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Audiological profile and handicap levels in people with vestibular disorders at Centro Equilibra, Vértigo and Equilibrio, San José, Costa Rica
Perfil audiológico y grados de discapacidad en las personas con alteraciones vestibulares pertenecientes a la consulta del Centro Equilibra, Vértigo y Equilibrio, San José, Costa Rica
Adriana Chacón Rodrígueza, Jorge Antonio Jiménez Gómezb,
Corresponding author
jorge.jimgo@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Mónica Dávila Rojasc
a Licenciada en Audiología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro Equilibra, Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
b Licenciado en Audiología de la Universidad de Costa Rica, Centro Equilibra, Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
c Médica especialista en Otorrinolaringología con subespecialización en vértigo y rehabilitación funcional de los trastornos del equilibrio de la Universidad de París, France. Centro Equilibra, Escazú, San José, Costa Rica
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentages according to type of hearing loss&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mod&#58; moderate&#59; prof&#58; profound&#59; sev&#58; severe&#46;</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compiled by the authors&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vestibular disorders are defined as disturbances originating in the vestibular system and encompass diseases that affect both the vestibular system and its connections&#44; including brainstem&#44; cerebellum&#44; subcortical structures&#44; and vestibular cortex&#46; Therefore&#44; dysfunction in any of these structures&#44; whether primary or secondary&#44; can adversely affect balance&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They are estimated to affect 20&#37;&#8211;30&#37; of the world&#8217;s population&#44; with a prevalence of approximately 5&#37; in adults and a total annual incidence of 5&#37;&#8211;10&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Depending on the disorder diagnosed&#44; individuals may present with audiological manifestations such as tinnitus and hearing loss in isolation&#44; or accompanying symptoms of vestibular manifestations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The audiological profile in M&#233;ni&#232;re&#8217;s disease has been extensively described thanks to the abundant studies that describe and characterise the condition&#44; which has provided broad understanding of the auditory and vestibular involvement in the disease process&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In contrast&#44; the audiological profile in disorders such as vestibular migraine&#44; vestibular neuritis&#44; and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo &#40;BPPV&#41; shows almost no auditory involvement&#44; and if it does exist&#44; it presents as isolated symptoms of the condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the World Health Organisation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> between 5&#37; and 6&#37; of the world&#39;s population suffers from disabling hearing loss&#44; which is one of the sensory deprivations of greatest impact on the sufferer&#8217;s communication process&#44; limiting their activities of daily living and affecting their role in society&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Costa Rica&#44; according to data from the National Institute of Statistics and Censuses&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> in the 2011 census&#44; of the 4&#44;301&#44;712 registered inhabitants&#44; a total of 70&#44;709 people had impaired hearing&#44; most aged between 40 and 75 years&#46; However&#44; no data or figures are reported for vestibular disorders in the country to indicate the number of sufferers&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to this lack of epidemiological research to determine the onset of auditory manifestations together with vestibular disorders in Costa Rica&#44; the main objective of this study was to characterise the audiological profile and degrees of disability in people with vestibular disorders attending the Equilibra&#44; Vertigo and Equilibrium Centre from September to November 2019&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a descriptive&#44; cross-sectional&#44; quantitative&#44; and observational-analytical study of patients with vestibular disorders attending the Equilibra&#44; Vertigo and Equilibrium Centre&#46; The Equilibra Centre is a private clinic specialising in the diagnosis&#44; treatment&#44; and rehabilitation of patients with vestibular disorders&#44; in the city of San Jos&#233;&#44; capital of Costa Rica&#46; Patients come directly or are referred by other doctors&#44; and because it is one of the few specialist centres it receives patients from all over the country&#46; Each patient attending the Centro Equilibra during the study period underwent a vestibular evaluation by the clinic&#8217;s ENT specialist subspecialising in vertigo and functional rehabilitation of balance disorders&#46; After the vestibular assessment for which they came to the centre&#44; they were asked to participate in the study&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria were people over 18 years of age with vestibular disorders&#44; and the exclusion criteria ruled out patients with physical or psychological problems that limited their ability to respond autonomously and voluntarily&#44; those who did not want to undergo hearing evaluation tests&#44; and individuals who were not residents of Costa Rica&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the subjects voluntarily signed an informed consent form in accordance with the international ethical principles of beneficence&#44; non-maleficence&#44; autonomy&#44; and justice&#44; necessary to conduct biomedical research on human subjects&#44; to demonstrate a commitment to their personal information and the institution where the research was conducted&#46; Both the study and the informed consent were approved by the Scientific Ethical Committee of the University of Costa Rica&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following data were collected from each participant by taking their history&#58; age&#44; sex&#44; personal pathological history&#44; and primary vestibular symptoms&#44; as described in the International Classification of Vestibular Disorders of the B&#225;r&#225;ny Society&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> i&#46;e&#46;&#44; vertigo&#44; dizziness&#44; vestibulo-visual symptoms&#44; and postural symptoms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vestibular assessment included a medical history aimed at identifying and classifying primary vestibular symptoms&#44; a clinical vestibular assessment including eye movements&#44; assessment of spontaneous nystagmus with and without fixation&#44; positional nystagmus&#44; direction-changing positional nystagmus&#44; head-shake test&#44; vibration-induced nystagmus at 100&#8239;Hz &#40;SYNAPSYS&#174; VVIBF3 vestibular vibrator&#41;&#44; all of the above assisted by SYNAPSYS&#174; Nystagview digital video equipment&#46; Vestibular function was measured with a video-assisted cephalic impulse test with OTOMETRICS ICS Impulse vHIT equipment&#46; Where necessary&#44; computerised dynamic posturography testing &#40;sensory organisation test&#44; motor control test&#44; adaptation test&#44; and limits of stability&#41; was performed with a Neurocom Smart Equitest posturograph&#46; The diagnostic criteria of the Barany Society<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;4&#44;5</span></a> were used&#44; except those for presbyvestibulopathy&#44; which were published when the study was underway &#40;September 2019&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tone audiometry and speech audiometry were used to assess hearing function&#46; The parameters for hearing loss established by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association &#40;ASHA&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> were used to analyse the degree of hearing loss &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Acuphenometry was also performed&#44; which evaluates the psychoacoustic characteristics of tinnitus&#44; such as&#58; intensity&#44; frequency and residual inhibition &#40;this occurs after a masking noise is presented that acts as a suppressor&#44; and once the stimulus is removed&#44; a change occurs in the tinnitus&#44; eliminating it completely or reducing its intensity for a few seconds&#59; when the tinnitus is completely cancelled&#44; it is called total inhibition&#59; if it only reduces in intensity&#44; it is called partial inhibition&#44; and if does not change&#44; it is known as negative inhibition&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A MAICO MA41 brand audiometer was used for the above tests&#44; with TDH39 airway transducers&#44; a B-71 bone transducer&#44; and a soundproof audiometric booth made in Costa Rica by the company JR S&#225;nchez Audiolog&#237;a&#44; which meets the acoustic parameters necessary to perform the audiometric studies&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Questionnaires were also used to quantify the perceived degree of disability in relation to hearing loss&#58; the Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults &#40;HHIA&#41; and the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly &#40;HHIE&#41;&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11</span></a> in relation to tinnitus&#44; the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory &#40;THI&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and in relation to dizziness or vertigo&#44; the Dizziness Handicap Inventory &#40;DHI&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The modified Spanish version was used in each case&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the audiological tests and questionnaires were undertaken by two final year students of the Audiology degree course at the University of Costa Rica&#44; as a final graduation project&#44; endorsed and supervised by the clinic&#8217;s ENT doctor&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the data were compiled in Microsoft Excel version 2015&#44; and once collected and tabulated&#44; they were processed using SPSS version 23&#44; generating outputs of values such as&#58; mean&#44; median and mode&#44; frequency distributions&#44; estimation of frequencies and percentages&#44; and cross-references of variables &#40;sex&#44; age&#44; place of residence&#44; type of hearing loss&#44; type of vestibular alteration&#41;&#46; Pearson&#8217;s &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> statistical test was used to analyse the information collected&#44; to analyse the relationship of independence and&#47;or dependence between two variables&#44; obtaining a p-value &#40;hypothesis test&#41;&#44; understanding that&#44; if this value is less than 0&#46;05&#44; the research hypothesis is accepted that there is a relationship between the variables analysed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period&#44; 177 people with vestibular disorders were assessed&#44; ranging in age from 19 to 91 years&#59; the average age of the population was 56 years&#44; and the distribution by sex was 72&#37; female and 28&#37; male&#46; The statistical analysis shows that some variables such as sex and age are not a risk factor for vestibular disturbance&#44; hearing loss or tinnitus&#44; which indicates that it can occur in both sexes equally and at any time in a person&#8217;s life&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most &#40;66&#37;&#41; had at least one metabolic disease &#40;a term used arbitrarily to group diseases related in varying degrees to different metabolic disorders&#41;&#44; 40&#37; had arterial hypertension&#44; 32&#37; dyslipidaemia&#44; 18&#37; thyroid dysfunction&#44; and 11&#37; reported diabetes&#46; From the bivariate analysis performed &#40;Pearson&#39;s &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test&#41;&#44; with the variables of&#58; metabolic diseases and primary vestibular symptoms &#40;dizziness&#44; vertigo&#44; vestibulo-visual symptoms&#44; and postural symptoms&#41;&#44; a p-value&#8239;&#62;&#8239;0&#46;05 value was obtained&#44; which proves that for this particular population there is no statistically significant association between the variables analysed&#44; establishing that the presence of a history of these disorders does not constitute a risk factor for primary vestibular symptoms&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common medical diagnosis was vestibular migraine &#40;28&#46;2&#37;&#41; and BPPV &#40;28&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by anxiety disorder &#40;9&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; M&#233;ni&#232;re&#39;s disease &#40;9&#37;&#41;&#44; unilateral vestibular hypofunction &#40;7&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; bilateral vestibular hypofunction &#40;6&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; and other diagnoses &#40;20&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; such as&#58; inactive BPPV&#44; unsteadiness&#44; central positional vertigo&#44; vestibular paroxysmia and panic attacks&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent primary vestibular symptom seen in the clinic was vertigo &#40;85&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by postural symptoms &#40;63&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; dizziness &#40;33&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; and vestibulo-visual symptoms &#40;11&#46;3&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The most prevalent secondary vestibular symptom was vertigo triggered by positional changes &#40;49&#37;&#41;&#59; it was unsteadiness for postural symptoms &#40;89&#37;&#41;&#59; for dizziness it was spontaneous dizziness &#40;58&#37;&#41;&#44; and for vestibulo-visual symptoms the most prevalent was motion-induced blurred vision &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to the hearing of people with vestibular impairment included in this study&#44; the pure tone average &#40;PTA&#41; of the speech frequencies 500&#8239;Hz&#44; 1000&#8239;Hz&#44; and 2000&#8239;Hz &#40;PTA 512&#41; of the right ear assessed by pure-tone audiometry was 20&#46;63&#8239;dB HL&#44; and therefore the right ear can be defined as having mild hearing loss according to the ASHA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> criteria&#46; For the left ear&#44; the PTA 512 was 18&#46;84&#8239;dB HL&#44; indicating that the left ear also had slight hearing loss according to ASHA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> criteria&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the population&#44; 46&#46;3&#37; presented peripheral hearing within the normal range according to the PTA 512&#59; however&#44; only 27&#46;1&#37; presented a completely flat audiometric curve &#40;corresponding to perfect hearing&#41;&#59; the remaining 19&#46;2&#37; had some drop at high or low frequencies&#44; either unilaterally or bilaterally&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of hearing loss was 53&#46;7&#37;&#59; 20&#46;9&#37; was unilateral and 32&#46;8&#37; was bilateral&#46; Sensorineural hearing loss was found in 93&#46;5&#37;&#44; mixed hearing loss in 14&#46;4&#37; and there were no cases of conductive hearing loss&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the patients had slight hearing loss &#40;49&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by moderate loss &#40;24&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; with lower percentages of the remaining degrees of hearing loss &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; The most common audiometric profile was gradually descending &#40;51&#37;&#41;&#59; flat curve &#40;17&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; high frequency drop &#40;13&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#44; inverted &#40;7&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; in the vessel &#40;7&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; Fuji Yama &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; auditory remnants &#40;1&#46;3&#37;&#41; and cophosis &#40;0&#46;7&#37;&#41; configurations were also found in lower percentages&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the primary vestibular symptoms were accompanied by auditory manifestations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#44; statistical analysis showed that the presence of hearing impairment was directly related to the metabolic profile of the population studied and not to the vestibular disorders&#46; Therefore&#44; the auditory manifestations relate to the profile of the population studied and not to vestibular disorders&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the percentages of auditory discrimination obtained in the speech audiometry&#44; the patients with normal hearing presented an average discrimination of 100&#37;&#44; whereas the population with hearing loss presented 90&#37; in both ears&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the population&#44; 33&#46;9&#37; reported tinnitus&#58; 70&#37; unilateral and 30&#37; bilateral&#46; The most common frequency was 8000&#8239;Hz&#44; in 41&#37;&#44; and 49&#37; presented partial and 33&#37; total residual inhibition&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the HHIA questionnaire&#44; 52&#37; reported a degree of perceived disability&#44; while in the HHIE&#44; 23&#37; of older adults reported impaired hearing&#46; For the THI&#44; 37&#37; reported a slight degree of hearing disability and 34&#37; a mild degree of disability&#46; Finally&#44; in the IHD&#44; 87&#37; of the total population presented disability due to their vestibular impairment&#46; The physical &#40;83&#37;&#41; and functional &#40;51&#37;&#41; subscales were the most affected&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; the mean age of the people with vestibular disorders was 56 years&#44; the female sex was most affected &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41;&#44; at a female-to-male ratio of 2&#46;6&#58;1&#44; similar information to other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Most of the patients evaluated had concomitant metabolic diseases&#44; but the most frequent were arterial hypertension and dyslipidaemia&#44; as in the 2013 study by Castro and Braga&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to medical diagnoses&#44; BPPV and vestibular migraine were the most frequent in the study population &#40;28&#46;2&#37; each&#41;&#44; data that are similar to other studies&#59;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> in terms of primary vestibular symptoms&#44; a greater presence of vertigo &#40;85&#46;3&#37;&#41; and postural symptoms &#40;63&#46;8&#37;&#41; was observed&#44; results similar to the research by Jalil et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> in 2014 and Sacconi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> in 2016&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are the results from the data analysed in the hearing averages of the entire population evaluated&#58; a right and left ear with slight hearing loss according to the PTA 512 and the ASHA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> classification&#59; it should be noted that at the high frequencies there is slight impairment compared to the low and medium frequencies&#59; this same configuration is presented in the study by Rodr&#237;guez&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> showing a gradually descending drop at the high frequencies in both ears&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can also be observed that in both studies there is slightly greater deterioration in the right ear than the left&#44; the information collected coincides with that of Rodr&#237;guez&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> We would add that the latter study has 217 patients and the present 177&#44; with a difference of only 40 people&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of hearing loss was 53&#46;75&#37;&#59; 45&#46;8&#37; for the right ear and 40&#46;7&#37; for the left&#46; This information is similar to the 2006 study by Torre et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> where there was a prevalence of hearing loss in 57&#46;6&#37; of the population&#46; It is also important to note that from the age of 50 years onwards the patients evaluated had increased hearing loss&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study by Sacconi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> found that the most common audiometric profile was the high-frequency drop&#44; at 70&#37; of all patients with hearing loss&#44; with lower percentages observed in flat curves&#44; bell&#44; low&#44; and u-shaped drop&#44; which is consistent with this research study&#46; It also suggests that many studies of this type do not detail the normal hearing parameters used&#44; which is of utmost importance in detecting early hearing loss&#46; It is important to highlight that only 27&#46;1&#37; of the population presented peripheral hearing within the normal range&#44; which is consistent with the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Abreu et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> found that more than 70&#37; of the sample in their study had mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss&#44; with a slightly descending audiometric configuration towards the high frequencies&#59; this is corroborated in the present study&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Because there was no direct relationship between hearing manifestations and vestibular symptoms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#44; the hearing loss present in the majority of the population could have developed gradually in each individual due to external factors&#44; and only a small percentage is due to vestibular disorders&#44; such as M&#233;ni&#232;re&#39;s disease&#46; Due to the audiometric characteristics of this population&#44; slight hearing loss was the most prevalent&#44; consistent with 37&#46;8&#37; being unaware of their hearing diagnosis&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of patients with tinnitus &#40;33&#46;9&#37;&#41; is similar to that found in the literature&#44; and the frequencies affected are consistent with the audiometric profile found most in the hearing loss population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> The residual inhibition test showed encouraging results&#44; with 49&#37; showing partial residual inhibition&#44; implying that almost half of the tinnitus patients responded well to this masking technique&#44; resulting in decreased tinnitus perception&#46; This indicates that this group may benefit from treatment or therapy that includes an external masking device&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis shows that vestibular symptoms are not related to the presence of concomitant metabolic diseases&#46; However&#44; a significant relationship was established between concomitant metabolic diseases and hearing impairment&#44; and therefore the audiological profile of the participants in this study is related to metabolic diseases and not to the presence of a vestibular disorder&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the HHIA&#44; 52&#37; of the population with hearing loss had some degree of perceived hearing disability&#44; the most frequent being mild to moderate impairment at 29&#37;&#46; Similar results are found in other studies&#44; where 32&#37; of the population studied had a perception of mild to moderate disability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Of the older adult population with hearing loss in whom the HHIE was used&#44; 77&#37; did not perceive hearing impairment&#44; while those who did &#40;14&#37;&#41; had a mild to moderate degree&#46; Similar results are found in other studies&#44; where 82&#37; of the population had no disability and only 17&#37; did&#44; with a significant difference between the two groups&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a></p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The degrees shown in the results of the THI indicate that most patients manage to live with their tinnitus&#46; Similar results are shown in other studies&#44; where 26&#37; of the population is reported to have mild to moderate disability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Finally&#44; from the results of the DHI&#44; disability was present in 87&#37; of people&#44; and physical disability was the subscale with the highest prevalence&#46; These results are related to the data collected by Ceballos and Vargas<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> in 2004&#44; who found that physical disability was present in 82&#37; of the population&#44; while functional disability was present in 55&#37;&#44; and emotional disability in 48&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conclusions</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent medical diagnoses for people with vestibular disorders were BPPV and vestibular migraine&#46; The most common vestibular symptom in these patients was vertigo&#46; Hearing loss was the most common auditory manifestation&#44; and although statistical analysis shows that it is not directly related to vestibular disorders&#44; it is related to concomitant metabolic diseases&#46; Therefore&#44; prevention of metabolic diseases should be promoted as a measure to improve hearing health&#44; even from an early age&#46; In addition&#44; gradually descending mild sensorineural hearing loss was the audiological diagnosis with the highest percentages&#46; The disability perceived most frequently was due to vestibular disorders&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Funding</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research study received no specific support from public sector agencies&#44; commercial sector&#44; or non-profit organisations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">M&#243;nica D&#225;vila Rojas is founder and director of Centro Equilibra&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adriana Chac&#243;n Rodr&#237;guez and Jorge Antonio Jim&#233;nez G&#243;mez have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Vestibular disorder"
            1 => "Hearing loss"
            2 => "Tinnitus"
            3 => "Handicap inventory"
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          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Alteraci&#243;n vestibular"
            1 => "Hipoacusia"
            2 => "Ac&#250;feno"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and objective</span><p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Vestibular disorders are linked to a group of pathologies that can affect the vestibular part&#44; the auditory part&#44; or both parts of the inner ear&#46; The problem in this study is the little information that exists about the audiological profile of people suffering from vestibular disorders in Costa Rica&#46; There are international research studies on this topic&#44; but there are no records of studies conducted in the Costa Rican population&#46; This is why there is interest in developing this research which aims to characterize the audiological profile and the levels of handicap in people with vestibular disorders under Centro Equilibra&#44; Vertigo and Equilibrio consultation during the months of September to November 2019&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A descriptive&#44; cross-sectional&#44; quantitative&#44; and observational analytical study with patients over 18 years old who attended Centro Equilibra&#46; The main variables analysed were sex&#44; age&#44; personal pathological history&#44; medical diagnosis&#44; main vestibular symptoms&#44; auditory manifestations&#44; and levels of handicap&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The data was obtained from 177 people&#59; vestibular disorders occurred more in the female sex &#40;ratio 2&#46;6&#58;1&#41;&#46; The mean age was 56 years&#46; Fifty-three point seven percent presented slight sensorineural hearing loss&#44; gradually decreasing&#46; Of the population&#44; 33&#46;9&#37; presented tinnitus&#44; mostly at high frequencies&#46; In the adult population&#44; 52&#37; presented some level of hearing handicap&#44; unlike older adults&#44; where the majority &#40;77&#37;&#41; did not present any level of handicap&#46; People with vestibular disorders perceive greater physical handicap &#40;83&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hearing loss was the most common hearing manifestation and although statistical analysis shows that it is not directly related to vestibular disorders&#44; it is related to concomitant metabolic diseases&#46; For this reason&#44; it is necessary to promote the prevention of metabolic diseases as one of the measures to improve hearing health&#44; even from an early age&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las alteraciones vestibulares se encuentran ligadas a un grupo de patolog&#237;as que pueden afectar estructuras vestibulares&#44; auditivas&#44; o ambas partes del o&#237;do interno del ser humano&#46; El problema abordado en este estudio responde a una escasez de informaci&#243;n sobre el perfil audiol&#243;gico de las personas que cursan con alteraciones vestibulares en Costa Rica&#46; Existen investigaciones internacionales que abordan este tema&#44; pero no hay registros de estudios realizados en la poblaci&#243;n costarricense&#46; Es por este motivo que surge el inter&#233;s de desarrollar esta investigaci&#243;n&#44; cuyo objetivo es caracterizar el perfil audiol&#243;gico y los grados de discapacidad en las personas con alteraciones vestibulares pertenecientes a la consulta del Centro Equilibra&#44; durante los meses de septiembre a noviembre de 2019&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realiz&#243; un estudio descriptivo&#44; transversal&#44; cuantitativo y observacional-anal&#237;tico con pacientes mayores de 18 a&#241;os que acudieron al Centro Equilibra&#46; Las principales variables analizadas fueron el sexo&#44; la edad&#44; los antecedentes patol&#243;gicos personales&#44; el diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico&#44; los s&#237;ntomas vestibulares primarios&#44; las manifestaciones auditivas y los grados de discapacidad&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se obtuvieron datos de 177 personas&#44; donde las alteraciones vestibulares se presentaron m&#225;s en el sexo femenino &#40;raz&#243;n 2&#44;6&#58;1&#41;&#46; La media de edad fue de 56 a&#241;os&#46; El 53&#44;7&#37; present&#243; p&#233;rdida auditiva&#44; de tipo neurosensorial&#44; ligera&#44; gradualmente descendente&#46; El 33&#44;9&#37; de la poblaci&#243;n present&#243; ac&#250;feno&#44; en su mayor&#237;a en frecuencias agudas&#46; En la poblaci&#243;n adulta el 52&#37; present&#243; alg&#250;n grado de percepci&#243;n de discapacidad auditiva&#59; contrariamente&#44; en los adultos mayores la mayor&#237;a &#40;77&#37;&#41; no present&#243; ning&#250;n grado de discapacidad&#46; El 87&#37; de las personas percibieron discapacidad vestibular debido a su alteraci&#243;n vestibular&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La p&#233;rdida auditiva fue la manifestaci&#243;n auditiva m&#225;s com&#250;n&#44; y aunque el an&#225;lisis estad&#237;stico demuestra que no se relaciona directamente con las alteraciones vestibulares&#44; s&#237; se relaciona con las enfermedades metab&#243;licas concomitantes&#46; Por esta raz&#243;n es necesario promover la prevenci&#243;n de enfermedades metab&#243;licas como una de las medidas para mejorar la salud auditiva&#44; incluso desde edades tempranas&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentages according to type of hearing loss&#46;</p> <p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mod&#58; moderate&#59; prof&#58; profound&#59; sev&#58; severe&#46;</p> <p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compiled by the authors&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary vestibular symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Secondary vestibular symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spontaneous vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Triggered vertigo</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Positional vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vertigo triggered by head movement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Visually induced vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sound-induced vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Valsalva-induced vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Orthostatic vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Other triggered vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Spontaneous dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="7" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Triggered dizziness</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Positional dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dizziness brought on by head movement&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Visually induced dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sound-induced dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Valsalva-induced dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Orthostatic dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Other triggered vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vestibulo-visual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">External vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oscillopsia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Visual lag&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Visual tilt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Movement induced blurred vision&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Unsteadiness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Directional pulsion&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Balance-related near fall&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Balance related fall&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification of vestibular symptoms&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0015"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compiled by the authors &#40;2020&#41; from Clark J&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Degree of hearing loss&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Hearing loss range &#40;dB HL&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Normal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;10 to 15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Slight&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#8722;25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mild&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26&#8722;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Moderate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">41&#8722;55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Moderately severe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&#8722;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Severe&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">71&#8722;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Profound&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">90 &#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ASHA classification of hearing loss by intensity of hearing loss&#46;</p>"
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            "identificador" => "at0020"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&#58; absolute frequency&#59; Rel&#46; freq&#46;&#58; relative frequency&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compiled by the authors&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Primary vestibular symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; Freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vertigo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">151&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Postural symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dizziness&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">42&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vestibulo-visual symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total population&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">177&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the study population by primary vestibular symptom&#44; according to gender&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pearson&#39;s &#967;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> was used to assess the relationship between vestibular symptoms and the presence of hearing loss&#46; A p-value&#8239;&#62;&#8239;0&#46;005 was obtained in all scenarios&#46;</p><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&#58; absolute frequency&#59; Rel&#46; freq&#46;&#58; relative frequency&#46;</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Compiled by the authors&#44; 2020&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Presence of hearing loss&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="8" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Primary vestibular symptoms</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vertigo</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Postural</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dizziness</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vestibulo-visual</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ab&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rel&#46; freq&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">86&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">151&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">63&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; female sex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; hearing loss&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; postural&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; vest&#237;bulo-visual&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Castro and Braga<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> &#40;2013&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">43&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Jalil et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> &#40;2014&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">57&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">66&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">This study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">33&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 21735735
Original language: English
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