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Procedures for Integrating a Voice Unit in an ENT Area/Service and its Results
Procedimientos para la integración de una Unidad de Voz en el funcionamiento de un Servicio/Área de ORL y sus resultados
Juan Carlos Casado-Morente
Corresponding author
jccasadom@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Rafael Casanova-Castillo, Antonio Hernández-Rubiño, Carlos Gómez-Velasco, Encarnación Fernández-Ruiz, David Piédrola-Maroto, Rafael Urquiza-de la Rosa
Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the past 2 decades&#44; there has been a growing interest in voice and its disorders&#46; In fact&#44; an array of tests to assess impairment of vocal function has appeared&#46; These tests are currently used not just in the case of voice professionals or elite singers&#44; but for any patient who perceives vocal impairment as a disability and as a difficulty in adapting to the environment &#40;social or work&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Until relatively recently&#44; an objective and accurate voice assessment was nonexistent&#46; Voice was measured subjectively&#59; judgement was based entirely on the perception of the physician&#44; through so-called <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">psychoacoustic assessment</span>&#46; However&#44; this type of analysis&#44; despite its frequent use even today&#44; has the disadvantage of the subjectivity with which the listener judges the voice&#44; leading to intra- and inter-judgement discrepancies&#46; At present&#44; the emergence of new technical possibilities &#40;some of them not so new&#41; in the anatomical-functional analysis of the vocal folds &#40;laryngostroboscopy&#44; vocal acoustic analysis&#44; and aerodynamic analysis&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> has provided physicians with useful tools to aid their &#8220;clinical ears&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consequently&#44; today we can say that the voice can be altered &#40;just like any other human function&#41; and that this alteration must be studied and analysed in an <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">objective&#44; comprehensive manner</span>&#46; This can be achieved at a Voice Unit&#44; which is a super-specialised section belonging to an Otolaryngology &#40;ENT&#41; Department or Service&#44; whose main function is to provide comprehensive care&#44; diagnosis&#44; and treatment of voice disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Voice Units&#44; in addition to occupying a physical space&#44; must have adequate staff&#44; equipment&#44; and working criteria established in a protocol&#46; With regard to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">staff</span>&#44; we start from the idea and the conviction that working correctly in the assessment and diagnosis of these disorders must necessarily involve the various physicians involved in this task&#44; taking an interdisciplinary perspective&#46; Within the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">equipment</span> used&#44; stroboscopy must be pivotal&#44; possibly associated with image recording&#44; and complemented with voice analysis programs and aerodynamic measurement equipment&#46; As important as personnel and equipment are the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">mode of action and the criteria for referring</span> patients to the Voice Unit&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The reality of our hospitals is far from this conception&#46; A recent study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> &#40;2006&#41; concluded that only 38&#37; of ENT Services had a Voice Unit&#59; that just over half used laryngeal stroboscopy in daily clinical practice&#59; that one-third of otolaryngologists knew very little about the work of speech therapists&#59; that fewer than half of the services used some form of written protocol in the evaluation of dysphonic patients&#59; and that a systematised protocol for the evaluation and treatment of the voice was unanimously considered necessary&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In any case&#44; as we have observed&#44; the existence of a Voice Unit does not entail a consistent performance with evident results&#46; Rather&#44; with a few exceptions&#44; it usually involves a transient&#44; uneven&#44; and sometimes anecdotal activity within the operation of an ENT Service&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this article is to explain how we proceeded to strengthen and give greater weight to our Voice Unit in our hospital environment&#46; We briefly describe the following topics&#58; functions&#44; organisation&#44; procedures&#44; and results of a Voice Unit&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This article could be useful&#44; in some cases&#44; for ENT services in the process of creating a similar Voice Unit or in the process of remodelling an existing one&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material and Method</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Voice Unit must complete a minimum number of stages&#58; implementation&#44; development&#44; stability&#44; and performance&#46; Achieving all these stages relies on certain work criteria &#40;functions&#44; structural organisational&#44; and procedures&#41;&#44; which are part of our material and method and which are detailed below&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Functions of a Voice Unit</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Voice Unit must have the following functions and features&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specific support within the ENT Service&#47;Area&#44; in particular from the Larynx and Neck Unit and from the rest of the Service as a whole&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ability to organise healthcare work&#44; as well as other management aspects&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Availability of a multidisciplinary team&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Availability of a Voice Laboratory to conduct extensive explorations and multidimensional diagnosis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ability to perform comprehensive voice therapy&#58; medical&#8211;pharmacological&#44; surgical&#44; rehabilitative&#44; and preventative&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ability to organise and carry out patient follow-up&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ability to assess the effectiveness of treatments&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Willingness towards research and teaching &#40;resident training&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Structural Organisation of a Voice Unit</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Voice Unit in the ENT Service&#47;Area&#58; in our organisation&#44; the Larynx and Neck Unit involves 3 related&#44; complementary subunits&#58; Voice Unit&#44; Oncological Neck&#47;Larynx Unit&#44; and Non-Oncological Neck&#47;Larynx Unit &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Provision of resources&#58; human resources&#44; material resources&#44; and dedication&#46;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Human resources&#58; the Voice Unit consists of 2 ENT physicians and 1 speech therapist&#44; all specialising in the field of voice and the larynx&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Material resources&#58; the Voice Unit requires a specific space&#46; In our particular case&#44; this is a large room of approximately 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The technical means available include&#58; computer access to patient medical histories&#44; laryngoscope&#44; stroboscope&#44; unidirectional microphone&#44; sound analysis software&#44; and computerised assessment protocol&#44; in our case based on the Teatinos Protocol<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and the recommendations of the European Laryngology Society&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Commitment to the Voice Unit&#58; healthcare activity counts with 1 specific consultation per week&#46; The time allotted to each patient is approximately 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; with another 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#47;day for planning improvements&#44; organisation&#44; analysis of indicators&#44; and research&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Portfolio of services&#58; the Unit serves known pathological groups in our specialty &#40;functional&#44; organic-functional&#44; organic-congenital&#44; and organic-acquired dysphonias&#44; among others&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Procedures in a Voice Unit</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Admission of patients&#58; patients come to the Voice Unit after attending the ENT general consultation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; where the physicians themselves filter these referrals&#46; They issue a report and a provisional diagnosis along with the referral to the Voice Unit&#46; This referral is to the Voice Unit in cases of benign pathology or to the Oncological Neck&#47;Larynx Unit in cases with suspected neoplastic or preneoplastic pathology&#46; The waiting time for the Voice Unit will not exceed 30 days&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health assistance work &#40;study&#44; diagnosis&#44; and treatment&#41;&#58; the study of patients takes place in a space intended for that purpose known as the Voice Laboratory&#44; according to American terminology&#46; A semi-structured clinical history is carried out which includes&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anamnesis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study of the voice through a self-perception questionnaire &#40;Voice Handicap Index &#91;VHI&#93;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Image recording and study using laryngostroboscopy&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Perceptual voice evaluation &#40;GRBAS system&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Acoustic voice study &#40;acoustic analysis&#43;spectrogram&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Aerodynamic study &#40;MPT&#44; S&#47;Z ratio&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Functional study &#40;speaking rate&#44; muscle tension&#44; psychological aspects&#44; etc&#46;&#41; and evaluation of the use of voice&#46;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A diagnosis and referral for treatment are issued after studying the patient&#46; Treatments are not mutually exclusive&#46; On the contrary&#44; in many cases they are complementary&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phonosurgery</span> treatment&#46; The patient will join a waiting list and subsequently a general surgical plan specific to the Voice Unit will be organised&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Medical-pharmacological</span> treatment&#46; This is usually accompanied by a subsequent review to check on the progress and is often simultaneous with other treatments&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Extensive speech therapy</span> treatment&#58; this is carried out at our partner services&#46; The centres are sectored by zones&#46; The service is provided by specialised speech therapists&#46; The Unit holds regular meetings to obtain and provide information on the quality of treatments&#44; the most effective techniques and the needs of speech therapy centres&#46; Referral to speech therapy treatment is handled through a sufficiently detailed report&#46; If additional information is required&#44; it will be provided by telephone or personal contact&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Limited speech therapy</span> treatment&#58; this speech therapy treatment is provided directly at the Voice Unit&#46; It is preventive treatment consisting of 1 or 2 sessions with guidance and &#8220;vocal hygiene&#8221; standards&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the prescribed treatment has been carried out&#44; follow-up will take place along with corresponding evaluations and plan to be followed&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Below are the results achieved by our Voice Unit in a year&#46; Statistical analysis has been performed with No&#46;&#61;122 patients&#46; We conducted a descriptive analysis&#44; with measurements of central tendency&#44; dispersion in continuous variables&#44; and frequency distribution for qualitative variables&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained through the VHI self-perception test are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnostic categories considered and their percentage distributions are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#46; As can be observed&#44; among the group of the most common diseases&#44; those recently classified as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">exudative lesions of Reinke&#39;s space</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">nodular lesions</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vocal polyp</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reinke&#39;s oedema</span>&#41; stand out&#46; Furthermore&#44; epidermal cyst predominates within the group of organic-congenital dysphonias&#44; with a volume greater than 12&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a> shows discrepancies between the final Voice Unit diagnoses and those obtained at the ENT general practice&#46; In fact&#44; partial overlap is shown in 5&#46;7&#37; of diagnoses&#44; while full discrepancy is shown in 54&#46;1&#37;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a> shows how different patients are distributed with respect to the treatment of their problem once they have been diagnosed at the Voice Unit&#46; Phonosurgery and speech therapy are prominent among the most frequent possible treatments&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Voice pathology is an important&#44; growing demand at any ENT Service&#46; This represents an increase in the need for specialised professionals&#46; This specialisation deals with effectively diagnosing and treating the problem&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As indicated by Sataloff&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Voice Units involve much more than laryngostroboscopic exploration or a Voice Laboratory&#46; For such units to be created and maintain a stable and efficient operation&#44; they must have greater accessibility&#44; functionality and usability&#46; Voice Units must assume a greater importance in relation to&#58; coordination with the rest of the ENT Service&#44; organisation&#44; operation&#44; healthcare function&#44; teaching&#44; etc&#46; With respect to these functions&#44; the Voice Unit should be able to answer many questions&#46; Among the most notable are&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a&#46;</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Related to management&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How does the Voice Unit work and relate with other ENT sections or units&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What volume of patients is it possible to attend at the Voice Unit&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How often are speech pathology patients being attended&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What are the resources consumed by patients attending the Voice Unit&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What are the most common pathologies&#63;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b&#46;</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Related to speech pathology&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Can the voice measurement be considered normal or pathological&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the vocal function is considered pathological&#44; what degree of pathology does it present&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What is the pathophysiological mechanism involved in the production of this voice&#63;</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c&#46;</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Related to treatments&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What solutions or treatments are the most effective&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What objective and subjective changes occur after treatment&#63;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What degree of stability is provided by the treatments and how do voice quality and quality of life improve for patients&#63;</p></li></ul></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Answering all these questions is not only important in clinical practice&#59; it is also essential for research purposes and&#44; where necessary&#44; to support medical decisions in legal proceedings&#46; The overall impression of physicians and patients is that a Voice Unit provides a comprehensive and objective assessment of vocal disorders&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To achieve this goal&#44; Voice Units require material resources and a human team composed of different professionals&#46; This interdisciplinary assessment offers the best chance of identifying those aspects of the pathogenesis involved in vocal disorders&#46; The otolaryngologist and speech therapist&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> who are generally responsible for intervening in these pathologies&#44; must collaborate in a joint action that will benefit both the patient and the social health system&#46; The otolaryngologist should be especially devoted to phoniatric problems&#44; including phonosurgery&#59; the speech therapist should be an integral part of the ENT Service structure and have as broad a commitment as possible to this work&#46; In our particular case&#44; Voice Unit consultations are carried out jointly by the otolaryngologist and speech therapist&#46; Although the ENT specialist is in charge of the Voice Unit&#44; decisions about assessment&#44; diagnosis&#44; and treatment options are taken jointly&#46; This is a horizontal and interdisciplinary style of work&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following the directions of the European Laryngological Society &#40;ELS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> the 5 key aspects in a full assessment of a voice disorder are&#58; perceptual&#44; laryngostroboscopic&#44; aerodynamic&#44; acoustic&#44; and self-perception analysis&#46; This last aspect represents the way in which the physician can learn how patients &#8220;live&#8221; with their voice disorders&#46; One of the most useful self-perception questionnaires for the assessment of dysphonic patients is known as VHI and was developed by Jacobson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> in 1997&#46; The questionnaire is versatile&#44; easy to complete&#44; and contributes abundant information&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It makes it possible to quantify the impact suffered by a dysphonic subject in vocal function&#44; the physical capacity associated with it and the emotions caused by dysphonia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> The VHI guides professionals in the treatment of patients when taking a particular therapeutic approach&#46; Despite its widespread use in clinical practice&#44; we must consider that there are studies that have not found sufficient connection between the VHI and the parameters usually analysed in the study of dysphonia&#46; In other words&#44; according to these studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> the feelings of patients about their voice problems cannot be evaluated by objective measurements&#46; Not even the harmonic-to-noise ratio&#44; which has been correlated in the literature with the degree of overall perception of dysphonia&#44; has shown a strong association with the VHI&#46;</p><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study&#44; the most frequent assessments were found in the mild to moderate range&#59; most notably&#44; the pathological group of submucosal retention cyst presented the highest VHI value&#46; It would be interesting in further studies to relate the VHI response with the level of vocal use&#44; since vocal dysfunction will surely be manifested in different ways depending on the vocal demands of each subject&#46;</p><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">diagnoses obtained by the Voice Unit</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">exudative lesions of Reinke&#39;s space</span> can be highlighted as the most frequent pathological group&#46; Within this group&#44; vocal nodules are predominant with 19&#46;6&#37;&#44; followed by vocal polyps and Reinke&#39;s oedema&#46; The high percentage of epidermal cysts&#44; with 12&#37;&#44; is worth noting&#46;</p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the physiopathological point of view&#44; exudative lesions of Reinke&#39;s space are included within organic-functional dysphonias and account for approximately 50&#37; of diagnoses&#46; This coincides with the literature&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> where this group is also the most common&#46; However&#44; we should highlight the low percentage of vocal nodules compared with other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> The explanation is that vocal nodules diagnosed in the ENT general consultation are referred directly to the Speech Therapy Section&#46; Only cases that do not improve with speech therapy treatment&#44; with a functional impact on the patient and&#47;or susceptible of phonosurgery due to their fibrous component are referred to the Voice Unit&#46;</p><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is remarkable that 7&#46;4&#37; of larynges were healthy&#44; considering as such a normal laryngoscopy examination or absence of symptoms&#46; Referral of these patients to the Voice Unit took place because of acute disease processes resolved in the time delay&#46;</p><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We emphasise the limited number of laryngitis cases due to gastroesophageal reflux &#40;only 0&#46;8&#37; of the total&#41; despite the important role of laryngopharyngeal reflux&#44; usually as a secondary factor&#44; in the pathogenesis of dysphonias&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> Correct diagnosis and treatment performed at the ENT general consultation may explain this low percentage&#46;</p><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In relation to the diagnoses issued by the Voice Unit&#44; the high rate of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">diagnostic discrepancy</span> between them and those from the ENT general consultation is striking&#46;</p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specifically&#44; the laryngeal pathologies showing the largest diagnostic discrepancies are those in the group of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">congenital organic dysphonia</span> &#40;epidermal cyst&#44; sulcus&#44; and stria&#41;&#46; These are considered as lesions with a difficult diagnosis because of their intrafold location&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This may be due to several factors&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Use of the laryngostroboscope&#46; As mentioned earlier&#44; out of the 5 points needed to carry out a voice exploration&#44; laryngostroboscopy is undoubtedly the main tool for diagnosing the source of voice disorders&#46; As we know&#44; stroboscopy is an examination method producing an optical illusion&#44; through which an object that moves quickly and regularly appears to move slowly or remain stationary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In turn&#44; this perception of the vocal cords will enable an accurate assessment of the mucosal wave amplitude&#44; the degree of periodicity and symmetry of the vocal cycle and of the morphology of glottic closure&#46; It also enables precise&#44; detailed assessment of the mucosal wave and the status of the free edge of the vocal fold&#46; All these lead to a visualisation of laryngeal lesions that would be difficult to diagnose under halogen light&#46;</p><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recently published study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> has shown a 90&#37; diagnostic correlation between stroboscopy and direct microlaryngoscopy&#44; which helps us understand the great power that diagnostic laryngostroboscopy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> offers for the clinical examination of voice&#46; Consequently&#44; we believe that one of the reasons that would justify the high diagnostic discrepancies &#40;54&#37;&#41; found at our Voice Unit is the routine use of the stroboscope&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Voice Unit staff expertise&#58; professionals involved in the Voice Unit must have specific training in this area&#46; The learning curve is common to other disciplines&#46; Practical and direct training with groups with extensive experience is of great interest&#46; This specialisation leads to more accurate differential diagnoses&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multidimensional and multidisciplinary assessment&#58; the integration of different analysis systems &#40;multidimensional study&#41; and professionals &#40;mainly otolaryngologists and speech therapists&#41; within the voice assessment process is of great interest and importance for diagnostic accuracy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">More time devoted to the study of patients&#46; The time available for each patient at the Voice Unit &#40;30 minutes&#41; can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis by not exerting the usual healthcare pressure&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As previously indicated&#44; the Voice Unit is superior to the ENT consultation in reaching a correct diagnosis&#46; This also has implications for treatment decisions&#46; For example&#44; in our study&#44; we identified that 46&#46;6&#37; of the group of diagnosed polyps and cysts had already undergone speech therapy treatment as monotherapy&#46; Clearly&#44; this had not resolved the pathology and the patients had to be examined at the Voice Unit&#44; where the treatment considered was phonosurgery&#46; Referral to speech therapy treatment for these patients would be justified primarily in the context of a sandwich technique &#40;preoperative and postoperative speech therapy&#41; or in patients refusing surgical treatment&#46;</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Functional treatments are the most frequent at our Voice Unit&#44; considering as such extensive speech therapy treatments and limited speech therapy treatments or vocal hygiene guidelines&#46; This presents 2 possible causes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a>&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A regular presence of the functional component in voice pathology&#44; even when the diagnosis is organic&#59; and organic diagnoses with specific need for speech therapy treatment&#44; as is the case in recurrent paralysis&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients who access the Voice Unit with a provisional diagnosis of organic-congenital pathology&#44; in whom an organic-functional pathology is finally confirmed&#46; The recommended treatment in this situation is usually functional or&#44; in any case&#44; the mixed type&#58; speech therapy-surgery-speech therapy&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second most common treatment option is phonosurgery&#46; The high percentage of phonosurgery procedures is justified by the type of population attending the Voice Unit&#46; As previously mentioned&#44; the number of vocal nodules is limited&#44; since only vocal nodules with very defined and delimited characteristics are treated&#46; In fact&#44; it is noteworthy that only 5&#46;9&#37; of them reach surgical treatment&#46; Moreover&#44; as indicated in the diagnosis table&#44; a significant number of organic-functional and organic-congenital lesions that can only be improved through surgery are identified&#46;</p><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We also observed a remarkable rate of discharges&#46; This is a result of receiving some patients with acute processes at the Voice Unit&#44; who therefore do not present stable vocal pathologies&#46; This is also justified by postoperative reviews that usually lead to discharges once the pathological situation has been corrected and the vocal situation has become normal&#46; The forecast is that the discharge rate will increase&#44; considering the percentage of patients who are referred to phonosurgical treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Voice Unit should be part of the normal operation of an ENT Service&#47;Area and be involved in organisational&#44; healthcare&#44; teaching and research activities&#46;</p><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Voice Unit requires qualified and interdisciplinary staff&#44; a minimum set of equipment &#40;with stroboscopy being essential&#41; and a clearly defined mode of action and referral criteria&#46;</p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Voice Units are more efficient than ENT general consultations&#46; This superiority is achieved through the following values&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interdisciplinary work&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Material resources&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sufficient time devoted to each patient&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Broad functionality &#40;management&#44; research&#44; teaching&#44; etc&#46;&#41;&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nodular lesions were the most common pathological group at our Voice Unit&#59; the VHI test results showed a mild-moderate self-perception&#59; there were a high percentage of discrepancies between the diagnoses of the ENT general consultation and those of the Voice Unit&#44; and the preferred treatment was speech therapy&#46;</p><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We conclude that it is definitely necessary for the Voice Unit to contribute to the generation of correct diagnoses and treatments&#46; This would eliminate&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient discomfort&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Inefficient treatments&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Repeated consultations&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In turn&#44; this would lead to&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increased patient satisfaction&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Greater&#47;better rationalisation of resources&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Material and Method"
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            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Functions of a Voice Unit"
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              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Structural Organisation of a Voice Unit"
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              "titulo" => "Procedures in a Voice Unit"
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          "titulo" => "Results"
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    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2010-06-16"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2010-07-30"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec82041"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Voice unit"
            1 => "Laboratory voice"
            2 => "Dysphonia"
          ]
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        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Unidad de Voz"
            1 => "Laboratorio de Voz"
            2 => "Disfon&#237;a"
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    "resumen" => array:2 [
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;I&#41; To serve as a model for ENT services in the process of creating a Voice Unit and &#40;II&#41; to show the results obtained in our Voice Unit over the past 12 months&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sections on Voice Unit Functions&#44; Organisation&#44; and Procedures are presented&#44; as well as the study of 122 patients&#58; an assessment of patient self-perception using the Voice Handicap Index&#44; diagnostic category&#44; Voice Unit diagnosis&#44; previous treatments&#44; and treatments proposed by the Unit&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The results highlight that Voice Handicap Index scores tend towards mild and moderate evaluations&#59; that the most frequent pathological group are exudative lesions affecting Reinke&#39;s space&#59; that there are diagnostic discrepancies of more than 50&#37; between the general ENT consultations and the Voice Unit&#59; and that the most common treatment is speech and language therapy &#40;45&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by phonosurgery &#40;28&#37;&#41;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The main aim of the Voice Unit is to achieve maximum effectiveness and quality in its various functions&#46; Correct diagnosis and treatment increase effectiveness and allow better use of resources&#59; achieving this requires a minimal&#44; essential setup&#58; laryngostroboscope&#44; a multidimensional protocol and interdisciplinary work&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;I&#41; Servir de modelo para aquellos Servicios de ORL que se encuentren en proceso de creaci&#243;n de una Unidad de Voz&#46; &#40;II&#41; Exponer los resultados que hemos obtenido en nuestra Unidad de Voz a lo largo de los &#250;ltimos 12 meses&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Material y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se desarrollan los apartados&#58; Funciones de la Unidad de Voz&#59; Organizaci&#243;n de la Unidad de Voz y Procedimientos de la Unidad de Voz&#46; Se han estudiado 122 pacientes&#58; valoraci&#243;n de autopercepci&#243;n mediante el &#205;ndice de Incapacidad Vocal&#44; categor&#237;a diagn&#243;stica&#44; diagn&#243;stico de la Unidad&#44; tratamientos previos y tratamientos propuestos por la Unidad&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Entre los resultados destacamos&#58; tendencia en las puntuaciones del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Voice Handicap Index</span> a valoraci&#243;n leve y moderada&#59; el grupo patol&#243;gico m&#225;s frecuente son las lesiones exudativas del espacio de Reinke&#59; la existencia de m&#225;s de un 50&#37; de discrepancias diagn&#243;sticas entre las Consultas de ORL Generales y la Unidad de Voz&#59; la terapia m&#225;s habitual es el tratamiento logop&#233;dico &#40;45&#37;&#41; seguido de la fonocirug&#237;a con un 28&#37;&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El objetivo principal de la Unidad de Voz ser&#225; obtener la m&#225;xima efectividad y calidad en sus diferentes funciones&#46; Un diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento correcto aumenta la efectividad y permite un mejor aprovechamiento de los recursos&#46; Para alcanzarlo se requiere un equipamiento m&#237;nimo e imprescindible&#58; laringoestroboscopio&#44; protocolo multidimensional y trabajo interdisciplinar&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Casado-Morente JC&#44; et al&#46; Procedimientos para la integraci&#243;n de una Unidad de Voz en el funcionamiento de un Servicio&#47;&#193;rea de ORL y sus resultados&#46; Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp&#46; 2011&#59;62&#58;454&#8211;61&#46;</p>"
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                      "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n funcional y tratamiento logop&#233;dico de pacientes con disfon&#237;a&#58; resultados de una intervenci&#243;n interdisciplinar de la voz en el &#225;mbito hospitalario"
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                            3 => "M&#46; Gonz&#225;lez"
                          ]
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Revista de Logopedia&#44; Foniatr&#237;a y Audiolog&#237;a"
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                          "etal" => false
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                          "etal" => false
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Article information
ISSN: 21735735
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos