Original article
Peculiarities in the Development of the Superior Semicircular Canal
Peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal semicircular superior
Carmen Yusa, Ana I. Cisnerosb,
, Jesús Obónb, Rafael Crovettoc, Jesús Frailed, Miguel A. Crovettoe, Jaime Whyteb
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
b Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
c Clínica Bilbao, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
d Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
e Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
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All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2014;65:237-41" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1833 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 37 "HTML" => 1259 "PDF" => 537 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0001651914000624" "issn" => "00016519" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otorri.2014.01.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01" "aid" => "562" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L. y Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Patología Cérvico-Facial" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2014;65:237-41" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1818 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 46 "HTML" => 1407 "PDF" => 365 ] ] "es" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "Peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal semicircular superior" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "237" "paginaFinal" => "241" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Peculiarities in the development of the superior semicircular canal" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figura 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 3340 "Ancho" => 2221 "Tamanyo" => 847102 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "es" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desarrollo del canal semicircular superior. Nótese en a cómo a las 7 semanas, las células de futuro canal se diferencian en precartilaginosa (1) y cartilaginosa (2). En b, a las 10 semanas el inicio de la formación de las futuras capas periostal (p) y endostal (e) por mineralización de la matriz condral. En c, a las 12 semanas el aumento de la capa endostal (flecha). En d, la destrucción parcial de la cubierta superficial del canal a las 20 semanas (flechas). En e, cómo en la lámina perióstica que separa el canal de la fosa cerebral media las células osteoprogenitoras y osteoblastos depositan sustancia osteoide en su interior. En f, la pared reconstruida por una capa de hueso periostal a las 23 semanas. En g, cómo el hueso laminar presenta un grosor en torno a 0,1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, a las 35 semanas. En h, la presencia de una zona más adelgazada (flecha) en el espesor del canal en un recién nacido. Técnica del tricrómico de Martins: a, b, c, 20×; d, f, g, 10×; e, 40× y h, 4×.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Carmen Yus, Ana I. Cisneros, Jesús Obón, Rafael Crovetto, Jesús Fraile, Miguel A. Crovetto, Jaime Whyte" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carmen" "apellidos" => "Yus" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana I." "apellidos" => "Cisneros" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Obón" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Crovetto" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Fraile" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Miguel A." "apellidos" => "Crovetto" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jaime" "apellidos" => "Whyte" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173573514000775" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2014.01.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173573514000775?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0001651914000624?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/00016519/0000006500000004/v1_201407050126/S0001651914000624/v1_201407050126/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173573514000787" "issn" => "21735735" "doi" => "10.1016/j.otoeng.2014.02.019" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01" "aid" => "559" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." 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"apellidos" => "Cisneros" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "aicisner@unizar.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Obón" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rafael" "apellidos" => "Crovetto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jesús" "apellidos" => "Fraile" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Miguel A." "apellidos" => "Crovetto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span>" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jaime" "apellidos" => "Whyte" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clínica Bilbao, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal semicircular superior" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2005 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 432176 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Development of the superior semicircular canal. Note how at 7 weeks, the cells of the future canal form into precartilage (1) and cartilage (2). In b, at 10 weeks the future periosteal (p) and endosteal (e) layers form from mineralisation of the cartilage matrix. C shows the increase of the endosteal layer (arrow) at 12 weeks. D shows the partial destruction of the superficial covering of the canal at 20 weeks (arrows). E shows how the periosteal lamina which separates the middle cerebral fossa through the osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts deposit an osteoid substance inside and F shows the wall reconstructed by a layer of periosteal bone at 23 weeks. G shows how the bone laminate presents a width of approximately 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, at 35 weeks. H shows the presence of a thinner (arrow) area in the width of the canal in the newborn. Martins’ trichrome technique: a, b, c, 20×; d, f, g, 10×; e, 40× and h, 4×.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anson,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Olaizola and Hotna,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and Bergeron<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> give a detailed description of the embryological development of the semicircular canals, showing that the superior semicircular canal forms from the dorsal utricle wall of the otocyst in week six (8–11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm human embryo) as an outpouching or diverticulum in the form of a common disc for the vertical canals (superior and posterior), and how the mesodermal tissues surrounding it adapt to the morphology and rapid growth of the membranous labyrinth, progressively condensing and transforming into precartilage. This subsequently matures and develops into cartilage, and they showed how around week 18, the ossification process starts from the 2 primary and one accessory ossification centres.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its size is complete at week 23<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and computerised tomography<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> shows how at week 19 the canal is surrounded by a partially ossified ring, with ring completion at week 21.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bach-Peterson and Kjaer<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> observe that, although ossification may occur more rapidly in some foetuses, the pattern follows a well defined chronological sequence and Dzieciolowska-Baran<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> describes how between week 18 and 24 morphological forms are more dynamic and abundant.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Minor et al.’s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> description of dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal and the existing controversy regarding whether dehiscence is due to congenital or acquired defects<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> led us to carry out a study on the ontogeny of the superior semicircular canal in order to describe its peculiarities and provide data to help establish its etiopathogenesis.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We studied the development of the superior semicircular canal in embryos and human foetuses. Analysis was performed on a series of human embryos belonging to the collection of the Department of Anatomy and Human Histology in the University of Zaragoza, aged between 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm (6 weeks) and newborns. The total number of series studied was 77.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We used the O¿Rahilly and Muller tables to date the ages of the foetuses used. These are based on relating different measurements (maximum length, crown to heel length, foot length, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and head circumference) and body weights. These measurements were compared with data from the clinical record and ultrasound scan, when available.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In embryos and foetuses of under 12 weeks the whole head was set, whilst in older foetuses detailed and scrupulous dissection of the temporal bones was carried out.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the samples were fixed in 10% formalin and decalcified with 2% nitric acid, at a temperature of 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Mean time of decalcification varied between 1 and 4 weeks, depending on specimen size and thickness. After decalcification, the acid was eliminated by washing under running water. The samples were progressively dehydrated in increasing alcohol concentrations, embedded in paraffin, cut with a Leitz microtome in 7–10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μm and stained using Martins’ trichrome technique.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All sections were observed under an OLYMPUS (BH-2) dual headed microscope with 2, 4, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100×3.3 lenses and photographed with an OLYMPUS PM-CBSP and a LEICA DMD108. The latter has an integrated calibration system for microimaging measurement, with which the morphometric data were obtained or measured with microscopic precision.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The superior semicircular canals develop from the mesenchyme of the future optic capsule which contains the membranous ducts.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">6 weeks</span>, the ducts are surrounded by mesenchymal tissue, characterised by looseness, made up of stem cells which are rounded or elongated, with large nuclei and little cytoplasm.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7 weeks</span>, the mesenchyme is differentiated into chondroblastic cells. At this stage, the future canal presents 2 areas. The closest to the duct is precartilaginous (1) in appearance whilst the distal area (2) is cartilaginous (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">8 weeks</span>, the canal has a cartilaginous structure, its exterior or superficial cover is clearly developed and adopts its shape as a characteristics arch, the convexity of which leans towards the middle cerebral fossa. Its mean thickness is 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, tapering as it reaches the apical area.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">9 weeks</span> of development we observe the beginning of the formation of the future periosteal and endosteal layers of the canal wall through the mineralisation of the cartilage matrix and cellular differentiation in the future perilymphatic space into 2 strata, the first of which is fibrous and the second loose. At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">10 weeks</span> of development, the mineralisation process of the cartilage matrix increases in the periosteal layer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b).</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">11 weeks</span>, the maximum thickness of the canal is 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, decreasing from the basal area (0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) to the apical (0.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) area.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">12 weeks</span>, the endosteal layer (arrow) increases in size, both around the mineralised cartilage matrix and the chondroblasts which form in 3 or 4 rows (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>c).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">13 and 16 weeks</span>, two of the most notable events take place. The subarcuate fossa is formed on the inside of the otic capsule and as a result the deep canal covering is formed and separates from the capsule.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">17 weeks</span>, the canal is still cartilaginous in structure and its enclosure consists of 3 layers (periosteal, endochondral and endosteal).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first sign of endochondral ossification of the superior semicircular canal is observed at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">18 weeks</span> of development through 2 primary ossification centres. The first canalicular nucleus to appear is the superior one and subsequently the inferior.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ossification of canals continues its development process between <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">weeks 19 and 26.</span> Although this process has a well defined chronological sequence in each foetus, the ossification rhythm is different.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One significant aspect of this process is the progressive destruction of the surface cover (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>d). The periosteal layer does this first, followed by the endochondral and lastly the endosteal layer, producing a dehiscence characterised by the absence of a part of the canal bone. This leads to the membranous duct being separated from the middle cerebral fossa only by a fibrous periosteum layer (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>e). The presence of osteogenitor and osteoblast cells may be observed in said periosteum, which will deposit an osteoid substance leading to the formation of the bone and subsequent reconstruction of the layer. This new bone covering (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>f) is very thin, ranging from 0.08 to 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm over its arch.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout this period we observed how in some foetuses the layers disappeared whilst in others the periosteal bone layer had reconstructed, closing the canal (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The canal wall is completely formed in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">27 and 28 week</span> foetuses. It presents well formed bone tissues, composed of concentric enveloping layered systems, with (osteoplast) gaps which contain osteocytes and Volkman's canals. We observed blood vessels and nerve fibres in their interior.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once closure has taken place, the most superficial layer of the canal grows by means of appositional mechanisms, which increases its thickness, although with a continual minimum thickness of between 0.1 and 0.2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>g).</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the newborn, the semicircular canal is completely ossified and has a fine, thin, complete and compact structure. Its thickness varies throughout the arch, with the apical areas being the slimmest (arrows) with a thickness of around 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>h).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our findings revealed a series of peculiarities related to the origin, development and ossification of the superior semicircular canal, which sometimes corroborated findings from other authors and at others offered different points of view. These events led us to believe that they were due to the speed and complexity of the changes which occurred in this canal during its development.</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The semicircular canals develop from the mesenchyme surrounding the otocyst and which subsequently forms the otic capsule. The mesoderm which envelops the superior semicircular duct will transform into precartilage (we observed this at 7 weeks), and subsequently into cartilage (between the eighth and ninth week of development). It will remain with this cartilaginous structure up to week 18, when the ossification of the 2 primary centres will begin, one close to the capsule and the other inferior or vestibular, adjacent to the posterior canal arch.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The first peculiarity</span> we wish to highlight is how these ossification centres follow a well defined chronological sequence, but with a variable rate of ossification; we therefore observed how different foetuses of the same chronological age presented different phases in their osteogenesis. A similar event was observed by Bach-Peterson and Kjaer,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> who noted that ossification of the semicircular canals may take place more quickly in some foetuses.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The second</span> is that each ossification nucleus prevalently intervenes in the formation of one of the coverings. The superior canicular nucleus therefore forms the larger part of the superficial or exterior covering of the canal and is connected to the middle cerebral fossa and the interior or interior wall is linked to the subarcuate fossa. This was not reflected in the bibliography reviewed for this manuscript.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The third</span> peculiarity is the appearance of the transitory dehiscence in the early stages of its ossification. The canal coverings are made up of 3 layers or bony tunics. The periosteal and endosteal layers are developed by direct or membranous ossification, and the middle layer by indirect or endochondral ossification, as observed by Anson.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the start of ossification, we observed how the canal layers disappeared in the following sequence: first the periosteal layer, then the endochondral layer and finally the endosteal layer. The result of this is that for some time only the fibrous periosteum layer comes between the duct and the middle cerebral fossa. This lack of covering is transitory since a bony periosteal layer to close the canal is later reconstructed.</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a consequence of the different ossification rates, we observed how canal closure is very variable, and we could see the dehiscent canals up to 26 weeks of development, from when the canal is closed and constituted by compact bony tissue.</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The fourth peculiarity</span> is the bony reconstruction and later wall closure, which takes place through a membranous or direct ossification process. For this, the osteoprogenitor cells located in the periosteum area are converted into osteoblasts which segregate an osteoid substance and later form separate bone trabeculae. The appearance of new trabeculae superimposed to the preceding ones will give rise to the formation of an osseous lamina which will close the canal roof. We have only seen this process reflected in the development of the most lateral portion of the external semicircular canal, in the immediate vicinity of the oval window and in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fissula ante fenestram</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We therefore observed a critical period, between week 19 and 26, when the superficial covering destroys the periosteal, endosteal and endocondral layers. We believe that the persistence of this communication, due to the failure of later osseous reorganisation of the canal covering which impedes its complete reconstruction, could be one of the causes of the origin of superior semicircular canal congenital dehiscence, as we saw in the posterior semicircular canal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The fifth</span> peculiarity is the presence of laminated bone tissue covering the superior semicircular canal in the middle cerebral fossa. Once the canal is closed, it is made up of laminated bone tissue, with an estimated width of 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm. These observations are very similar to those of Carey et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> which describe an extreme uniform thinness of the bone, at birth, and a gradual, slow thickening up until 3 years of age.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thinness of the canal wall means that during its development it is regarded as papyraceous, characterised by the presence of a very thin osseous lamina under 0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm according to the Cisneros et al.’s<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> classification. We believe that the non-thickening of the canal due to a fragile papyraceous bony covering would be predisposed to an event on this lamina which could be a cranial trauma or sudden increase in intracranial pressure leading to breakage which would become an acquired type of dehiscence pattern.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">The sixth</span> is the presence of a translucent line which runs around the canal arch. We would point out that we observed the presence of an area which was not as thick in the canal and which we interpreted as the osseous band resulting from the fusion of the canicular ossification centres (superior and inferior). As a translucent area was not found in all bony areas, we believe the explanation is to be found in the fact that the canal gradually strengthens as it adheres to the periosteal bone.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no other conflict of interests to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres360966" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Methods" 3 => "Results" 4 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec340885" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres360965" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivos" 2 => "Métodos" 3 => "Resultados" 4 => "Conclusión" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec340886" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2013-11-20" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-01-11" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec340885" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ontogeny" 1 => "Superior semicircular canal" 2 => "Dehiscence" 3 => "Human" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec340886" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Ontogenia" 1 => "Canal semicircular superior" 2 => "Dehiscencia" 3 => "Humanos" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our objective was to study the ontogeny of the superior semicircular canal in order to describe its peculiarities.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We analysed 76 series of human embryos aged between 32 days (6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) and newborns. The samples were cut serially and stained using Martin's trichrome technique.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In semicircular canal development there were a number of peculiarities, such as: a defined chronological sequence of osteogenesis with a variable rate of ossification; the fact that each nucleus of ossification was involved in the formation of one of its covers (the upper in the superficial and the lower in the deep); the appearance of transitory dehiscence; and canal closure by means of bone with laminar pattern, with a minimum thickness of 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The peculiarities in canal development could explain the origin of pathological dehiscence in the canal, whether congenital or acquired.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Realizar un estudio sobre la ontogénesis del canal semicircular superior con el fin de describir sus peculiaridades.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Para ello se han analizado 76 series embriológicas humanas de edades comprendidas entre los 32 días (6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm) y recién nacidos. Las preparaciones estaban cortadas en serie y teñidas con la técnica de tricrómico de Martins.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el desarrollo del canal semicircular hemos observado una serie de peculiaridades, como: secuencia cronológica definida de su osteogénesis con un ritmo de osificación variable, cada núcleo de osificación interviene en la formación de una de sus cubiertas, el superior de la superficial y el inferior de la profunda; la aparición de una dehiscencia transitoria, y el cierre del canal por hueso de tipo laminar con un grosor mínimo de 0,1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusión</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal podrían explicar las causas del origen de la dehiscencia patológica del mismo, ya sean congénitas o adquiridas.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Yus C, Cisneros AI, Obón J, Crovetto R, Fraile J, Crovetto MA, et al. Peculiaridades en el desarrollo del canal semicircular superior. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2014;65:237–241.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2005 "Ancho" => 1333 "Tamanyo" => 432176 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Development of the superior semicircular canal. Note how at 7 weeks, the cells of the future canal form into precartilage (1) and cartilage (2). In b, at 10 weeks the future periosteal (p) and endosteal (e) layers form from mineralisation of the cartilage matrix. C shows the increase of the endosteal layer (arrow) at 12 weeks. D shows the partial destruction of the superficial covering of the canal at 20 weeks (arrows). E shows how the periosteal lamina which separates the middle cerebral fossa through the osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts deposit an osteoid substance inside and F shows the wall reconstructed by a layer of periosteal bone at 23 weeks. G shows how the bone laminate presents a width of approximately 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm, at 35 weeks. H shows the presence of a thinner (arrow) area in the width of the canal in the newborn. Martins’ trichrome technique: a, b, c, 20×; d, f, g, 10×; e, 40× and h, 4×.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age, weeks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Number of cases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cartilaginous canal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Closed canal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dehiscent canal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n 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title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab539866.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the Type of Canal During its Ossification.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:14 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anatomía y embriología" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "B.J. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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| 2023 March | 0 | 1 | 1 |
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| 2020 April | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2020 March | 17 | 5 | 22 |
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| 2020 January | 24 | 13 | 37 |
| 2019 December | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| 2019 November | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2019 October | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2019 September | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2019 August | 12 | 10 | 22 |
| 2019 July | 15 | 14 | 29 |
| 2019 June | 29 | 25 | 54 |
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| 2018 April | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2018 March | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 February | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2018 January | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2017 December | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2017 November | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2017 October | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2017 September | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2017 August | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2017 July | 19 | 4 | 23 |
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| 2017 May | 24 | 1 | 25 |
| 2017 April | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2017 March | 17 | 22 | 39 |
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| 2017 January | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2016 December | 30 | 7 | 37 |
| 2016 November | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2016 October | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2016 September | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2016 August | 36 | 1 | 37 |
| 2016 July | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 2016 June | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2016 May | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2016 April | 20 | 15 | 35 |
| 2016 March | 21 | 17 | 38 |
| 2016 February | 17 | 18 | 35 |
| 2016 January | 23 | 16 | 39 |
| 2015 December | 20 | 14 | 34 |
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| 2015 September | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2015 August | 11 | 7 | 18 |
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| 2015 June | 8 | 6 | 14 |
| 2015 May | 12 | 9 | 21 |
| 2015 April | 36 | 13 | 49 |
| 2015 March | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2015 February | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2015 January | 29 | 5 | 34 |
| 2014 December | 42 | 16 | 58 |
| 2014 November | 36 | 10 | 46 |
| 2014 October | 41 | 12 | 53 |
| 2014 September | 42 | 10 | 52 |
| 2014 August | 13 | 2 | 15 |
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