Head and Neck Tuberculosis: 6-Year Retrospective Study | Acta Otorrinolaringológica Española

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Even today, it is still one of the main causes of death from infection in adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">1</a> In 2011, the World Health Organisation estimated an incidence of 8.3–9 million cases at global level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">2</a> Furthermore, 1 of every 3 individuals in the world is thought to be infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">1,3</a> (M. tuberculosis) or runs the risk of developing the disease.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">3</a>There is extra-pulmonary infection in 80% of the cases of infection by M. tuberculosis, but up to 20% of cases can have extra-pulmonary compromise.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">4</a> In the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) area specifically, the most frequent location is the cervical lymph nodes, involving approximately 95% of the cases. The remaining locations (such as larynx, ear, nostrils, pharynx, tonsils, mastoids, salivary glands or cavum) each represent less than 1% of all the TB cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">5</a>Over the last years, the increase in the cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been accompanied by an increase in extrapulmonary manifestations of TB at the level of the head and neck. Up to 25% of the cases of positive HIV in this area of the body occur without pulmonary involvement or wasting syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">2</a> Yang et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">6</a> reported nearly 50% of cases that presented co-infection with extrapulmonary HIV+TB, and this percentage could increase up to 80% in patients with severe immunosuppression. Other factors to consider are the great migrations, the appearance of resistant strains, the increase in poverty and the greater number of patients immunocompromised by other diseases or treatments, which have also accompanied this increase in incidence in the developed countries.That is why the objective of this study was to describe the cases of head and neck TB referred to the Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Service in a tertiary hospital in the community of Galicia (Spain) over a 6-year period, and to compare these results with those published in the international literature.Materials and MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of the patients that came to the ENT consultation at our tertiary hospital in the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain) for head and neck symptoms and were diagnosed with TB. The period covered patients seen from December 2007 through December 2013. We identified the cases thanks to a computer search of the registers in our service using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 codes. The Ethics Committee at our centre approved this study.The revision of the clinical histories provided the demographic data (age, nationality, and sex), clinical information, signs, and symptoms at the time of consultation, way disease presented, information on diagnostic tests, etc.Statistical analysis was carried out using the program SPSS for Windows, version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc., IL, USA). Quantitative study variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation and the results were expressed as total plus percentage.ResultsThe total patients included were 73, with 41 (56.2%) males and 32 (43.8%) females (M/F ratio=1.28) and a mean age of 39.4 years (±26.5 years; minimum: 1/maximum 88). As for the anatomical location of infection, 53 cases (72.6%) corresponded to cervical lymphadenopathy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>), 11 (15%) to laryngeal TB (10 vocal fold cases and 1 case that involved exclusively the epiglottis), 3 (4.1%) to hypopharyngeal gland TB and 1 case (1.4%) to TB in each of the following respective locations: ear, tongue, submandibular gland, parotid, oropharynx, and nose (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). Another 14 (19.2%) patients were HIV positive, 10 (13.7%) patients presented a history of contact with relatives that had suffered from pulmonary TB and 2 (2.73%) patients were foreigners from developing countries (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>As for Mantoux tuberculin skin test results, 47 (64.4%) patients presented a positive result with a mean diameter of 14.8cm; the rest of the patients had negative results. A total of 42 (57.5%) patients presented a positive Lowenstëin media result, 46 (63%) of the cases obtained a positive acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting M. tuberculosis was used in 53 (69.8%) of the cases. At first it was used as a means of confirmation when the result was negative (elevated clinical suspicion) or when there were diagnostic doubts using the classic means. Later on, PCR was routinely used for diagnosis, yielding positive results in 47 of these (92.15%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). In all, 9 (12.3%) patients presented some type of complication; the most frequent was miliary TB, present in 5 cases (5.8%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>). One (1.4%) patient died from miliary TB complications.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>With respect to the symptoms, 57 (78.1%) patients presented evening fever; 35 (47.9%) presented asthenia; 22 (30.1%), weight loss; and 7 (9.6%), odynophagia (3 cases with hypopharyngeal involvement, 1 case of oropharyngeal involvement, 1 of laryngeal, 1 of the epiglottis and 1 case with tongue involvement). There were 12 (16.4%) patients that came to the hospital for dysphagia (3 cases with hypopharyngeal involvement, 1 case of oropharyngeal involvement, 6 cases with laryngeal TB, 1 in the epiglottis and 1 in the base of the tongue), while 11 (15.1%) patients came to the hospital due to dysphonia (10 cases con laryngeal TB and 1 case with TB in the epiglottis).Clinical findings differed according to the area affected. All of the patients con tuberculous cervical adenitis (53=72.6% of the total) consulted for palpable masses. Of the 11 cases of laryngeal TB, 9 (12.3%) presented oedematous, rough and vegetative lesions, while 2 (2.8%) presented ulcerous, vegetative lesions that affected both vocal folds. In the case of TB of the tongue, a vegetative lesion with whitish stippling sticking out over the tongue border could be seen. In the patient with nasal TB, an erythematous, a polypoid-appearing lesion occupied the entire nasal fossa and curved the septum towards the contralateral fossa. The case of TB of the ear showed a subtotal tympanic membrane perforation with lesions of a polypoid appearance in the middle ear.Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology was performed in 44 cases (60.4%). In 29 of these (65% of the FNA performed), the results were suggestive of TB; and in 14 (19.2%), the sample was insufficient. In the final case (1.4%), the anatomopathological result was lymphoma, which was ruled out once the adenopathy was biopsied by cervicotomy.The radiological studies performed in most of the patients were chest X-rays (CXR), echography, and computerised tomography (CT) scans of the head and neck. A total of 25 (34.2%) patients presented a CXR suggestive of TB (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>), while in 48 (65.8%) the CXR was anodyne or the findings were not suggestive of TB. Echography was used in 37 (69.8%) of the cases of cervical TB and the findings were suggestive of lymph node TB in 13 (35.1%) of the patients. Lastly, tomography was used in 58 (79.4%) of the cases, being suggestive in 27 (37%) of these.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>All the patients were treated with anti-TB chemotherapy, although biopsy for histological study was required for 16 (21.9%) of them. The drugs used were isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Only 4 (5.5%) patients presented alterations in hepatic function markers during the drug treatment.DiscussionWith respect to sex, several studies report a disease dominance in males, with a ratio of 1.8:1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">7,8</a> This ratio was a bit smaller in our study (1.28:1), with the male population being slightly more affected.As far as reaching a diagnosis, an in-depth history, a detailed physical examination and a chest CXR to rule out lung involvement are essential.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">9</a> Along these lines, we have an arsenal of tests that can help to reach a diagnosis. One of these is FNA, backed by several studies that attribute it a sensitivity of up to 80%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">10,11</a> However, other authors report lower sensitivities. Memish et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">12</a> found sensitivity of 46%, while Mcallister et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">13</a> reported sensitivity of 53%. Our results reflect sensitivity that falls in the middle between those of these 2 teams; in 65% of the cases in which an FNA was performed, a TB diagnosis was possible. It is important to emphasise that in their study Mcallister et al. did not manage to demonstrate greater diagnostic profitability by using sonography to locate suspicious adenopathy. In that study, 50% of the adenopathies located using echography were positive, while 54% the adenopathies located without echography were positive; however, this result was unreliable as there were only 26 patients in which adenopathies were located using echography.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">14</a>As for imaging test, in the cases of tuberculous involvement at the level of the head and neck and depending on location, echography, CT scans, and magnetic resonance images were useful. The most frequent finding was a hypodense centre with peripheral enhancement when using contrast.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">15</a>In turn, stains can be used in studying histological samples through specific techniques. These are especially useful if there is a suspicion of granulomas in the sample, as it is possible to detect acid-alcohol-resistant bacilli. However, the PCR is currently a highly useful test in cases where there are still doubts. In aspirated samples of cervical adenopathies, the results generally yield sensibility of 41%–75% and specificity of nearly 97.3%–100%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">16,17</a> In our study, it was possible to confirm the diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB in 92.15% if all the patients, and up to 94.59% of the adenopathy aspirates. However, the remaining 7.85% presented a negative result (2 cases of adenopathy aspirate, 1 larynx biopsy and 1 ear biopsy), which were considered false negatives due to how suggestive the clinical picture was, the positivity of the rest of the tests and the overall response to treatment. Individually, it should be remember that the PCR specificity in tissue samples from the larynx and ear are not totally clear and that, during preparation of samples for study, there are possible errors that may occur, affecting the final result.It is important to mention new tests, recently introduced to improve diagnosis of tuberculous infection, whose objective is detecting in vitro production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) against M. tuberculosis. These tests are known as interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA). One of these assays, sold as the QuantiFERON-TB-Gold in Tube® (QFT-IT) test (Cellestis Ltd.; Carnegie, Victoria, Australia), measures the specific antigen production of IFN-γ by the circulating T-cells in whole blood, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Another is the T-SPOT.TB® (Oxford Immunotec, Oxford, United Kingdom), which measures the IFN-γ producing T-cells using the enzyme-linked immunospot (Elispot) technique. These tests achieve greater specificity on diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">18</a>With respect to the clinical signs and symptoms of head and neck TB, tuberculous lymphadenitis is the main type reported in the literature. It represents approximately 95% of the cases, and is present in more than 25% of patients affected by TB.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">9</a> The results we obtained in this study were similar (although slightly less), with 72.6% of the patients presenting lymph gland involvement. This may be because not all tuberculous patients that come to our centre are referred for specialised ENT evaluation. In addition, as this was a retrospective study, we included only the patients referred to our department for suspicious adenopathies that were then diagnosed as having tuberculous lymphadenitis.According to our results and coinciding with current literature, laryngeal involvement is the next most frequent location after cervical lymphadenitis. In fact, until the beginnings of the 1900s, it was the most prevalent disease of the larynx.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">19</a> Based on autopsy studies carried out on patients with pulmonary TB, up to 48% of the cadavers presented involvement at the laryngeal level. Currently, after the introduction of anti-TB chemotherapy, the incidence of this location has dropped dramatically, with the reported worldwide incidence being close to 0.8%–1%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">18</a> However, despite being rare, the importance of laryngeal involvement lies in differential diagnosis with malignant diseases at this level; consequently, it is necessary to biopsy the lesion for study, to avoid complications from a delayed diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">20</a>Pharyngeal involvement is in third place for frequency of locations, again based on the data available in the literature. In our case series, hypopharyngeal involvement was the most common, with 3 (4.1%) cases; this was followed by oropharyngeal location, with a single (1.4%) case. When there is pharyngeal involvement, the literature indicates that it is frequently associated with pulmonary involvement, which was the case in 100% of the cases in our study. As for the type of lesions found, the lesions were ulcerous and painful in 3 of the cases and an ulcerated, erythematous-type lesion in 1. With respect to symptoms, these patients generally present with dysphagia and, less frequently, odynophagia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">21,22</a>The other locations involved in our series corresponded to the oral cavity. This could present as primary TB or be a result of extra-thoracic dissemination from a primary pulmonary focus through contaminated sputum or haematogenous dissemination.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295">23,24</a> The tongue is usually the structure most often involved at this level.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">25</a> Specifically, the lateral side of the tongue is the most probable site of a lesion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">26</a>Ear TB is also a rare form, representing less than 1% of the chronic ear diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">27</a> It can present as a non-painful chronic otorrhea, with a course of several months; it can be accompanied by polypoid formations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">27</a> or involve facial paralysis complications.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320">28</a> Cutaneous TB has also been described. This usually manifests as an irregularly shaped, friable skin plaque.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">29</a>Salivary gland involvement is rare. The method of dissemination seems to be associated with the presence of dental or oral cavity lesions; contamination is generally through contiguity or lymphatic-blood bacterium migration, normally manifesting in a period of immunosuppression.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">30</a> If it is a case of primary TB at this level, the presentation is normally in the form of suppurative sialadenitis or simulating a chronic tumoral lesion. Secondary forms are generally associated with systemic TB, most frequently pulmonary.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">31</a>There are few published cases at nose level. These usually manifest as nasal obstruction, accompanied by chronic rhinorrhoea. Lesions at this level are generally of a granulomatous or ulcerative type.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">32</a> During the physical examination, they are often confused with neoplastic lesions and, in more advanced states, with Wegener's granulomatosis, which is why early diagnosis is important.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315">27</a> Tuberculous infection is also possible in the nasal sinuses, where it can cause bone erosion. If there is local progression, these cases may become complicated with episodes of meningitis, pituitary invasion or skin invasion.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315">27,33–35</a>The drug treatment currently recommended for extrapulmonary TB is the plan based on the combination of 4 drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for 2 months, and then isoniazid and rifampicin for another 4 months.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360">36</a>ConclusionDespite being a rare clinical picture, the similarity of TB with diseases that have a poor prognosis and the difficulty involved in TB diagnosis make it necessary to consider TB when examining patients with granulomatous or ulcerative lesions in the ENT area. As for our results, the incidence of TB according to its ENT location is similar to that reported in the literature. It is important to point out the use of PCR in our study and the advantages that its application represents for diagnosis.Conflict of InterestsThe authors have no conflicts of interest to declare." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres608748" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec622296" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres608747" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec622295" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and Methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conflict of Interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2014-07-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2014-11-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec622296" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Tuberculosis" 1 => "Head" 2 => "Neck" 3 => "Ear" 4 => "Nose" 5 => "Throat" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec622295" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Tuberculosis" 1 => "Cabeza" 2 => "Cuello" 3 => "Oído" 4 => "Nariz" 5 => "Garganta" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "IntroductionPulmonary involvement exists in 80% of cases of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; however, in up to 20% of cases there may be extra-pulmonary involvement. In the ENT area, the most common site is cervical lymphadenitis, affecting approximately 95% of cases. Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective study of patients attending an ENT department in a tertiary hospital for head and neck symptoms that were diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB), between December 2007 and December 2013. ResultsThe study included 73 patients, 41 (56.2%) males and 32 (43.8%) females (M/F ratio=1.28), with a mean age of 39.4 years (±26.5 years; Min 1, Max 88). There were 53 (72.6%) cases of cervical lymphadenopathy, 11 (15%) of laryngeal tuberculosis 3 (4.1%) of hypopharyngeal tuberculosis, and six cases in other locations. Of the total, 14 (19.2%) patients were HIV positive and 10 (13.7%) had a history of contact with relatives who had suffered pulmonary tuberculosis. PCR was performed in 51 (69.8%) cases to confirm being positive, of which 47 (92.1%) cases were. ConclusionThe similarity of tuberculosis to diseases of poor prognosis and the difficulty of its diagnosis make considering tuberculosis necessary when exploring patients with ulcerative or granulomatous ENT lesions. Analysing our results, the incidence of TB according to its ENT area location is similar to that reported in the literature. It is important to make special mention of the use of PCR in our study and the benefits that its implementation means for diagnosis." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "IntroducciónEn el 80% de los casos de infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis existe afectación pulmonar, sin embargo hasta en un 20% de casos puede haber compromiso extrapulmonar. En el área otorrinolaringológica la localización más frecuente es la linfadenitis cervical, que afecta aproximadamente al 95% de los casos. Materiales y métodosEstudio retrospectivo en pacientes que acudieron a consulta de ORL en un hospital terciario por sintomatología en cabeza y cuello y que fueron diagnosticados de tuberculosis, entre diciembre del año 2007 y diciembre del año 2013. ResultadosUn total de 73 pacientes fueron incluidos, 41 (56,2%) hombres y 32 (43,8%) mujeres (ratio H/M=1,28), con una edad promedio de 39,4 años (±26,5 años; mín: 1/máx 88). Un total de 53 (72,6%) casos correspondieron a linfadenopatía cervical, 11 (15%) a tuberculosis laríngea, 3 (4,1%) a tuberculosis hipofaríngea, y los restantes 6 en otras localizaciones. Del total, 14 (19,2%) pacientes eran VIH positivo y 10 (13,7%) tenían antecedentes de contacto con familiares que habían sufrido tuberculosis pulmonar. En 51 (69,8%) de los casos se realizó una PCR como medida de confirmación, siendo positiva en 47 de estos (92,1%). ConclusiónLa similitud de la tuberculosis con enfermedades de mal pronóstico y la dificultad que entraña su diagnóstico hacen necesario tener en cuenta la tuberculosis a la hora de explorar a pacientes con lesiones granulomatosas o ulcerativas del área ORL. Al analizar nuestros resultados, la incidencia de tuberculosis según su localización en el área ORL es similar a la reportada en la literatura. Es importante hacer mención especial del uso de la PCR en nuestro estudio y las ventajas que su aplicación significa para el diagnóstico." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Chiesa Estomba CM, Betances Reinoso FA, Rivera Schmitz T, Ossa Echeverri CC, González Cortés MJ, Santidrian Hidalgo C. Tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello: estudio retrospectivo de 6 años. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2016;67:9–14." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 740 "Ancho" => 995 "Tamanyo" => 72963 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Laterocervical adenopathies (white arrows) in a patient that consulted because of palpable bilateral masses in the cervical lymph node area." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1005 "Ancho" => 995 "Tamanyo" => 96495 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Pre-thyroid adenopathy (white arrow) in a patient with a palpable mass at the anterior cervical lymph node level." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cervical lymph node TB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">72.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypopharynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ear \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Submandibular gland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Parotid gland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nasal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oropharynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab996627.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Topographical Location." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Not performed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total PCRs performed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% PCRs (+) performed \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tuberculous lymphadenitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">94.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">87.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypopharynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Parotid gland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oropharynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nose \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Submandibular gland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ear \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">92.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab996628.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Results Related to Head and Neck TB Location." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Complication \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Miliary TB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mediastinal-oesophageal fistula \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mastoiditis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Scrofula \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pott's disease \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab996625.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "TB Complications." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Suggestive chest radiography \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Non-suggestive chest radiography \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cervical lymph node TB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">90.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ear \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypopharynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Submandibular gland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Parotid gland \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oropharynx \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nasal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">34.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab996626.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Location by Chest Radiography Suggestive or Non-suggestive of Pulmonary Tuberculosis." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:36 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.C. Raviglione" 1 => "D.E. Snider Jr." 2 => "A. Kochi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "273" "paginaInicial" => "220" "paginaFinal" => "226" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807661" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global tuberculosis report: 2012" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "WHO" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:3 [ "fecha" => "2012" "editorial" => "World Health Organization" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Geneva, Switzerland" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: Estimated incidence, prevalence, and mortality by country. WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Dye" 1 => "S. Scheele" 2 => "P. Dolin" 3 => "V. Pathania" 4 => "M.C. Raviglione" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "282" "paginaInicial" => "677" "paginaFinal" => "686" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10517722" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Z. Yang" 1 => "Y. Kong" 2 => "F. Wilson" 3 => "B. Foxman" 4 => "A.H. Fowler" 5 => "C. Marrs" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1086/380644" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "199" "paginaFinal" => "205" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14699451" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tuberculosis in ear, nose, and throat practice: its presentation and diagnosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "B. Nalini" 1 => "S. Vinayak" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.amjoto.2005.07.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Otolaryngol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "39" "paginaFinal" => "45" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16360822" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Z. Yang" 1 => "Y. Kong" 2 => "F. Wilson" 3 => "B. Foxman" 4 => "A.H. Fowler" 5 => "C.F. 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Head and Neck Tuberculosis: 6-Year Retrospective Study

Tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello: estudio retrospectivo de 6 años

Carlos Miguel Chiesa Estomba

Corresponding author

chiesaestomba86@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

, Frank Alberto Betances Reinoso, Teresa Rivera Schmitz, Carla Cristina Ossa Echeverri, María Jesús González Cortés, Carmelo Santidrian Hidalgo

Servicio de ORL, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tuberculosis &#40;TB&#41; is one of the oldest infections known to humanity&#46; Even today&#44; it is still one of the main causes of death from infection in adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In 2011&#44; the World Health Organisation estimated an incidence of 8&#46;3&#8211;9 million cases at global level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Furthermore&#44; 1 of every 3 individuals in the world is thought to be infected with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;3</span></a> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; tuberculosis</span>&#41; or runs the risk of developing the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is extra-pulmonary infection in 80&#37; of the cases of infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; tuberculosis</span>&#44; but up to 20&#37; of cases can have extra-pulmonary compromise&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In the ear&#44; nose&#44; and throat &#40;ENT&#41; area specifically&#44; the most frequent location is the cervical lymph nodes&#44; involving approximately 95&#37; of the cases&#46; The remaining locations &#40;such as larynx&#44; ear&#44; nostrils&#44; pharynx&#44; tonsils&#44; mastoids&#44; salivary glands or cavum&#41; each represent less than 1&#37; of all the TB cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Over the last years&#44; the increase in the cases of human immunodeficiency virus &#40;HIV&#41; has been accompanied by an increase in extrapulmonary manifestations of TB at the level of the head and neck&#46; Up to 25&#37; of the cases of positive HIV in this area of the body occur without pulmonary involvement or wasting syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Yang et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> reported nearly 50&#37; of cases that presented co-infection with extrapulmonary HIV&#43;TB&#44; and this percentage could increase up to 80&#37; in patients with severe immunosuppression&#46; Other factors to consider are the great migrations&#44; the appearance of resistant strains&#44; the increase in poverty and the greater number of patients immunocompromised by other diseases or treatments&#44; which have also accompanied this increase in incidence in the developed countries&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">That is why the objective of this study was to describe the cases of head and neck TB referred to the Ear&#44; Nose&#44; and Throat &#40;ENT&#41; Service in a tertiary hospital in the community of Galicia &#40;Spain&#41; over a 6-year period&#44; and to compare these results with those published in the international literature&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and Methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective analysis of the patients that came to the ENT consultation at our tertiary hospital in the autonomous community of Galicia &#40;Spain&#41; for head and neck symptoms and were diagnosed with TB&#46; The period covered patients seen from December 2007 through December 2013&#46; We identified the cases thanks to a computer search of the registers in our service using the International Classification of Diseases &#40;ICD&#41;-9 and ICD-10 codes&#46; The Ethics Committee at our centre approved this study&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The revision of the clinical histories provided the demographic data &#40;age&#44; nationality&#44; and sex&#41;&#44; clinical information&#44; signs&#44; and symptoms at the time of consultation&#44; way disease presented&#44; information on diagnostic tests&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">etc&#46;</span></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was carried out using the program SPSS for Windows&#44; version 20&#46;0 &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Quantitative study variables were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation and the results were expressed as total plus percentage&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The total patients included were 73&#44; with 41 &#40;56&#46;2&#37;&#41; males and 32 &#40;43&#46;8&#37;&#41; females &#40;M&#47;F ratio&#61;1&#46;28&#41; and a mean age of 39&#46;4 years &#40;&#177;26&#46;5 years&#59; minimum&#58; 1&#47;maximum 88&#41;&#46; As for the anatomical location of infection&#44; 53 cases &#40;72&#46;6&#37;&#41; corresponded to cervical lymphadenopathy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#44; 11 &#40;15&#37;&#41; to laryngeal TB &#40;10 vocal fold cases and 1 case that involved exclusively the epiglottis&#41;&#44; 3 &#40;4&#46;1&#37;&#41; to hypopharyngeal gland TB and 1 case &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; to TB in each of the following respective locations&#58; ear&#44; tongue&#44; submandibular gland&#44; parotid&#44; oropharynx&#44; and nose &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Another 14 &#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41; patients were HIV positive&#44; 10 &#40;13&#46;7&#37;&#41; patients presented a history of contact with relatives that had suffered from pulmonary TB and 2 &#40;2&#46;73&#37;&#41; patients were foreigners from developing countries &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for Mantoux tuberculin skin test results&#44; 47 &#40;64&#46;4&#37;&#41; patients presented a positive result with a mean diameter of 14&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#59; the rest of the patients had negative results&#46; A total of 42 &#40;57&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients presented a positive Lowenst&#235;in media result&#44; 46 &#40;63&#37;&#41; of the cases obtained a positive acid-fast bacilli &#40;AFB&#41; smear using the Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique&#46; Polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; for detecting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; tuberculosis</span> was used in 53 &#40;69&#46;8&#37;&#41; of the cases&#46; At first it was used as a means of confirmation when the result was negative &#40;elevated clinical suspicion&#41; or when there were diagnostic doubts using the classic means&#46; Later on&#44; PCR was routinely used for diagnosis&#44; yielding positive results in 47 of these &#40;92&#46;15&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; In all&#44; 9 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41; patients presented some type of complication&#59; the most frequent was miliary TB&#44; present in 5 cases &#40;5&#46;8&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; One &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; patient died from miliary TB complications&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to the symptoms&#44; 57 &#40;78&#46;1&#37;&#41; patients presented evening fever&#59; 35 &#40;47&#46;9&#37;&#41; presented asthenia&#59; 22 &#40;30&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; weight loss&#59; and 7 &#40;9&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; odynophagia &#40;3 cases with hypopharyngeal involvement&#44; 1 case of oropharyngeal involvement&#44; 1 of laryngeal&#44; 1 of the epiglottis and 1 case with tongue involvement&#41;&#46; There were 12 &#40;16&#46;4&#37;&#41; patients that came to the hospital for dysphagia &#40;3 cases with hypopharyngeal involvement&#44; 1 case of oropharyngeal involvement&#44; 6 cases with laryngeal TB&#44; 1 in the epiglottis and 1 in the base of the tongue&#41;&#44; while 11 &#40;15&#46;1&#37;&#41; patients came to the hospital due to dysphonia &#40;10 cases con laryngeal TB and 1 case with TB in the epiglottis&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical findings differed according to the area affected&#46; All of the patients con tuberculous cervical adenitis &#40;53&#61;72&#46;6&#37; of the total&#41; consulted for palpable masses&#46; Of the 11 cases of laryngeal TB&#44; 9 &#40;12&#46;3&#37;&#41; presented oedematous&#44; rough and vegetative lesions&#44; while 2 &#40;2&#46;8&#37;&#41; presented ulcerous&#44; vegetative lesions that affected both vocal folds&#46; In the case of TB of the tongue&#44; a vegetative lesion with whitish stippling sticking out over the tongue border could be seen&#46; In the patient with nasal TB&#44; an erythematous&#44; a polypoid-appearing lesion occupied the entire nasal fossa and curved the septum towards the contralateral fossa&#46; The case of TB of the ear showed a subtotal tympanic membrane perforation with lesions of a polypoid appearance in the middle ear&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fine needle aspiration &#40;FNA&#41; cytology was performed in 44 cases &#40;60&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#46; In 29 of these &#40;65&#37; of the FNA performed&#41;&#44; the results were suggestive of TB&#59; and in 14 &#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; the sample was insufficient&#46; In the final case &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; the anatomopathological result was lymphoma&#44; which was ruled out once the adenopathy was biopsied by cervicotomy&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The radiological studies performed in most of the patients were chest X-rays &#40;CXR&#41;&#44; echography&#44; and computerised tomography &#40;CT&#41; scans of the head and neck&#46; A total of 25 &#40;34&#46;2&#37;&#41; patients presented a CXR suggestive of TB &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#44; while in 48 &#40;65&#46;8&#37;&#41; the CXR was anodyne or the findings were not suggestive of TB&#46; Echography was used in 37 &#40;69&#46;8&#37;&#41; of the cases of cervical TB and the findings were suggestive of lymph node TB in 13 &#40;35&#46;1&#37;&#41; of the patients&#46; Lastly&#44; tomography was used in 58 &#40;79&#46;4&#37;&#41; of the cases&#44; being suggestive in 27 &#40;37&#37;&#41; of these&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the patients were treated with anti-TB chemotherapy&#44; although biopsy for histological study was required for 16 &#40;21&#46;9&#37;&#41; of them&#46; The drugs used were isoniazid&#44; rifampicin&#44; pyrazinamide&#44; and ethambutol&#46; Only 4 &#40;5&#46;5&#37;&#41; patients presented alterations in hepatic function markers during the drug treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to sex&#44; several studies report a disease dominance in males&#44; with a ratio of 1&#46;8&#58;1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> This ratio was a bit smaller in our study &#40;1&#46;28&#58;1&#41;&#44; with the male population being slightly more affected&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As far as reaching a diagnosis&#44; an in-depth history&#44; a detailed physical examination and a chest CXR to rule out lung involvement are essential&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Along these lines&#44; we have an arsenal of tests that can help to reach a diagnosis&#46; One of these is FNA&#44; backed by several studies that attribute it a sensitivity of up to 80&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> However&#44; other authors report lower sensitivities&#46; Memish et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> found sensitivity of 46&#37;&#44; while Mcallister et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> reported sensitivity of 53&#37;&#46; Our results reflect sensitivity that falls in the middle between those of these 2 teams&#59; in 65&#37; of the cases in which an FNA was performed&#44; a TB diagnosis was possible&#46; It is important to emphasise that in their study Mcallister et al&#46; did not manage to demonstrate greater diagnostic profitability by using sonography to locate suspicious adenopathy&#46; In that study&#44; 50&#37; of the adenopathies located using echography were positive&#44; while 54&#37; the adenopathies located without echography were positive&#59; however&#44; this result was unreliable as there were only 26 patients in which adenopathies were located using echography&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for imaging test&#44; in the cases of tuberculous involvement at the level of the head and neck and depending on location&#44; echography&#44; CT scans&#44; and magnetic resonance images were useful&#46; The most frequent finding was a hypodense centre with peripheral enhancement when using contrast&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In turn&#44; stains can be used in studying histological samples through specific techniques&#46; These are especially useful if there is a suspicion of granulomas in the sample&#44; as it is possible to detect acid-alcohol-resistant bacilli&#46; However&#44; the PCR is currently a highly useful test in cases where there are still doubts&#46; In aspirated samples of cervical adenopathies&#44; the results generally yield sensibility of 41&#37;&#8211;75&#37; and specificity of nearly 97&#46;3&#37;&#8211;100&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> In our study&#44; it was possible to confirm the diagnosis of extrapulmonary TB in 92&#46;15&#37; if all the patients&#44; and up to 94&#46;59&#37; of the adenopathy aspirates&#46; However&#44; the remaining 7&#46;85&#37; presented a negative result &#40;2 cases of adenopathy aspirate&#44; 1 larynx biopsy and 1 ear biopsy&#41;&#44; which were considered false negatives due to how suggestive the clinical picture was&#44; the positivity of the rest of the tests and the overall response to treatment&#46; Individually&#44; it should be remember that the PCR specificity in tissue samples from the larynx and ear are not totally clear and that&#44; during preparation of samples for study&#44; there are possible errors that may occur&#44; affecting the final result&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to mention new tests&#44; recently introduced to improve diagnosis of tuberculous infection&#44; whose objective is detecting <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> production of interferon-gamma &#40;IFN-&#947;&#41; against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#46; tuberculosis</span>&#46; These tests are known as interferon-gamma release assays &#40;IGRA&#41;&#46; One of these assays&#44; sold as the QuantiFERON-TB-Gold in Tube<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;QFT-IT&#41; test &#40;Cellestis Ltd&#46;&#59; Carnegie&#44; Victoria&#44; Australia&#41;&#44; measures the specific antigen production of IFN-&#947; by the circulating T-cells in whole blood&#44; using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay &#40;ELISA&#41;&#46; Another is the T-SPOT&#46;TB<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#40;Oxford Immunotec&#44; Oxford&#44; United Kingdom&#41;&#44; which measures the IFN-&#947; producing T-cells using the enzyme-linked immunospot &#40;Elispot&#41; technique&#46; These tests achieve greater specificity on diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to the clinical signs and symptoms of head and neck TB&#44; tuberculous lymphadenitis is the main type reported in the literature&#46; It represents approximately 95&#37; of the cases&#44; and is present in more than 25&#37; of patients affected by TB&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The results we obtained in this study were similar &#40;although slightly less&#41;&#44; with 72&#46;6&#37; of the patients presenting lymph gland involvement&#46; This may be because not all tuberculous patients that come to our centre are referred for specialised ENT evaluation&#46; In addition&#44; as this was a retrospective study&#44; we included only the patients referred to our department for suspicious adenopathies that were then diagnosed as having tuberculous lymphadenitis&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to our results and coinciding with current literature&#44; laryngeal involvement is the next most frequent location after cervical lymphadenitis&#46; In fact&#44; until the beginnings of the 1900s&#44; it was the most prevalent disease of the larynx&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Based on autopsy studies carried out on patients with pulmonary TB&#44; up to 48&#37; of the cadavers presented involvement at the laryngeal level&#46; Currently&#44; after the introduction of anti-TB chemotherapy&#44; the incidence of this location has dropped dramatically&#44; with the reported worldwide incidence being close to 0&#46;8&#37;&#8211;1&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> However&#44; despite being rare&#44; the importance of laryngeal involvement lies in differential diagnosis with malignant diseases at this level&#59; consequently&#44; it is necessary to biopsy the lesion for study&#44; to avoid complications from a delayed diagnosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pharyngeal involvement is in third place for frequency of locations&#44; again based on the data available in the literature&#46; In our case series&#44; hypopharyngeal involvement was the most common&#44; with 3 &#40;4&#46;1&#37;&#41; cases&#59; this was followed by oropharyngeal location&#44; with a single &#40;1&#46;4&#37;&#41; case&#46; When there is pharyngeal involvement&#44; the literature indicates that it is frequently associated with pulmonary involvement&#44; which was the case in 100&#37; of the cases in our study&#46; As for the type of lesions found&#44; the lesions were ulcerous and painful in 3 of the cases and an ulcerated&#44; erythematous-type lesion in 1&#46; With respect to symptoms&#44; these patients generally present with dysphagia and&#44; less frequently&#44; odynophagia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21&#44;22</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The other locations involved in our series corresponded to the oral cavity&#46; This could present as primary TB or be a result of extra-thoracic dissemination from a primary pulmonary focus through contaminated sputum or haematogenous dissemination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23&#44;24</span></a> The tongue is usually the structure most often involved at this level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Specifically&#44; the lateral side of the tongue is the most probable site of a lesion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ear TB is also a rare form&#44; representing less than 1&#37; of the chronic ear diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> It can present as a non-painful chronic otorrhea&#44; with a course of several months&#59; it can be accompanied by polypoid formations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> or involve facial paralysis complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> Cutaneous TB has also been described&#46; This usually manifests as an irregularly shaped&#44; friable skin plaque&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Salivary gland involvement is rare&#46; The method of dissemination seems to be associated with the presence of dental or oral cavity lesions&#59; contamination is generally through contiguity or lymphatic-blood bacterium migration&#44; normally manifesting in a period of immunosuppression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> If it is a case of primary TB at this level&#44; the presentation is normally in the form of suppurative sialadenitis or simulating a chronic tumoral lesion&#46; Secondary forms are generally associated with systemic TB&#44; most frequently pulmonary&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are few published cases at nose level&#46; These usually manifest as nasal obstruction&#44; accompanied by chronic rhinorrhoea&#46; Lesions at this level are generally of a granulomatous or ulcerative type&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> During the physical examination&#44; they are often confused with neoplastic lesions and&#44; in more advanced states&#44; with Wegener&#39;s granulomatosis&#44; which is why early diagnosis is important&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> Tuberculous infection is also possible in the nasal sinuses&#44; where it can cause bone erosion&#46; If there is local progression&#44; these cases may become complicated with episodes of meningitis&#44; pituitary invasion or skin invasion&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;33&#8211;35</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The drug treatment currently recommended for extrapulmonary TB is the plan based on the combination of 4 drugs&#58; isoniazid&#44; rifampicin&#44; pyrazinamide&#44; and ethambutol for 2 months&#44; and then isoniazid and rifampicin for another 4 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite being a rare clinical picture&#44; the similarity of TB with diseases that have a poor prognosis and the difficulty involved in TB diagnosis make it necessary to consider TB when examining patients with granulomatous or ulcerative lesions in the ENT area&#46; As for our results&#44; the incidence of TB according to its ENT location is similar to that reported in the literature&#46; It is important to point out the use of PCR in our study and the advantages that its application represents for diagnosis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pulmonary involvement exists in 80&#37; of cases of infection with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span>&#59; however&#44; in up to 20&#37; of cases there may be extra-pulmonary involvement&#46; In the ENT area&#44; the most common site is cervical lymphadenitis&#44; affecting approximately 95&#37; of cases&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This was a retrospective study of patients attending an ENT department in a tertiary hospital for head and neck symptoms that were diagnosed with tuberculosis &#40;TB&#41;&#44; between December 2007 and December 2013&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The study included 73 patients&#44; 41 &#40;56&#46;2&#37;&#41; males and 32 &#40;43&#46;8&#37;&#41; females &#40;M&#47;F ratio&#61;1&#46;28&#41;&#44; with a mean age of 39&#46;4 years &#40;&#177;26&#46;5 years&#59; Min 1&#44; Max 88&#41;&#46; There were 53 &#40;72&#46;6&#37;&#41; cases of cervical lymphadenopathy&#44; 11 &#40;15&#37;&#41; of laryngeal tuberculosis 3 &#40;4&#46;1&#37;&#41; of hypopharyngeal tuberculosis&#44; and six cases in other locations&#46; Of the total&#44; 14 &#40;19&#46;2&#37;&#41; patients were HIV positive and 10 &#40;13&#46;7&#37;&#41; had a history of contact with relatives who had suffered pulmonary tuberculosis&#46; PCR was performed in 51 &#40;69&#46;8&#37;&#41; cases to confirm being positive&#44; of which 47 &#40;92&#46;1&#37;&#41; cases were&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The similarity of tuberculosis to diseases of poor prognosis and the difficulty of its diagnosis make considering tuberculosis necessary when exploring patients with ulcerative or granulomatous ENT lesions&#46; Analysing our results&#44; the incidence of TB according to its ENT area location is similar to that reported in the literature&#46; It is important to make special mention of the use of PCR in our study and the benefits that its implementation means for diagnosis&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En el 80&#37; de los casos de infecci&#243;n por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</span> existe afectaci&#243;n pulmonar&#44; sin embargo hasta en un 20&#37; de casos puede haber compromiso extrapulmonar&#46; En el &#225;rea otorrinolaringol&#243;gica la localizaci&#243;n m&#225;s frecuente es la linfadenitis cervical&#44; que afecta aproximadamente al 95&#37; de los casos&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo en pacientes que acudieron a consulta de ORL en un hospital terciario por sintomatolog&#237;a en cabeza y cuello y que fueron diagnosticados de tuberculosis&#44; entre diciembre del a&#241;o 2007 y diciembre del a&#241;o 2013&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un total de 73 pacientes fueron incluidos&#44; 41 &#40;56&#44;2&#37;&#41; hombres y 32 &#40;43&#44;8&#37;&#41; mujeres &#40;ratio H&#47;M<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;28&#41;&#44; con una edad promedio de 39&#44;4 a&#241;os &#40;&#177;26&#44;5 a&#241;os&#59; m&#237;n&#58; 1&#47;m&#225;x 88&#41;&#46; Un total de 53 &#40;72&#44;6&#37;&#41; casos correspondieron a linfadenopat&#237;a cervical&#44; 11 &#40;15&#37;&#41; a tuberculosis lar&#237;ngea&#44; 3 &#40;4&#44;1&#37;&#41; a tuberculosis hipofar&#237;ngea&#44; y los restantes 6 en otras localizaciones&#46; Del total&#44; 14 &#40;19&#44;2&#37;&#41; pacientes eran VIH positivo y 10 &#40;13&#44;7&#37;&#41; ten&#237;an antecedentes de contacto con familiares que hab&#237;an sufrido tuberculosis pulmonar&#46; En 51 &#40;69&#44;8&#37;&#41; de los casos se realiz&#243; una PCR como medida de confirmaci&#243;n&#44; siendo positiva en 47 de estos &#40;92&#44;1&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La similitud de la tuberculosis con enfermedades de mal pron&#243;stico y la dificultad que entra&#241;a su diagn&#243;stico hacen necesario tener en cuenta la tuberculosis a la hora de explorar a pacientes con lesiones granulomatosas o ulcerativas del &#225;rea ORL&#46; Al analizar nuestros resultados&#44; la incidencia de tuberculosis seg&#250;n su localizaci&#243;n en el &#225;rea ORL es similar a la reportada en la literatura&#46; Es importante hacer menci&#243;n especial del uso de la PCR en nuestro estudio y las ventajas que su aplicaci&#243;n significa para el diagn&#243;stico&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Materiales y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Chiesa Estomba CM&#44; Betances Reinoso FA&#44; Rivera Schmitz T&#44; Ossa Echeverri CC&#44; Gonz&#225;lez Cort&#233;s MJ&#44; Santidrian Hidalgo C&#46; Tuberculosis de cabeza y cuello&#58; estudio retrospectivo de 6 a&#241;os&#46; Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp&#46; 2016&#59;67&#58;9&#8211;14&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Laterocervical adenopathies &#40;white arrows&#41; in a patient that consulted because of palpable bilateral masses in the cervical lymph node area&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pre-thyroid adenopathy &#40;white arrow&#41; in a patient with a palpable mass at the anterior cervical lymph node level&#46;</p>"
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      ]
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cases&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Percentage &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cervical lymph node TB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larynx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypopharynx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Submandibular gland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Parotid gland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nasal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oropharynx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab996627.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Topographical Location&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Not performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total PCRs performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; PCRs &#40;&#43;&#41; performed&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tuberculous lymphadenitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">94&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Larynx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">87&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hypopharynx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tongue&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Parotid gland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Oropharynx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nose&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Submandibular gland&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Ear&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">92&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Polymerase Chain Reaction &#40;PCR&#41; Results Related to Head and Neck TB Location&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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      "titulo" => "References"
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          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
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              "identificador" => "bib0185"
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              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global epidemiology of tuberculosis&#46; Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46;C&#46; Raviglione"
                            1 => "D&#46;E&#46; Snider Jr&#46;"
                            2 => "A&#46; Kochi"
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                    ]
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                    0 => array:1 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "JAMA"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7807661"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Global tuberculosis report&#58; 2012"
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                          "colaboracion" => "WHO"
                          "etal" => false
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                    ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Consensus statement&#46; Global burden of tuberculosis&#58; Estimated incidence&#44; prevalence&#44; and mortality by country&#46; WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring Project"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Dye"
                            1 => "S&#46; Scheele"
                            2 => "P&#46; Dolin"
                            3 => "V&#46; Pathania"
                            4 => "M&#46;C&#46; Raviglione"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10517722"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                      "titulo" => "Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis"
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                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "Z&#46; Yang"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Kong"
                            2 => "F&#46; Wilson"
                            3 => "B&#46; Foxman"
                            4 => "A&#46;H&#46; Fowler"
                            5 => "C&#46; Marrs"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Tuberculosis in ear&#44; nose&#44; and throat practice&#58; its presentation and diagnosis"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Nalini"
                            1 => "S&#46; Vinayak"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.amjoto.2005.07.005"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Otolaryngol"
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                            5 => "C&#46;F&#46; Marrs"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mycobacterial infections of the head and neck&#58; presentation and diagnosis"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "A&#46;M&#46; Al-Sherhani"
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                    0 => array:2 [
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                        "paginaFinal" => "2016"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801988"
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                      "titulo" => "Tuberculosis of the lymph glands in the neck&#58; a limited role for surgery"
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                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"
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Article information

ISSN: 21735735
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.otoeng.2014.11.006

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	0	8	8
2024 September	0	34	34
2024 August	0	25	25
2024 July	0	11	11
2024 June	0	9	9
2024 May	0	19	19
2024 April	0	15	15
2024 March	0	9	9
2024 February	0	8	8
2024 January	0	9	9
2023 December	0	13	13
2023 November	0	13	13
2023 October	0	28	28
2023 September	0	17	17
2023 August	0	12	12
2023 July	0	21	21
2023 June	0	24	24
2023 May	0	32	32
2023 April	0	13	13
2023 March	1	10	11
2023 February	0	3	3
2023 January	0	7	7
2022 December	0	8	8
2022 November	0	11	11
2022 October	0	4	4
2022 September	0	5	5
2022 August	0	6	6
2022 July	0	7	7
2022 June	0	7	7
2022 May	0	6	6
2022 April	0	14	14
2022 March	0	2	2
2022 February	0	1	1
2022 January	0	3	3
2021 December	0	1	1
2021 November	0	2	2
2021 October	0	2	2
2021 September	0	2	2
2021 August	0	1	1
2021 July	0	3	3
2021 June	0	1	1
2021 May	0	3	3
2021 April	0	2	2
2021 March	0	1	1
2021 January	0	2	2
2020 December	0	6	6
2020 November	0	14	14
2020 October	0	3	3
2020 July	0	2	2
2020 June	0	3	3
2020 May	0	6	6
2020 April	0	3	3
2020 March	68	5	73
2020 February	125	15	140
2020 January	101	12	113
2019 December	90	15	105
2019 November	63	12	75
2019 October	52	16	68
2019 September	73	9	82
2019 August	56	8	64
2019 July	41	9	50
2019 June	61	40	101
2019 May	126	67	193
2019 April	78	38	116
2019 March	19	18	37
2019 February	34	11	45
2019 January	19	12	31
2018 December	26	13	39
2018 November	30	26	56
2018 October	34	7	41
2018 April	23	5	28
2018 March	17	3	20
2018 February	16	3	19
2018 January	14	1	15
2017 December	11	1	12
2017 November	19	4	23
2017 October	22	6	28
2017 September	18	4	22
2017 August	17	5	22
2017 July	29	4	33
2017 June	37	28	65
2017 May	23	6	29
2017 April	20	12	32
2017 March	21	28	49
2017 February	14	6	20
2017 January	17	4	21
2016 December	20	7	27
2016 November	29	5	34
2016 October	39	14	53
2016 September	43	12	55
2016 August	47	10	57
2016 July	22	7	29
2016 June	35	18	53
2016 May	45	23	68
2016 April	38	25	63
2016 March	70	30	100
2016 February	10	5	15

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