronal planes. Subsequently, measurements were taken in the sagittal plane (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). In this same plane, we also measured the angle formed by an imaginary line connecting the nasal spine with the AEA and another horizontal one passing through the nasal spine and the hard palate.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The length of the anterior ethmoidal canal and the posterior ethmoidal canal and the angle formed by the arteries at their entry point with respect to the skull base were obtained through axial sections (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). The distance between the AEA and the PEA and the optic nerve was recorded in axial and sagittal planes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A). The location of the AEA with respect to the ethmoidal lamellae was studied in sagittal plane, considering the uncinate process as the first lamella, the ethmoid bulla as the second lamella, the base plate of the middle turbinate as the third, and the plate of the superior turbinate as the fourth; lastly, the fifth lamella, being inconstant, would correspond to the plate of the superior turbinate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The records obtained were stored in a database. The statistical analysis employed absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables (presence of AEA and of PEA, origin of AEA and PEA, location of AEA according to lamellae, and presence of supra-orbital cells) and measurements of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables (remaining variables). We used Student t-test for comparison of quantitative variables between both sides. As alpha error probability, we took the value of .05. This statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS11 software program.ResultsThe AEA was located in 1 of its 3 segments in 95% (38/40) of cases, while the identification of the PEA could only take place in 14 of the 40 fossae (35%).In 87.5% (35/40) of the fossae, the AEA originated from the ophthalmic artery, with the remaining 5 cases being variations from normality: the AEA was absent in both fossae in 1 specimen (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A) and the AEA and PEA arteries emerged from a common ethmoidal artery, itself a branch of the ophthalmic artery, in another 3 cases (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The path of the AEA along the anterior ethmoidal canal had a mean length of 8.43±0.74mm (mean±SD), forming an angle before its exit from the orbit of 37.3±5.48°, with a range between 27° and 37° (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).The PEA could only be located in 35% (14/40) of the fossae. Of these, 21.4% (3/14) presented variants from normality in their origin. In these 3 fossae, we observed an exit of the PEA from a common ethmoidal artery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B). The mean length of its path along the posterior ethmoidal canal was somewhat lower, with this figure being estimated at 7.1±1.02mm. Its path in this segment maintained a more horizontal direction, with an anterior angle of 7.11±4.07° at its exit from the orbit (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B).The distance from the nasal spine to the AEA was 55.51±5.52mm. The angle between an imaginary line connecting the nasal spine with the anterior ethmoidal canal and a horizontal line passing through the nasal spine was 57.67±1.68° (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A).The study of AEA location with respect to the lamellae could be performed in 36 of 40 fossae. In 100% of the cases studied (36/36), the AEA was located between the second and third lamella (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). In 5% (2/40) of cases, the artery could not be located in the sagittal sections and the artery was absent in the remaining 5% (2/40).We measured the distance from the nasion to the anterior ethmoidal canal in the sagittal plane. This was 29.31±2.53mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). The mean distance from the AEA to the PEA was 11.24±2.14mm and, from the PEA to the optic nerve, it decreased to 7.26±1.33mm.We observed supra-orbital cells in 15% (6/40) of the fossae.The quantitative variables were analysed independently on the right and the left sides and the results were compared between the two. Differences found were not statistically significant in any of the parameters studied.The results of the measurement are summarised in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1–3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionEthmoidal arteries originate from the ophthalmic artery. The latter emerges in most cases from the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery and goes into the orbit through the optic foramen in a lateral arrangement to the 2nd cranial nerve.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> After starting its intra-orbital path, the ophthalmic artery crosses the orbit from lateral to medial above the optic nerve and lies in a medial position within it.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a> In 90% of cases, the AEA originates from the most distal region of the ophthalmic artery in the anterior third of the orbit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>A).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>After its exit, it advances a few millimetres in an anterior direction, then makes an anterior convex loop below the superior oblique muscle and returns about 5mm backwards seeking the anterior ethmoidal canal on the frontoethmoidal suture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>B).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> With an approximate diameter of 0.92mm,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> its intra-orbital path is estimated to have a distance of 25mm, with this figure varying according to its origin and according to the location of the anterior ethmoidal canal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a>In almost all the fossae (35/40) in our series, the AEA originated in the ophthalmic artery. However, in 3 cases, it originated from a common ethmoidal artery (in turn a branch of the ophthalmic artery), from which the PEA also emerged (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B). In 1 specimen, the AEA was absent on both sides. These variants, already widely described by Lang and Schäfer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> in 1979, could be observed in our study due to the technique employed, which showed anatomical details of the intra-orbital segment on the CT scan.The AEA leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal canal on the frontoethmoidal suture to enter the anterior ethmoidal canal. At this level in the coronal sections of the CT, it is possible to observe a pyramid-shaped notch in the medial wall of the orbit, which corresponds to the exit of the artery between the superior oblique and the internal rectus muscles; this constitutes the most constant anatomical reference for its location in the scan.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,11</a> In our study, we could clearly observe the exit point of the artery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>B).Most published studies have extensively evaluated the course of the AEA in the ethmoidal labyrinth. In the late 70s, Lang and Schäfer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> described its oblique direction along the skull base. Subsequently, other publications have corroborated this datum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,18–21</a> Moon et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> mentioned the diagonal path, from lateral to medial, in all 70 specimens in their sample and Floreani et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> reported that the artery left the orbit making an anterior angle of 30-45° towards the ethmoidal groove. The data collected in our study agreed with those previously published in cadaver dissections and adjusted to a mean of 37.3±5.48°, with a range between 27° and 37° (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>A).In agreement with other studies,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,19,21,22</a> the AEA was located between the 2nd and the 3rd lamella in most cases in our series (36/40) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>B). In 5% (2/40) of cases, the artery could not be located in the sagittal sections and the artery was absent in the remaining 5% (2/40) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A). This is a constant datum in the literature, already described by Han et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> Kirchner et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a>, and Araujo et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> who established AEA absences of 4%, 7%, and 8% of cases respectively.Throughout its path, the anterior ethmoidal canal may present partial or total dehiscence, thus increasing the risk of damage during surgery. There is some disagreement in this respect in the literature. While Moon et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> established 11% of dehiscent canals, other authors such as Minnigerode<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">24</a> or Kainz and Stammberger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> pointed to a higher incidence, of around 40%. Araujo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> attributed the 67% incidence of dehiscent canals found in their work to possible racial differences between studies. Such discordant data could be explained by differing working methodologies, assuming that in some cases such dehiscence could be related to the exit or entry points of nerves. The characteristics of our study did not allow us to evaluate these parameters.Another point of controversy is the relationship of the AEA with respect to the skull base. Basak et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> used coronal CT sections for their study in living patients; these researchers observed that the AEA crossed the anterior ethmoid freely in 43% of cases, while it passed through the ethmoidal labyrinth attached to the skull base in the remaining 57%. Kainz and Stammberger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> stated that, in most cases, the AEA was connected to the skull base by a mesentery of about 5mm. Contrary to this, in Moon et al.’s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> study, about 90% of the arteries were attached to the skull base. Once again, this controversy could be due to racial differences or differences in study techniques. Within this controversy, Floreani et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> established a strong correlation between the length of the vertical lamella and the presence of a mesentery in the anterior ethmoidal canal, stating that when the depth of the olfactory fossa was greater than 4mm (Keros grade II or III),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">25</a> there was a relative risk of up to 17.3 with 95% CI (2–150) that the AEA would be anchored to the skull base by a mesentery. In turn, Simmen et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> and Souza et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> established a statistically-significant association and stated that, in the presence of supra-orbital cells, the AEA freely crosses the ethmoid, not being anchored to the skull base. We found that this figure was confirmed in 15% (6/40) of cases in which supra-orbital pneumatisation was observed.Due to its location, in the posterior edge of the frontal recess, the AEA represents a major anatomical landmark that helps to locate the skull base during surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> Until a few years ago, the AEA was identified using the maxillary line,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">23</a> the lamina cribosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> or the middle turbinate axilla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a> as notable anatomical references. Subsequently, other points of interest were developed: the mean distance between the nasal spine and the AEA in our study was 55.51±5.52mm and the angle between the nasal spine and the AEA and a horizontal line passing through the spine was 57.7±1.78° (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). These measurements are very similar to those found by Moon et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">19</a> and Araujo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> Some authors have compared the distance between the nasal spine and the AEA by gender. Araujo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">18</a> established asymmetries between males and females, with the distance being somewhat greater in males than in females. This difference, although statistically significant in their study, has not been confirmed by other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">26</a>In the 38 fossae in which we studied the distance between the nasion and the AEA, the mean distance was 29.31±2.5mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A). This figure is similar to that published by Cankal et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> in a CT scan study and is a useful reference for the treatment of some tumoral causes by external approaches or for uncontrollable epistaxis in which the endoscopic AEA ligation is not possible. However, it is also true that the external incision is made in the inner canthus of the eye and not directly over the nasion.The AEA continues its path along the anterior ethmoidal canal. In our series, this presented a mean length of 8.43±0.72mm, similar to that published by Lang and Schäfer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> and Kainz and Stammberger.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> After passing through the anterior ethmoidal canal, which is wider at its exit from the orbit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> (with a diameter of about 1.2–1.3mm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,17</a>), the AEA enters the olfactory fossa through the vertical lamella of the cribriform plate, by the ethmoidal groove (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>A). This is the point of maximum fragility of the entire skull base.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> In 1988, Kainz and Stammberger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a> showed that the bone thickness of the vertical lamella is 4 times less than the medial wall and up to 10 times less than the top of the ethmoid. This relationship of forces would explain the fragility of this point of the anterior skull base. In up to 45% of cases, the height of the vertical lamella can vary between both fossae,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">20</a> while it may be more horizontal, thus increasing the risk of damaging the artery, in about 50%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">27</a> Consequently, working in an area lateral to the middle turbinate reduces the risk of bleeding from the AEA and of CSF fistula.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">5</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>The AEA ends its path entering into the anterior cranial fossa between the middle third and the anterior third of the olfactory fossa. Once there, it splits into several branches: anterior meningeal artery, anterior nasal artery, medial and lateral superior nasal branches, and even branches to the olfactory bulb.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> Once in the nasal cavity nasal, it anastomoses with the nasal branches of the sphenopalatine artery in Kiesselbach's plexus (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>B and C).Posterior Ethmoidal ArteryAnatomical variations at the origin occur more frequently in the posterior ethmoidal artery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> It may have its origin in the AEA and also in the middle meningeal but, according to our series, it is most frequently found in the ophthalmic artery. In 3 fossae of 14 in which the PEA could be studied, we found variants of normality and the artery originated from a common ethmoidal artery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>B).Shortly after the ophthalmic artery enters the orbit, the PEA emerges in its posterior third, usually above the superior oblique muscle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> On its intra-orbital course, we observe it follows a superior convex loop and ends up above the oblique muscle. This is reflected in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>There are no well-documented anatomical references to identify the PEA in CT studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">4</a> Despite studying cadavers perfused with radio-opaque material, we could identify it in only 14/40 nasal fossae. This result may reflect one of the limitations of our study, since the presence of the PEA has been described in a greater percentage, up to 70%, in anatomical dissections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105">21,23</a> Its small calibre, usually less than 1mm,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,17</a> could explain our findings, given that we studied the vascular content and not the ethmoid bone canal itself, as was the case in other series.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020">4,6</a>After its intra-orbital path, the PEA continues towards the frontoethmoidal suture and enters through the posterior ethmoidal canal to cross the ethmoidal labyrinth a few millimetres from the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, in the sphenoethmoidal angle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> Its path in the ethmoidal canal is slightly shorter and has a more horizontal orientation than that of the AEA, with an angle of entry into the skull base between 0° and18°.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> We documented an angle of 7.11±4.07° although it is true that this variable could only be measured in 9 of 40 nasal fossae. This wide range could be justified by the high number of losses in the sample (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>).It is a vessel of smaller calibre with a less tortuous path, which is sometimes difficult to locate during surgery. In our study, it was located at a mean distance of 11.24±2.14mm from the AEA (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A). Given its variability, it is not a reliable reference for location endoscopically, with the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus being a more constant surgical reference.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>Its surgical importance is based mainly on its proximity to the optic nerve. The short distance between the 2 structures is variable and can range from 4 to 16mm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,21</a> In our series, the range was narrower, with values of 7.26±1.32mm, in possible connection with a much smaller sample size than that studied by Cankal et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> The close relationship between the PEA and the optic nerve demands extreme care during approaches that require working in this territory.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a>In our study, we carried out a comparative analysis between the 2 fossae. Although there were asymmetries in some of the variables, the differences were not statistically significant for any of the parameters studied. However, both sides of the CT should always be considered independently, so as to reduce the risk of bleeding and to assess possible anatomical variations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">28</a> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).The present study has a number of weak points. Although we did not carry out a regulated study of internal validation of the measurements, these measurements were repeated in several scans without evidence of notable differences.Another of its limitations is based on the inability to reproduce the technique in living patients for its use in daily practice. It is clear that some of the anatomical measurements presented are difficult to assess preoperatively, such as the distance from nasion to AEA, the distance from nasal spine to AEA or the length, and angles of the arteries in the ethmoidal canals.Despite all this, we believe that this anatomical study represents an important contribution to the knowledge on ethmoidal artery anatomy, since it explicitly defines their vascular territory and it includes radiological anatomy images that allow the observation of details not possible in conventional CT images.ConclusionsMost of our results coincided with those published previously in radiological and dissection studies.The preparation of specimens according to the Thiel's<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065">13,14</a> technique helps to study vascular anatomy. It also allows evaluation of parameters that would be impossible to analyse by conventional CT studies or CT scans with contrast.We found variants of normality in 12.5% of the fossae. The AEA was absent in 5% of cases and we observed a common ethmoidal artery from which both the AEA and the PEA emerged in 7.5% of the cases.Conflict of InterestThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres94839" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Introduction and objectives" 2 => "Methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec81991" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres94838" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Introducción y objetivos" 2 => "Métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec81990" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Posterior Ethmoidal Artery" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2010-10-26" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-04-27" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec81991" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Anterior ethmoidal artery" 1 => "Posterior ethmoidal artery" 2 => "Computed tomography" 3 => "Vascular anatomy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec81990" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Arteria etmoidal anterior" 1 => "Arteria etmoidal posterior" 2 => "Tomografía computarizada" 3 => "Anatomía vascular" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Introduction and objectivesOur aim was to study the radiological anatomy of the ethmoidal arteries. MethodsA descriptive study was performed including CT images of 20 cadaver heads. The specimens were perfused with a radiopaque material and various anatomical parameters were analysed. ResultsThe anterior ethmoidal artery was found in 95% (38/40) of cases. It originated from the ophthalmic artery in 87.5% (34/40) of nasal cavities. In 6 cases, normal variants were found. The mean length of the anterior ethmoidal canal was 8.43±0.74mm. The angle performed into the skull base was 37.3±5.48°. In 90% of cases (36/40), it was located between the second and third lamella. The posterior ethmoidal artery was localised only in 14/40 cases, with 28.5% (4/14) of them showing normal variants. The mean length of the posterior ethmoidal canal was 7.1±1.02mm. The angle performed into the skull base was 7.11±4.07°. The distance from sill to the anterior ethmoid artery was 55.51±5.52mm. The angle between the nasal spine and the anterior ethmoidal canal was 57.67±1.68°. The distance between the nasion and the anterior ethmoidal canal was 29.31±2.53mm, the distance was 11.24±2.14mm from the anterior ethmoid artery to the posterior ethmoid artery and from the posterior ethmoid artery to the optic nerve, 7.26±1.33mm. Supraorbital cells were observed in 15% (6/40) of the cases. ConclusionsA complete vascular study of the ethmoidal arteries was possible by using this technique." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Introducción y objetivosEl objetivo del trabajo es realizar un estudio de la anatomía radiológica de las arterias etmoidales. MétodosSe realizó un estudio descriptivo con imágenes de tomografía computarizada correspondientes a 20 cabezas de cadáver perfundidas con material radiopaco. Se analizaron diferentes parámetros anatómicos. ResultadosLa arteria etmoidal anterior se localizó en el 95% (38/40) de los casos. En el 87,55% (35/40) de las fosas se originó de la arteria oftálmica, encontrando en seis casos variantes de la normalidad. La longitud media del canal etmoidal anterior fue de 8,43±0,74mm con un ángulo de entrada en la base de cráneo de 37,3±5,48°. En el 90% de los casos (36/40), se localizó entre la segunda y la tercera lamela. La arteria etmoidal posterior sólo pudo localizarse en (14/40) fosas nasales. El 28,5% (4/14) presentaron variantes en su origen. La longitud media del canal etmoidal posterior fue de 7,1±1,02mm realizando un ángulo anterior a su salida de la órbita de 7,11±4,07°. La distancia desde la espina nasal hasta la arteria etmoidal anterior fue de 55,51±5,52mm. El ángulo realizado entre la espina nasal y el canal etmoidal anterior fue de 57,67±1,68°. La distancia entre el nasión y el canal etmoidal anterior fue de 29,31±2,53mm, de la arteria etmoidal anterior a la arteria etmoidal posterior fue de 11,24±2,14mm y de la arteria etmoidal posterior al nervio óptico de 7,26±1,33mm. Se apreciaron celdas supraorbitarias en el 15% (6/40) de las fosas. ConclusionesLa técnica utilizada permitió realizar un análisis vascular completo del trayecto de las arterias etmoidales." ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Monjas-Cánovas I, et al. Anatomía radiológica de las arterias etmoidales: estudio por TC en cadáver. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2011;62:367–74." ] ] "multimedia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1574 "Ancho" => 975 "Tamanyo" => 144625 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Multi-planar reconstruction in oblique sagittal plane: distance from nasion to AEA (dashed line). Distance from nasal spine to AEA (oblique line). Angle between nasal spine and AEA. (B) Angle formed by the AEA (anterior) and PEA (posterior) at their entry point into the skull base in an axial plane. AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 728 "Ancho" => 1517 "Tamanyo" => 113527 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Location of the AEA (first arrow), the PEA (second arrow) and ophthalmic artery (third arrow) in a sagittal plane. (B) Location of the AEA between the second and third lamellae in a sagittal plane. AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery; FS: frontal sinus; 2L: second lamella; 3L: third lamella." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 640 "Ancho" => 1525 "Tamanyo" => 109694 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variants of AEA shown in MIP reconstructions. (A) Bilateral absence of AEA. (B) Origin in common ethmoidal artery (arrow) of the AEA and PEA. AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery; MIP: maximum intensity projection." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Figure 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 587 "Ancho" => 1509 "Tamanyo" => 105044 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(A) Axial MIP reconstruction: origin of the AEA in the ophthalmic artery, intra-orbital segment, and oblique path in the ethmoidal labyrinth. (B) Coronal MIP reconstruction: exit through the anterior ethmoidal canal. AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; MIP: maximum intensity projection." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Figure 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 498 "Ancho" => 2000 "Tamanyo" => 115586 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Coronal (A) and sagittal (B) MIP reconstructions. Distal path of the AEA in the anterior cranial fossa, path in epidural space, and cribriform plate. (C) Terminal branches of the AEA (first arrow), the PEA (second arrow), and nasopalatine artery (third arrow). AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery; MIP: maximum intensity projection." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Figure 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 511 "Ancho" => 1503 "Tamanyo" => 102319 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Path of the PEA. (A) Coronal MIP reconstruction: origin of the PEA in the ophthalmic artery. (B) Axial MIP reconstruction: path in ethmoidal labyrinth section. PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery; MIP: maximum intensity projection." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; AEC: anterior ethmoidal canal; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery; PEC: posterior ethmoidal canal; SD: standard deviation." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance nasal spine–AEC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.523 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle nasal spine–AEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.781 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance nasion–AEC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance AEA–PEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance PEA–optic nerve \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of AEC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of PEC \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle of AEA in skull base \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle of PEA in skull base \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab179666.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Summary of Results of Quantitative Variables." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Presence of AEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">95% (38/40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Presence of PEA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35% (14/40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Origin of AEA</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In ophthalmic artery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">92.1% (35/38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In common ethmoidal artery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.9% (3/38) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Origin of PEA</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In ophthalmic artery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">78.6% (11/14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">In common ethmoidal artery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.4% (3/14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Presence of supra-orbital cells \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15% (6/40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Location by lamellae</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Between 2nd and 3rd lamella \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100% (36/36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab179664.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Summary of Results of Qualitative Variables." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AEA: anterior ethmoidal artery; AEC: anterior ethmoidal canal; OPT N.: optic nerve; PEA: posterior ethmoidal artery; PEC: posterior ethmoidal canal." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard Deviation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard Error \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Spine–AEC</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.673 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.301 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.524 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.267 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle spine–AEA</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.839 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.422 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.718 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.394 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance nasion–AEC</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.666 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.612 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.340 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.537 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance AEA–PEA</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.162 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.524 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.195 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.517 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Distance PEA–OPT N.</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.229 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.282 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.435 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.329 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of AEC</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.815 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.198 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.689 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.162 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle AE–skull base</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.866 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.383 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Length of PEC</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.421 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.293 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.023 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.387 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle PEA–skull base</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Right \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.782 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.691 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Left \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.933 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.466 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab179665.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Comparative Study Between Both Fossae." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Die Endoscopie der Nase" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ 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Radiological Anatomy of the Ethmoidal Arteries: CT Cadaver Study

Anatomía radiológica de las arterias etmoidales: estudio por TC en cadáver

Irene Monjas-Cánovasa,

Corresponding author

irene_monjas@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Elena García-Garrigósb, Juan J. Arenas-Jiménezb, Javier Abarca-Olivasc, Francisco Sánchez-Del Campod, Juan R. Gras-Alberta

a Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

b Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

c Servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain

d Departamento de Anatomía e Histología, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain

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    "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.04.001"
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      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Endoscopic Management of Paranasal Sinus Mucoceles&#58; Experience With 46 Patients"
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            "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Image of the right fronto-ethmoidal mucocele in functional endoscopic surgery of the paranasal sinuses&#46; We found that the right middle turbinate was displaced by the lateral nasal wall&#46; We performed partial turbinectomy&#46; &#40;B&#41; The right fronto-ethmoidal cells were opened&#44; the mucocele was identified and its capsule was marsupialised&#46; Purulent discharge was drained from the inside&#44; leaving the periorbit exposed&#46;</p>"
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    "titulo" => "Radiological Anatomy of the Ethmoidal Arteries&#58; CT Cadaver Study"
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        "autoresLista" => "Irene Monjas-C&#225;novas, Elena Garc&#237;a-Garrig&#243;s, Juan J&#46; Arenas-Jim&#233;nez, Javier Abarca-Olivas, Francisco S&#225;nchez-Del Campo, Juan R&#46; Gras-Albert"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Multi-planar reconstruction in oblique sagittal plane&#58; distance from nasion to AEA &#40;dashed line&#41;&#46; Distance from nasal spine to AEA &#40;oblique line&#41;&#46; Angle between nasal spine and AEA&#46; &#40;B&#41; Angle formed by the AEA &#40;anterior&#41; and PEA &#40;posterior&#41; at their entry point into the skull base in an axial plane&#46; AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endoscopic sinus surgery has undergone significant progress from its beginnings in Austria&#44; barely 50 years ago&#44; until our days&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pillars of this rapid development are better knowledge of the surgical field&#44; improvements in the materials used during surgery&#44; and&#44; primarily&#44; the great forward impulse that imaging techniques have represented&#44; with the plain radiographs used in the 70s having been effectively replaced by the computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; techniques used at present&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Recent advances in CT and three-dimensional reconstructions enable visualisation of anatomical details that were impossible before&#46; It is now possible to recognise the paths of 2 major anatomical structures and surgical references&#58; the anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The anterior ethmoidal artery &#40;AEA&#41; in particular is one of the most notable endoscopic references&#44; marking the posterior limit of the frontal recess&#46; Similarly&#44; in external approaches&#44; its identification in the frontoethmoidal suture marks the limit of the anterior skull base&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In its path&#44; the AEA crosses 3 cavities&#58; the orbit&#44; the ethmoidal labyrinth&#44; and the anterior cranial fossa&#46; It enters the olfactory fossa through the ethmoidal groove&#44; located in the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate&#44; the point of maximum fragility of the entire skull base and the place where cerebrospinal fluid fistulas and postoperative encephalocele most often occur&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Knowing its anatomy and being able to identify its path in imaging studies helps to avoid iatrogenic damage&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The radiological anatomy of the ethmoidal arteries has been widely studied&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6&#8211;12</span></a> Most works published refer to CT observations of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals themselves&#46; However&#44; due to the technical limitations of the scanner&#44; their arterial contents and the intra-orbital and intra-cranial segments have hardly been referenced&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this article is to present a study of the radiological anatomy of the anterior &#40;AEA&#41; and posterior ethmoid &#40;PEA&#41; arteries by CT images in the perfused cadaver&#46; We aim to define the characteristics and anatomical references of each of their segments and present variants from normality&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and Methods</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We carried out a descriptive study with CT images obtained from 40 nasal fossae from 20 cadaver heads&#46; We used cadavers from the dissection room at Miguel Hern&#225;ndez School of Medicine&#46; The specimens were initially prepared and preserved according to the Thiel&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> technique and their vessels perfused with latex according to Thiel&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Next&#44; we performed a CT scan of the paranasal sinuses of all specimens in the sample using a multidetector CT&#44; SOMATOM Sensation 10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> model &#40;Siemens&#41;&#44; with a collimator of 0&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kV&#44; and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mAs&#44; as well as a table speed &#40;pitch&#41; of 0&#46;45 and 10 crowns&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We obtained axial sections of 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm between the top of the frontal sinus and the hard palate and carried out reconstructions with an overlap of 0&#46;75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Subsequently&#44; we obtained coronal and sagittal planes from the axial images&#44; with multi-planar reconstructions and post-processed them with two-dimensional techniques such as the Maximum Intensity Projection &#40;MIP&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Images were analysed by a single observer&#44; a radiologist&#44; who studied the following parameters&#58; presence of AEA and of PEA&#44; origin of AEA and of PEA&#44; presence of supra-orbital cells&#44; distance from nasal spine to anterior ethmoidal canal&#44; angle between nasal spine and AEA&#44; distance from nasion to anterior ethmoidal canal&#44; location of the AEA according to the ethmoidal lamellae&#44; distance from AEA to PEA&#44; distance from PEA to optic nerve&#44; length of the artery along the anterior ethmoidal canal&#44; length of the artery along the posterior ethmoidal canal&#44; angle of entry into the skull base of the AEA&#44; and angle of entry into the skull base of the PEA&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To establish the distance between the nasion and the AEA and between the nasal spine and the AEA&#44; we angled an axis that passed through the midline&#44; by the AEA at the level of its entry point into the skull base in the axial and coronal planes&#46; Subsequently&#44; measurements were taken in the sagittal plane &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; In this same plane&#44; we also measured the angle formed by an imaginary line connecting the nasal spine with the AEA and another horizontal one passing through the nasal spine and the hard palate&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The length of the anterior ethmoidal canal and the posterior ethmoidal canal and the angle formed by the arteries at their entry point with respect to the skull base were obtained through axial sections &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46; The distance between the AEA and the PEA and the optic nerve was recorded in axial and sagittal planes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; The location of the AEA with respect to the ethmoidal lamellae was studied in sagittal plane&#44; considering the uncinate process as the first lamella&#44; the ethmoid bulla as the second lamella&#44; the base plate of the middle turbinate as the third&#44; and the plate of the superior turbinate as the fourth&#59; lastly&#44; the fifth lamella&#44; being inconstant&#44; would correspond to the plate of the superior turbinate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The records obtained were stored in a database&#46; The statistical analysis employed absolute and relative frequencies for qualitative variables &#40;presence of AEA and of PEA&#44; origin of AEA and PEA&#44; location of AEA according to lamellae&#44; and presence of supra-orbital cells&#41; and measurements of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables &#40;remaining variables&#41;&#46; We used Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test for comparison of quantitative variables between both sides&#46; As alpha error probability&#44; we took the value of &#46;05&#46; This statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS11 software program&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The AEA was located in 1 of its 3 segments in 95&#37; &#40;38&#47;40&#41; of cases&#44; while the identification of the PEA could only take place in 14 of the 40 fossae &#40;35&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 87&#46;5&#37; &#40;35&#47;40&#41; of the fossae&#44; the AEA originated from the ophthalmic artery&#44; with the remaining 5 cases being variations from normality&#58; the AEA was absent in both fossae in 1 specimen &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41; and the AEA and PEA arteries emerged from a common ethmoidal artery&#44; itself a branch of the ophthalmic artery&#44; in another 3 cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The path of the AEA along the anterior ethmoidal canal had a mean length of 8&#46;43&#177;0&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;mean&#177;SD&#41;&#44; forming an angle before its exit from the orbit of 37&#46;3&#177;5&#46;48&#176;&#44; with a range between 27&#176; and 37&#176; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The PEA could only be located in 35&#37; &#40;14&#47;40&#41; of the fossae&#46; Of these&#44; 21&#46;4&#37; &#40;3&#47;14&#41; presented variants from normality in their origin&#46; In these 3 fossae&#44; we observed an exit of the PEA from a common ethmoidal artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46; The mean length of its path along the posterior ethmoidal canal was somewhat lower&#44; with this figure being estimated at 7&#46;1&#177;1&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Its path in this segment maintained a more horizontal direction&#44; with an anterior angle of 7&#46;11&#177;4&#46;07&#176; at its exit from the orbit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The distance from the nasal spine to the AEA was 55&#46;51&#177;5&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The angle between an imaginary line connecting the nasal spine with the anterior ethmoidal canal and a horizontal line passing through the nasal spine was 57&#46;67&#177;1&#46;68&#176; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study of AEA location with respect to the lamellae could be performed in 36 of 40 fossae&#46; In 100&#37; of the cases studied &#40;36&#47;36&#41;&#44; the AEA was located between the second and third lamella &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; In 5&#37; &#40;2&#47;40&#41; of cases&#44; the artery could not be located in the sagittal sections and the artery was absent in the remaining 5&#37; &#40;2&#47;40&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We measured the distance from the nasion to the anterior ethmoidal canal in the sagittal plane&#46; This was 29&#46;31&#177;2&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; The mean distance from the AEA to the PEA was 11&#46;24&#177;2&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and&#44; from the PEA to the optic nerve&#44; it decreased to 7&#46;26&#177;1&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed supra-orbital cells in 15&#37; &#40;6&#47;40&#41; of the fossae&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quantitative variables were analysed independently on the right and the left sides and the results were compared between the two&#46; Differences found were not statistically significant in any of the parameters studied&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the measurement are summarised in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1&#8211;3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ethmoidal arteries originate from the ophthalmic artery&#46; The latter emerges in most cases from the supraclinoid portion of the internal carotid artery and goes into the orbit through the optic foramen in a lateral arrangement to the 2nd cranial nerve&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> After starting its intra-orbital path&#44; the ophthalmic artery crosses the orbit from lateral to medial above the optic nerve and lies in a medial position within it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In 90&#37; of cases&#44; the AEA originates from the most distal region of the ophthalmic artery in the anterior third of the orbit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After its exit&#44; it advances a few millimetres in an anterior direction&#44; then makes an anterior convex loop below the superior oblique muscle and returns about 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm backwards seeking the anterior ethmoidal canal on the frontoethmoidal suture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>B&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> With an approximate diameter of 0&#46;92<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> its intra-orbital path is estimated to have a distance of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; with this figure varying according to its origin and according to the location of the anterior ethmoidal canal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In almost all the fossae &#40;35&#47;40&#41; in our series&#44; the AEA originated in the ophthalmic artery&#46; However&#44; in 3 cases&#44; it originated from a common ethmoidal artery &#40;in turn a branch of the ophthalmic artery&#41;&#44; from which the PEA also emerged &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46; In 1 specimen&#44; the AEA was absent on both sides&#46; These variants&#44; already widely described by Lang and Sch&#228;fer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> in 1979&#44; could be observed in our study due to the technique employed&#44; which showed anatomical details of the intra-orbital segment on the CT scan&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The AEA leaves the orbit through the anterior ethmoidal canal on the frontoethmoidal suture to enter the anterior ethmoidal canal&#46; At this level in the coronal sections of the CT&#44; it is possible to observe a pyramid-shaped notch in the medial wall of the orbit&#44; which corresponds to the exit of the artery between the superior oblique and the internal rectus muscles&#59; this constitutes the most constant anatomical reference for its location in the scan&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;11</span></a> In our study&#44; we could clearly observe the exit point of the artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most published studies have extensively evaluated the course of the AEA in the ethmoidal labyrinth&#46; In the late 70s&#44; Lang and Sch&#228;fer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> described its oblique direction along the skull base&#46; Subsequently&#44; other publications have corroborated this datum&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;18&#8211;21</span></a> Moon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> mentioned the diagonal path&#44; from lateral to medial&#44; in all 70 specimens in their sample and Floreani et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> reported that the artery left the orbit making an anterior angle of 30-45&#176; towards the ethmoidal groove&#46; The data collected in our study agreed with those previously published in cadaver dissections and adjusted to a mean of 37&#46;3&#177;5&#46;48&#176;&#44; with a range between 27&#176; and 37&#176; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>A&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In agreement with other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;19&#44;21&#44;22</span></a> the AEA was located between the 2nd and the 3rd lamella in most cases in our series &#40;36&#47;40&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>B&#41;&#46; In 5&#37; &#40;2&#47;40&#41; of cases&#44; the artery could not be located in the sagittal sections and the artery was absent in the remaining 5&#37; &#40;2&#47;40&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A&#41;&#46; This is a constant datum in the literature&#44; already described by Han et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Kirchner et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a>&#44; and Araujo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> who established AEA absences of 4&#37;&#44; 7&#37;&#44; and 8&#37; of cases respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout its path&#44; the anterior ethmoidal canal may present partial or total dehiscence&#44; thus increasing the risk of damage during surgery&#46; There is some disagreement in this respect in the literature&#46; While Moon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> established 11&#37; of dehiscent canals&#44; other authors such as Minnigerode<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> or Kainz and Stammberger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> pointed to a higher incidence&#44; of around 40&#37;&#46; Araujo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> attributed the 67&#37; incidence of dehiscent canals found in their work to possible racial differences between studies&#46; Such discordant data could be explained by differing working methodologies&#44; assuming that in some cases such dehiscence could be related to the exit or entry points of nerves&#46; The characteristics of our study did not allow us to evaluate these parameters&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another point of controversy is the relationship of the AEA with respect to the skull base&#46; Basak et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> used coronal CT sections for their study in living patients&#59; these researchers observed that the AEA crossed the anterior ethmoid freely in 43&#37; of cases&#44; while it passed through the ethmoidal labyrinth attached to the skull base in the remaining 57&#37;&#46; Kainz and Stammberger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> stated that&#44; in most cases&#44; the AEA was connected to the skull base by a mesentery of about 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Contrary to this&#44; in Moon et al&#46;&#8217;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> study&#44; about 90&#37; of the arteries were attached to the skull base&#46; Once again&#44; this controversy could be due to racial differences or differences in study techniques&#46; Within this controversy&#44; Floreani et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> established a strong correlation between the length of the vertical lamella and the presence of a mesentery in the anterior ethmoidal canal&#44; stating that when the depth of the olfactory fossa was greater than 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;Keros grade II or III&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> there was a relative risk of up to 17&#46;3 with 95&#37; CI &#40;2&#8211;150&#41; that the AEA would be anchored to the skull base by a mesentery&#46; In turn&#44; Simmen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and Souza et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> established a statistically-significant association and stated that&#44; in the presence of supra-orbital cells&#44; the AEA freely crosses the ethmoid&#44; not being anchored to the skull base&#46; We found that this figure was confirmed in 15&#37; &#40;6&#47;40&#41; of cases in which supra-orbital pneumatisation was observed&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to its location&#44; in the posterior edge of the frontal recess&#44; the AEA represents a major anatomical landmark that helps to locate the skull base during surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Until a few years ago&#44; the AEA was identified using the maxillary line&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> the lamina cribosa<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> or the middle turbinate axilla<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> as notable anatomical references&#46; Subsequently&#44; other points of interest were developed&#58; the mean distance between the nasal spine and the AEA in our study was 55&#46;51&#177;5&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and the angle between the nasal spine and the AEA and a horizontal line passing through the spine was 57&#46;7&#177;1&#46;78&#176; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; These measurements are very similar to those found by Moon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> and Araujo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Some authors have compared the distance between the nasal spine and the AEA by gender&#46; Araujo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> established asymmetries between males and females&#44; with the distance being somewhat greater in males than in females&#46; This difference&#44; although statistically significant in their study&#44; has not been confirmed by other authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 38 fossae in which we studied the distance between the nasion and the AEA&#44; the mean distance was 29&#46;31&#177;2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; This figure is similar to that published by Cankal et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> in a CT scan study and is a useful reference for the treatment of some tumoral causes by external approaches or for uncontrollable epistaxis in which the endoscopic AEA ligation is not possible&#46; However&#44; it is also true that the external incision is made in the inner canthus of the eye and not directly over the nasion&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The AEA continues its path along the anterior ethmoidal canal&#46; In our series&#44; this presented a mean length of 8&#46;43&#177;0&#46;72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; similar to that published by Lang and Sch&#228;fer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Kainz and Stammberger&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> After passing through the anterior ethmoidal canal&#44; which is wider at its exit from the orbit<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> &#40;with a diameter of about 1&#46;2&#8211;1&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a>&#41;&#44; the AEA enters the olfactory fossa through the vertical lamella of the cribriform plate&#44; by the ethmoidal groove &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>A&#41;&#46; This is the point of maximum fragility of the entire skull base&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In 1988&#44; Kainz and Stammberger<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> showed that the bone thickness of the vertical lamella is 4 times less than the medial wall and up to 10 times less than the top of the ethmoid&#46; This relationship of forces would explain the fragility of this point of the anterior skull base&#46; In up to 45&#37; of cases&#44; the height of the vertical lamella can vary between both fossae&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> while it may be more horizontal&#44; thus increasing the risk of damaging the artery&#44; in about 50&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Consequently&#44; working in an area lateral to the middle turbinate reduces the risk of bleeding from the AEA and of CSF fistula&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The AEA ends its path entering into the anterior cranial fossa between the middle third and the anterior third of the olfactory fossa&#46; Once there&#44; it splits into several branches&#58; anterior meningeal artery&#44; anterior nasal artery&#44; medial and lateral superior nasal branches&#44; and even branches to the olfactory bulb&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Once in the nasal cavity nasal&#44; it anastomoses with the nasal branches of the sphenopalatine artery in Kiesselbach&#39;s plexus &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>B and C&#41;&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Posterior Ethmoidal Artery</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anatomical variations at the origin occur more frequently in the posterior ethmoidal artery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> It may have its origin in the AEA and also in the middle meningeal but&#44; according to our series&#44; it is most frequently found in the ophthalmic artery&#46; In 3 fossae of 14 in which the PEA could be studied&#44; we found variants of normality and the artery originated from a common ethmoidal artery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Shortly after the ophthalmic artery enters the orbit&#44; the PEA emerges in its posterior third&#44; usually above the superior oblique muscle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> On its intra-orbital course&#44; we observe it follows a superior convex loop and ends up above the oblique muscle&#46; This is reflected in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are no well-documented anatomical references to identify the PEA in CT studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Despite studying cadavers perfused with radio-opaque material&#44; we could identify it in only 14&#47;40 nasal fossae&#46; This result may reflect one of the limitations of our study&#44; since the presence of the PEA has been described in a greater percentage&#44; up to 70&#37;&#44; in anatomical dissections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;23</span></a> Its small calibre&#44; usually less than 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> could explain our findings&#44; given that we studied the vascular content and not the ethmoid bone canal itself&#44; as was the case in other series&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After its intra-orbital path&#44; the PEA continues towards the frontoethmoidal suture and enters through the posterior ethmoidal canal to cross the ethmoidal labyrinth a few millimetres from the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus&#44; in the sphenoethmoidal angle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Its path in the ethmoidal canal is slightly shorter and has a more horizontal orientation than that of the AEA&#44; with an angle of entry into the skull base between 0&#176; and18&#176;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> We documented an angle of 7&#46;11&#177;4&#46;07&#176; although it is true that this variable could only be measured in 9 of 40 nasal fossae&#46; This wide range could be justified by the high number of losses in the sample &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is a vessel of smaller calibre with a less tortuous path&#44; which is sometimes difficult to locate during surgery&#46; In our study&#44; it was located at a mean distance of 11&#46;24&#177;2&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm from the AEA &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A&#41;&#46; Given its variability&#44; it is not a reliable reference for location endoscopically&#44; with the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus being a more constant surgical reference&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its surgical importance is based mainly on its proximity to the optic nerve&#46; The short distance between the 2 structures is variable and can range from 4 to 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;21</span></a> In our series&#44; the range was narrower&#44; with values of 7&#46;26&#177;1&#46;32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; in possible connection with a much smaller sample size than that studied by Cankal et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The close relationship between the PEA and the optic nerve demands extreme care during approaches that require working in this territory&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; we carried out a comparative analysis between the 2 fossae&#46; Although there were asymmetries in some of the variables&#44; the differences were not statistically significant for any of the parameters studied&#46; However&#44; both sides of the CT should always be considered independently&#44; so as to reduce the risk of bleeding and to assess possible anatomical variations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has a number of weak points&#46; Although we did not carry out a regulated study of internal validation of the measurements&#44; these measurements were repeated in several scans without evidence of notable differences&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another of its limitations is based on the inability to reproduce the technique in living patients for its use in daily practice&#46; It is clear that some of the anatomical measurements presented are difficult to assess preoperatively&#44; such as the distance from nasion to AEA&#44; the distance from nasal spine to AEA or the length&#44; and angles of the arteries in the ethmoidal canals&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite all this&#44; we believe that this anatomical study represents an important contribution to the knowledge on ethmoidal artery anatomy&#44; since it explicitly defines their vascular territory and it includes radiological anatomy images that allow the observation of details not possible in conventional CT images&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of our results coincided with those published previously in radiological and dissection studies&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The preparation of specimens according to the Thiel&#39;s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> technique helps to study vascular anatomy&#46; It also allows evaluation of parameters that would be impossible to analyse by conventional CT studies or CT scans with contrast&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We found variants of normality in 12&#46;5&#37; of the fossae&#46; The AEA was absent in 5&#37; of cases and we observed a common ethmoidal artery from which both the AEA and the PEA emerged in 7&#46;5&#37; of the cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of Interest</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction and objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our aim was to study the radiological anatomy of the ethmoidal arteries&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive study was performed including CT images of 20 cadaver heads&#46; The specimens were perfused with a radiopaque material and various anatomical parameters were analysed&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The anterior ethmoidal artery was found in 95&#37; &#40;38&#47;40&#41; of cases&#46; It originated from the ophthalmic artery in 87&#46;5&#37; &#40;34&#47;40&#41; of nasal cavities&#46; In 6 cases&#44; normal variants were found&#46; The mean length of the anterior ethmoidal canal was 8&#46;43&#177;0&#46;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The angle performed into the skull base was 37&#46;3&#177;5&#46;48&#176;&#46; In 90&#37; of cases &#40;36&#47;40&#41;&#44; it was located between the second and third lamella&#46; The posterior ethmoidal artery was localised only in 14&#47;40 cases&#44; with 28&#46;5&#37; &#40;4&#47;14&#41; of them showing normal variants&#46; The mean length of the posterior ethmoidal canal was 7&#46;1&#177;1&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The angle performed into the skull base was 7&#46;11&#177;4&#46;07&#176;&#46; The distance from sill to the anterior ethmoid artery was 55&#46;51&#177;5&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The angle between the nasal spine and the anterior ethmoidal canal was 57&#46;67&#177;1&#46;68&#176;&#46; The distance between the nasion and the anterior ethmoidal canal was 29&#46;31&#177;2&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; the distance was 11&#46;24&#177;2&#46;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm from the anterior ethmoid artery to the posterior ethmoid artery and from the posterior ethmoid artery to the optic nerve&#44; 7&#46;26&#177;1&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Supraorbital cells were observed in 15&#37; &#40;6&#47;40&#41; of the cases&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A complete vascular study of the ethmoidal arteries was possible by using this technique&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introducci&#243;n y objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo del trabajo es realizar un estudio de la anatom&#237;a radiol&#243;gica de las arterias etmoidales&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio descriptivo con im&#225;genes de tomograf&#237;a computarizada correspondientes a 20 cabezas de cad&#225;ver perfundidas con material radiopaco&#46; Se analizaron diferentes par&#225;metros anat&#243;micos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La arteria etmoidal anterior se localiz&#243; en el 95&#37; &#40;38&#47;40&#41; de los casos&#46; En el 87&#44;55&#37; &#40;35&#47;40&#41; de las fosas se origin&#243; de la arteria oft&#225;lmica&#44; encontrando en seis casos variantes de la normalidad&#46; La longitud media del canal etmoidal anterior fue de 8&#44;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;74<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm con un &#225;ngulo de entrada en la base de cr&#225;neo de 37&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;48&#176;&#46; En el 90&#37; de los casos &#40;36&#47;40&#41;&#44; se localiz&#243; entre la segunda y la tercera lamela&#46; La arteria etmoidal posterior s&#243;lo pudo localizarse en &#40;14&#47;40&#41; fosas nasales&#46; El 28&#44;5&#37; &#40;4&#47;14&#41; presentaron variantes en su origen&#46; La longitud media del canal etmoidal posterior fue de 7&#44;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm realizando un &#225;ngulo anterior a su salida de la &#243;rbita de 7&#44;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#44;07&#176;&#46; La distancia desde la espina nasal hasta la arteria etmoidal anterior fue de 55&#44;51<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#44;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; El &#225;ngulo realizado entre la espina nasal y el canal etmoidal anterior fue de 57&#44;67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;68&#176;&#46; La distancia entre el nasi&#243;n y el canal etmoidal anterior fue de 29&#44;31<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; de la arteria etmoidal anterior a la arteria etmoidal posterior fue de 11&#44;24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#44;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm y de la arteria etmoidal posterior al nervio &#243;ptico de 7&#44;26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Se apreciaron celdas supraorbitarias en el 15&#37; &#40;6&#47;40&#41; de las fosas&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La t&#233;cnica utilizada permiti&#243; realizar un an&#225;lisis vascular completo del trayecto de las arterias etmoidales&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Monjas-C&#225;novas I&#44; et al&#46; Anatom&#237;a radiol&#243;gica de las arterias etmoidales&#58; estudio por TC en cad&#225;ver&#46; Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp&#46; 2011&#59;62&#58;367&#8211;74&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:9 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1574
            "Ancho" => 975
            "Tamanyo" => 144625
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Multi-planar reconstruction in oblique sagittal plane&#58; distance from nasion to AEA &#40;dashed line&#41;&#46; Distance from nasal spine to AEA &#40;oblique line&#41;&#46; Angle between nasal spine and AEA&#46; &#40;B&#41; Angle formed by the AEA &#40;anterior&#41; and PEA &#40;posterior&#41; at their entry point into the skull base in an axial plane&#46; AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 728
            "Ancho" => 1517
            "Tamanyo" => 113527
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Location of the AEA &#40;first arrow&#41;&#44; the PEA &#40;second arrow&#41; and ophthalmic artery &#40;third arrow&#41; in a sagittal plane&#46; &#40;B&#41; Location of the AEA between the second and third lamellae in a sagittal plane&#46; AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#59; FS&#58; frontal sinus&#59; 2L&#58; second lamella&#59; 3L&#58; third lamella&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 640
            "Ancho" => 1525
            "Tamanyo" => 109694
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variants of AEA shown in MIP reconstructions&#46; &#40;A&#41; Bilateral absence of AEA&#46; &#40;B&#41; Origin in common ethmoidal artery &#40;arrow&#41; of the AEA and PEA&#46; AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#59; MIP&#58; maximum intensity projection&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 587
            "Ancho" => 1509
            "Tamanyo" => 105044
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Axial MIP reconstruction&#58; origin of the AEA in the ophthalmic artery&#44; intra-orbital segment&#44; and oblique path in the ethmoidal labyrinth&#46; &#40;B&#41; Coronal MIP reconstruction&#58; exit through the anterior ethmoidal canal&#46; AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; MIP&#58; maximum intensity projection&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 498
            "Ancho" => 2000
            "Tamanyo" => 115586
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coronal &#40;A&#41; and sagittal &#40;B&#41; MIP reconstructions&#46; Distal path of the AEA in the anterior cranial fossa&#44; path in epidural space&#44; and cribriform plate&#46; &#40;C&#41; Terminal branches of the AEA &#40;first arrow&#41;&#44; the PEA &#40;second arrow&#41;&#44; and nasopalatine artery &#40;third arrow&#41;&#46; AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#59; MIP&#58; maximum intensity projection&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0030"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 6"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 511
            "Ancho" => 1503
            "Tamanyo" => 102319
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Path of the PEA&#46; &#40;A&#41; Coronal MIP reconstruction&#58; origin of the PEA in the ophthalmic artery&#46; &#40;B&#41; Axial MIP reconstruction&#58; path in ethmoidal labyrinth section&#46; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#59; MIP&#58; maximum intensity projection&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; AEC&#58; anterior ethmoidal canal&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEC&#58; posterior ethmoidal canal&#59; SD&#58; standard deviation&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Distance nasal spine&#8211;AEC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;523&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Angle nasal spine&#8211;AEA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;781&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Distance nasion&#8211;AEC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Distance AEA&#8211;PEA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Distance PEA&#8211;optic nerve&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Length of AEC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Length of PEC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Angle of AEA in skull base&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Angle of PEA in skull base&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab179666.png"
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      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Frequency&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Presence of AEA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">95&#37; &#40;38&#47;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Presence of PEA</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">35&#37; &#40;14&#47;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Origin of AEA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In ophthalmic artery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#46;1&#37; &#40;35&#47;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In common ethmoidal artery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;9&#37; &#40;3&#47;38&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Origin of PEA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In ophthalmic artery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;6&#37; &#40;11&#47;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>In common ethmoidal artery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;4&#37; &#40;3&#47;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Presence of supra-orbital cells&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#37; &#40;6&#47;40&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Location by lamellae</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Between 2nd and 3rd lamella&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37; &#40;36&#47;36&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                0 => "xTab179664.png"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of Results of Qualitative Variables&#46;</p>"
        ]
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      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AEA&#58; anterior ethmoidal artery&#59; AEC&#58; anterior ethmoidal canal&#59; OPT N&#46;&#58; optic nerve&#59; PEA&#58; posterior ethmoidal artery&#59; PEC&#58; posterior ethmoidal canal&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variables&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard Deviation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Standard Error&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Spine</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AEC</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;673&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;301&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;524&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angle spine</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AEA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;839&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;422&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;718&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distance nasion</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AEC</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;666&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distance AEA&#8211;PEA</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Distance PEA</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">OPT N&#46;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;229&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Length of AEC</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;689&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angle AE</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">skull base</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">36&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;866&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;383&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Length of PEC</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;421&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;293&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;023&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;387&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Angle PEA</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">skull base</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;782&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 21735735
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.otoeng.2011.04.002

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 July	1	0	1
2023 March	1	0	1
2021 March	0	35	35
2021 February	0	32	32
2021 January	0	24	24
2020 December	0	23	23
2020 November	0	15	15
2020 October	0	6	6
2020 September	0	1	1
2020 August	0	6	6
2020 July	0	1	1
2020 June	0	1	1
2020 May	0	3	3
2020 April	0	2	2
2020 March	54	7	61
2020 February	90	9	99
2020 January	87	19	106
2019 December	78	20	98
2019 November	70	9	79
2019 October	66	9	75
2019 September	98	8	106
2019 August	66	10	76
2019 July	78	22	100
2019 June	120	36	156
2019 May	188	42	230
2019 April	145	13	158
2019 March	65	9	74
2019 February	56	11	67
2019 January	61	21	82
2018 December	26	11	37
2018 November	58	17	75
2018 October	50	23	73
2018 May	8	1	9
2018 April	52	15	67
2018 March	48	11	59
2018 February	53	8	61
2018 January	41	14	55
2017 December	42	18	60
2017 November	57	22	79
2017 October	34	17	51
2017 September	61	40	101
2017 August	58	36	94
2017 July	45	48	93
2017 June	78	29	107
2017 May	81	39	120
2017 April	62	50	112
2017 March	59	88	147
2017 February	87	86	173
2017 January	33	20	53
2016 December	59	38	97
2016 November	87	62	149
2016 October	98	65	163
2016 September	70	73	143
2016 August	81	37	118
2016 July	65	23	88
2016 June	45	41	86
2016 May	77	64	141
2016 April	61	54	115
2016 March	103	52	155
2016 February	84	63	147
2016 January	73	53	126
2015 December	71	46	117
2015 November	54	39	93
2015 October	70	42	112
2015 September	37	101	138
2015 August	81	37	118
2015 July	65	25	90
2015 June	43	23	66
2015 May	52	17	69
2015 April	89	30	119
2015 March	108	18	126
2015 February	57	18	75
2015 January	54	7	61
2014 December	71	23	94
2014 November	42	10	52
2014 October	55	14	69
2014 September	56	16	72
2014 August	60	14	74
2014 July	52	16	68
2014 June	52	11	63
2014 May	43	14	57
2014 April	31	14	45
2014 March	43	11	54
2014 February	33	11	44
2014 January	29	11	40
2013 December	39	12	51
2013 November	58	11	69
2013 October	87	24	111
2013 September	86	23	109
2013 August	32	1	33
2013 July	7	3	10

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