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Case study
Candida albicans causing cervical pyomyositis: A case report
Piomiositis cervical por Candida albicans: A propósito de un caso
Patricia Corriols Noval
Corresponding author
patri16.92@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Eugenia Carmela López Simón, Nathalia Castillo Ledesma, Carmelo Morales Angulo
Otorrinolaringologist Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Cantabria's University, Santander, Cantabria, spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 62-year-old-man was assessed by our Ear&#44; Nose and Throat &#40;ENT&#41; department because of a two-month history of progressive growth of a right laterocervical mass&#46; He underwent a bilateral lung transplantation due to interstitial lung disease and has been administrated immunosuppresive drugs&#46; The patient had a central venous catheter in the right internal jugular vein for parenteral nutrition&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On physical examination&#44; there was a 2&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm tender mass&#44; with fibrotic consistency in the third half of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle &#40;SCM&#41; which sinus tract to the skin and constant drainage&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computed cervical tomography scan &#40;CT&#41; revealed a rim-enhancing low attenuation heterogeneous mass in the inside measuring 2&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm extending throughout the right SCM with increased layer thickness&#46; Besides&#44; a skin fistulous tract was confirmed according to abscessed pyomyositis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fine-needle aspiration under local anesthetic yielded poor purulent material and was examined by the pathologist and microbiologist&#46; Henceforth&#44; the patient was decided to be treated with empiric intravenous antibiotics covering staphylococcus and anaerobic bacteria with piperacillin&#8211;tazobactam therapy&#46; The results of the cultures revealed the fungus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida albicans</span>&#44; so caspofungin was added to the treatment&#46; On microscopic examination&#44; necrotizing inflammation&#44; pseudohyphae and blastospores were found in the muscle tissue &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient was clinically asymptomatic&#44; albeit with persistence of oozing of the cervical mass&#46; At this point&#44; surgery was scheduled and patient underwent incision and drainage&#46; Intraoperative finding confirmed the presence of encapsulated fibrotic 5&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm lesion and fistulous tract was also removed&#46; He was discharged home one week after surgery exclusively under oral antifungic treatment&#44; even though the second culture from the intraoperative biopsy was positive for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C&#46; albicans</span>&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cervical pyomyositis &#40;CP&#41; is rare skeletal muscle infection&#44; usually developing intramuscular abscess formation&#46; It mostly affects lower limbs&#44; followed by chest and abdomen&#44; been infrequent cervical compromised&#46; CP is commonly caused by bacteria&#44; specifically <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> in 80&#37; followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Streptococci</span> and enterobacteria&#44; been fungal etiology less the 2&#37;&#44; where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Candida</span> spp&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> is the most frequent pathogen implicated&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathophysiology consists on asymptomatic and transitory bacteremia&#47;fungemia of whatever origin&#44; with posterior developing of muscle involvement&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main risk factor is immunodeficiency state&#44; due to immunosuppressive drugs &#40;as our case&#41; or systemic pathologies such as HIV infection&#44; diabetes mellitus&#44; malignancy tumors and chemotherapy&#44; cirrhosis or renal insufficiency&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4&#44;7&#44;8</span></a> Steroid therapy&#44; injection drug use or recent muscular trauma may produce myopathy and muscle hematoma which increase the likelihood for suffering from pyomyositis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Other predisposing factors&#44; above all&#44; for fungal infection are previous fungal infection&#44; broad-spectrum antibiotic exposure or parenteral nutrition catheter&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CP use to present with pain and cramping localized to a single muscle group&#46; Multifocal muscle infection could be present in even 20&#37; of cases&#44; increasing the risk if there are other predisposing factors associated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In our case&#44; the central venous catheter that the patients had been carrying&#44; could be the portal of entry for the infection&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pathogenesis of pyomyositis involves a bloodstream infection of whatever origin&#44; that use to be asymptomatic and transitory&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laboratory findings include typical infectious alterations as leukocytosis and acute phase proteins raised up&#44; but in some immunocompromised patients&#44; the analytic parameters use to reveal leucopenia and poor inflammatory markers elevation&#46; Creatine kinase and other muscle enzyme levels are often normal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungal pyomyositis is mostly diagnosed in advanced stages requiring prolonged hospitalization and treatment&#46; Recurrent infection is rare but has been described in those immunocompromised individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Radiographic imaging is the most useful tool&#44; defining the site of infection&#44; and ruling out other entities&#46; Magnetic resonance imaging &#40;MRI&#41; is the best imaging technique&#44; due to it is highly sensitive to demonstrate the extension and involvement of the soft tissues&#44; even prior to the formation of a frank abscess&#46; The close relationship between MRI and histopathology results suggests that is the ideal image tool during the follow-up&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> If not available&#44; CT is helpful for detecting muscle swelling and well-delineated areas of fluid attenuation as well as for radiographic-guided drainage of purulent material if necessary&#46; Ultrasonography &#40;US&#41; is also a potentially useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool&#44; particularly during the purulent stage of infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bacteriologic diagnosis can be made by cultures of drainage or blood test in case of fungaemia&#44; and it is almost always helpful for obtaining optimal microbiologic data and susceptibility testing to direct specific therapy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CP may be confused with other pathologies as muscle contusion or hematoma&#44; cellulitis&#44; deep vein thrombosis&#44; osteomyelitis&#44; or neoplasm&#46; It must also be distinguished from other forms of myositis as clostridial myonecrosis&#44; necrotizing fasciitis&#44; spontaneous gangrenous myositis and diabetic muscle infarction&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When pyomyositis is suspected broad-spectrum antibiotic for Staphylococcus and anaerobic germs is mandatory&#46; For immunocompromised individuals&#44; antifungal coverage should always be considered&#46; Amphotericin B is the drug of choice&#44; however&#44; its high kidney toxicity limits its use&#44; so others like Micafungina and Caspofungina could be chosen&#44; as it happened in our patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Most cases finally require surgical management to remove necrosis and detritus into the muscle&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prognosis of CP depends on the state the diagnose has been done and in the comorbidities of the patient&#46; In general lines the mortality should oscillate between 0&#46;9&#37; and 14&#37;&#44; it is most likely in severe immunocompromised hosts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Even so&#44; a high suspicion is mandatory&#44; above all if fungal etiology could be involved&#44; because if infection spreads to other organs&#44; the effectiveness of the treatment will be lower and the rate of mortality notably higher&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fungal pyomyositis is a rare entity which produces purulent infection of skeletal muscle&#44; typically in immunocompromised patients&#44; that use to appear in lower limbs&#44; been extremely unusual cervical infection&#46; Clinical suspicion and imaging studies are mandatory to achieve the diagnosis&#44; and cultures are necessary to determine the germ etiology and drugs sensibility&#46; Candida species should be considered potential pathogens&#44; especially when there are predisposing factors&#44; so empirical antibiotic and antifungal coverage should always be considered&#46; Most patients require both medical and surgical debridement&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Authors&#8217; contribution</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors have access to the data during the research process and have developed a huge and hard work in the edition and writing of the manuscript&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Besides&#44; all authors declare not having any conflict of interest or having received any financial relationship or support by external sources or enterprises&#46;</p></span></span>"
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