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Lifestyle survey among residents and young urologist in Europe.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Moisés Rodríguez-Socarrás, Pernille Skjold Kingo, Pieter Uvin, Peter Østergren, Giulio Patruno, Eric Edison, Veeru Kasivisvanathan, Juan L Vásquez, Francesco Esperto, Juan Gómez Rivas" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Moisés" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez-Socarrás" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pernille" "apellidos" => "Skjold Kingo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pieter" "apellidos" => "Uvin" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Peter" "apellidos" => "Østergren" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Giulio" "apellidos" => "Patruno" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eric" "apellidos" => "Edison" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Veeru" "apellidos" => "Kasivisvanathan" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan L" "apellidos" => "Vásquez" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Francesco" "apellidos" => "Esperto" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Gómez Rivas" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0210480619300877" "doi" => "10.1016/j.acuro.2019.03.010" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210480619300877?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173578619301313?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735786/0000004400000001/v2_202001231019/S2173578619301313/v2_202001231019/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173578619301337" "issn" => "21735786" "doi" => "10.1016/j.acuroe.2019.08.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-01-01" "aid" => "1193" "copyright" => "AEU" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "rev" "cita" => "Actas Urol Esp. 2020;44:9-13" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Review of the experience and evidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pygeum africanum</span> in urological practice" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "13" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Revisión sobre la experiencia y evidencias del <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pygeum africanum</span> en Urología" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. 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"apellidos" => "Cozar-Olmo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0210480619301408" "doi" => "10.1016/j.acuro.2019.08.002" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0210480619301408?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173578619301337?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735786/0000004400000001/v2_202001231019/S2173578619301337/v2_202001231019/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Fifty ways to improve presentations in urology" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "14" "paginaFinal" => "18" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J.I. Monzó Gardiner, F.P. Secin, C. González Enguita" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.I." "apellidos" => "Monzó Gardiner" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jimonzo@quironsalud.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "F.P." "apellidos" => "Secin" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "González Enguita" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Cátedra de Urología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Cincuenta consejos para mejorar las presentaciones en urología" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Background</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our profession permanently demands intercommunication of medical knowledge among colleagues; either in small environments such as hospitals, or at larger ones such as congresses or academic courses. In the last decades, and due to its massive use, PowerPoint® (Microsoft®) has become a very common technological tool in almost all medical presentations. There are 30,000,000 PowerPoint® presentations taking place daily, and this presentation software is installed on more than 250,000,000 computers worldwide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, these presentations often result in infinite waves of slides with bullet lists, dark animations, and cartoons that distract, rather than reinforce the message. It gets even worse when, in most presentations, we see the speaker just reading the text of the slides, producing ineffective presentations, as repetition decreases the ability of the listener to understand what is being presented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">New technologies such as PowerPoint® have not evolved enough to provide qualified presentations. The misuse of PowerPoint® is a common fault that we must work upon in order to improve oral presentations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This failure is not due to lack of intellect or creativity of the presenters, but to the poor habits they have learnt. They have not been appropriately trained, and do not know what a successful presentation requires.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Edward Tufte, a leading expert in visual communication, in an article entitled "PowerPoint is evil", comments that the PowerPoint® presentation style alters, dominates and trivializes the contents, often resembling a school play: "very loud, very slow and very simple".<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following 15 recommendations on how to make a presentation in medical research are widely shown by the literature<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slides should be simple.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Know your audience.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Make eye contact with the audience.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Practice the presentation.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do not read off the slides.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The texts must be readable.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limit the number of lines per slide.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adjust to the allotted time.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Check your timing in advance.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Include simple tables and graphs.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Practice with other people.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Know the subject like the palm of your hand.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adapt your voice.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Develop the goal of your presentation.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Limit the number of words per slide.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many medical presentations do not meet most of these recommendations and fail to deliver the message correctly, resulting in an invaluable loss of effort, time and money.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this article is to present, in a simplified way, tools that may help us solve the most common presentation mistakes.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Evidence acquisition</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bibliographic search in PubMed and Google Scholar using the following keywords: teaching, education, attention, lecturing, scientific conference, PowerPoint.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We classified the analysis into 3 sections that we consider essential in the development of a medical presentation:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Structure: time, content design, parts and connection between parts.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slide design: text, images, bullet points, tables, graphs.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Presentation to the audience.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Each of these parts is developed as a short tip in a 50-item list. The authors' recommendations will be exposed at the end of each section.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The classic debate format will be avoided in order to benefit the analysis of the results.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Structure of the presentation</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As a general rule, the projection of each slide should take 10 s, and a few could take one or 2 min. It is recommended to distribute the content in 2 slides if one of them requires more than 2 min to be covered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Strictly adjust to the allotted time. Exceeding it reflects poor preparation. It is a good idea to have a sufficient timeframe.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The belief that the audience's attention lasts for 15 min is not based on scientific evidence. The duration of a talk will not determine its success; its quality will.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Remember that "less is more" when designing content for an effective presentation. Choose from 3 to 5 key points that you would like the audience to take home.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Structure the presentation by starting with the introduction, including the objectives, providing the hierarchical content, and offering partial and final summaries. The speaker must be able to highlight the most relevant information.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not necessary (and almost always impossible) to reveal everything you know about the subject you are presenting. You must identify important ideas, show the connections between them and demonstrate an organizational line based on integrative reasoning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presentation should be organized and must follow a sequence.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An exhibition of this nature is a cover letter. Finish on time, it shows preparation and respect for the audience. It is true that "good things, when short, are twice as good", but the quality of the presentation is what mainly determines its success. Before beginning with the presentation, clearly state the message(s) you want to address. Each part of the presentation must be harmoniously connected in a logical sequence. Having a very extensive content will not provide a pedagogical benefit. However, content selection and elaboration are essential.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Slide layout</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The "coherence principle" states that the audience learns better when unnecessary text, illustrations and audio are eliminated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The "redundancy principle" states that people learn better just with animation and narration. The speaker should minimize the text and must not exceed more than 15 words per slide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The "modality principle" states that graphics and narratives are better when new information is explained by audio narration than on-screen text.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The "multimedia principle" states that words and graphics are more conducive to learning, rather than just text.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The content of the slides must be created for the audience and not for the presenter. Avoid using complex slides.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Good slides use simpler diagrams, graphs and tables than those published in articles or books.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> The time required for their analysis and understanding is much shorter.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid all content that might distract the audience. Eliminate unnecessary imaging, text, audio and superfluous information.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Slides with less words are better. These improve impact and understanding.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recommended font is sans serif (Helvetica or Arial). The colors of the text should be varied infrequently and only to emphasize a point.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Font size must be readable to your audience in the back row. As a rule, the following recommendations can be used:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For small auditoriums with less than 50 chairs: 32 size titles and the rest of the text in 24.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For auditoriums of 50–200 chairs: minimum size titles of 36 and 28 for the rest of the text.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For auditoriums with more than 200 chairs: 42 for titles and 36 for the rest of the text.</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">11</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If graphs are included, they must be simple, two-dimensional and contain few elements.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">12</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to use isotype graphics (composed by small repeated images), which facilitates the interpretation of bar charts. A bar chart should not have more than 8 bars.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">13</span><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If you are including a table, you should not include more than 4 rows in tables with 2 columns. If the table includes 3 columns, it should not have more than 3 rows.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">14</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable not to use more than 4 colors on a slide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">15</span><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The background is generally blue or white, making contrast with the color of the letters.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">16</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There should be a smooth transition from one slide to another. Random transitions and any special effects should be avoided.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">17</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If you are including images, they must be high-quality. "Watermarks" should not be employed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Discussion</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Design simple slides with content that does not distract attention from what is being exposed. Avoid copying tables from magazines, as they usually have too much content and are not designed for a slide. Avoid cutting segments from a magazine's work and highlighting what you want to express, it shows poor work.</p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As for the lines of text per slide, we recommend following the 7 × 7 rule: no more than 7 bullets with no more than 7 words in each one. Condense text.</p><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Images should be high quality and should only be included if they really add something to the content of the presentation. Do not always strive to cover all spaces on the slide, these "silences" can be used to focus attention on a desired point. When writing, do it succinctly and only the essentials. Perhaps due to modesty or ignorance, doctors tend to make very loaded slides which only get the audience confused.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Presentation to the audience</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Talking about the patients' medical records makes the acquisition of medical knowledge attractive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> It is an essential resource.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the beginning of the presentation, the number one priority is to convince the audience that it is worth paying attention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is necessary to capture the attention and engage the audience in the first 5 min.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presenter should explain why the presentation will be meaningful.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable to express the conclusion very early in the presentation and consequently develop each point.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A story, a question, a drama presentation or a joke related to the topic are good resources to start the presentation. In the same way, one of the worst ways to begin is apologizing for some failure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anecdotes and stories can be used to capture the audience's attention. These are more effective when they illustrate a principle that will be taught, when they are interesting to listen to, when they are personal, when they allow the audience to connect to a situation, and if they are funny.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presenter should not read the slides.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reading the slides is ineffective for learning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the entire presentation is written on the slides, it will make the speaker read, offering a monotonous presentation. Moreover, the audience cannot simultaneously read the long slides and listen to the speaker. As a result, they focus attention on the slides or the speaker, but not on both at the same time. The presenter should draw attention to him/her, while the slides should only act as tools.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">11</span><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Frequently, we see that the speaker is more interested in moving from slide to slide than in communicating the points and clarifying their meaning. Avoid this.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0285"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">12</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Keeping eye contact with the audience is essential to connect with it.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0290"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">13</span><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is advisable for the speaker to recognize and correct the excess information. The cognitive capacity of the audience can be surpassed with excessive and poorly organized information, or when the subject is so complex that the audience does not have time to process an effective learning.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0295"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">14</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the limited capacity of short-term memory, it is important not to give too much information at once. Ideas should be presented in adequate size and well organized.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0300"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">15</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presentation must be dynamic, persuasive and inspiring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0305"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">16</span><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid incorrect body postures and other nonverbal behaviors that could cause loss of trust or credibility. It is recommended to stand with your shoulders aligned and your feet slightly apart at shoulder height, keeping an open posture. Address the audience with outstretched and relaxed arms. Establish eye contact with the audience.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0310"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">17</span><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most effective gestures are spontaneous, natural extensions of oneself. When gesturing, the upper part of the body should be used. "Movements should be broad and flowing, not fast and jerky".<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0315"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">18</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid repeating one same movement; it can be distracting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0320"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">19</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some gestures, such as finger pointing and fist waving could seem threatening. It is better to show the palms of the hands and open them up to the audience.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0325"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">20</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nodding the head and smiling can be used to emphasize what is being said.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0330"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">21</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The speaker who remains behind the podium can be perceived as distant. Getting physically closer to the audience increases attention and interest.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0335"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">22</span><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dress for success. It is better to be overdressed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0340"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">23</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Speak slowly, with a clear voice, varying the tone of voice and in accordance with the slides. Avoid being monotonous. Avoid focusing on one person.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0345"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">24</span><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Technical problems, such as a video that is not projected or some equipment that does not work, can exasperate the audience. Test the presentation previously.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0350"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">25</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An effective presentation requires a lot of prior practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0355"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">26</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">«No technology, however sophisticated and widespread, can never substitute for a penetrating mind, a fertile imagination or a discerning eye».<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Opinion of the authors</span><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">«Make your ideas sticky by keeping things simple, using examples and stories, looking for the unexpected and tapping into people's emotions». Garr Reynolds.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are three characteristics that may predict the quality of a presentation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0360"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The speaker's ability to engage the audience.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0365"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clarity of the reading.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0370"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">none-</span><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The format being based on clinical cases.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid transmitting too much information and expose what is really relevant. Do not just tell articles, the content must be processed, reasoned and simplified efficiently. Presentations that are too loaded with text and read line by line can be interpreted as speaker's insecurity and lack of interest and preparation. Use, as far as possible, a story to connect with the audience. Oral presentations are speakers' personal shows. They are academic acts which must have the auditorium as their center. The environment where the presentation takes place has to be lightened, the speaker should be in full view of all listeners. People are not there not watch PowerPoint® slides, but to listen to the speaker. Practice, practice keep practicing.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conclusions</span><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The scientific evidence that supports the advice for improving presentations is mostly based on expert opinions.</p><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, almost all works agree that presentations must be structurally simpler but not less scientific, their content must be developed FOR the audience, and it is the presenter who should gather attention, never a slide.</p><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Making a simple and didactic presentation of sophisticated content supported by multimedia tools is one of the presenters’ highest intellectual challenges in these times.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1290191" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Evidence acquisition" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1191988" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1290190" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Contexto" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Adquisición de la evidencia" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1191989" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Evidence acquisition" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Structure of the presentation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Slide layout" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Presentation to the audience" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Opinion of the authors" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-08-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-08-27" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1191988" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Education" 1 => "Presentation" 2 => "Communication" 3 => "Conference" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1191989" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Educación" 1 => "Presentación" 2 => "Comunicación" 3 => "Conferencia" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Our profession permanently demands intercommunication of medical knowledge among colleagues; either in small environments such as hospitals or at larger ones such as congresses or academic courses. New technologies such as PowerPoint are not developed enough to provide good presentations, and its employment does not always grant effective results.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In order to improve our academic presentations, we present several tools that may help us avoid the most common mistakes.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Evidence acquisition</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Literature search in PubMed and Google Scholar. We have divided the analysis into 3 sections: structure of the presentation, slide design, presentation to the audience. Each section includes a list of 50 short tips.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">50 tips following the study objectives.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The scientific evidence that supports the information on how to improve presentations is mostly based on expert opinions. However, almost every work agrees that presentations must use simple structures which does not make them less scientific; their content must be developed for a specific audience. It must be the speaker, not the slides, who captures the audience attention. Making a simple and didactic presentation of complex content supported by multimedia tools is one of the speaker's highest intellectual challenges of these days.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Evidence acquisition" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Contexto</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Nuestra profesión exige permanentemente la necesidad de comunicar conocimiento médico entre colegas en ámbitos reducidos como el hospital o en entornos más numerosos como los congresos o cursos académicos. Las nuevas tecnologías como PowerPoint aún no han logrado grandes avances que resulten en buenas presentaciones y utilización resulta frecuentemente en presentaciones inefectivas.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">presentar en forma sencilla las herramientas que ayudan a corregir los errores más frecuentes en el formato de una presentación con el fin de mejorar nuestras presentaciones académicas.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Adquisición de la evidencia</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed y Google Scholar. Dividimos el análisis en 3 secciones: estructuración de la presentación, diseño de una diapositiva, presentación a la audiencia. Cada una de estas partes es desarrollada en forma de consejos breves en una lista del 1 al 50.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">50 consejos ajustados al objetivo planteado en el trabajo.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La evidencia científica que respalda los consejos para mejorar las presentaciones está, en su mayoría, fundamentada en opiniones de expertos. Sin embargo, casi la totalidad de los trabajos coinciden en que las presentaciones deben ser estructuralmente más simples y no por eso menos científicas, su contenido debe estar desarrollado pensando en la audiencia y donde el orador es el sujeto que debe concentrar la atención y nunca debe ser una diapositiva. Hacer una presentación simple y didáctica de un contenido sofisticado apoyado en herramientas multimedia constituye uno de los desafíos intelectuales más alto del orador en estos tiempos.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Contexto" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Adquisición de la evidencia" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Monzó Gardiner JI, Secin FP, González Enguita C. Cincuenta consejos para mejorar las presentaciones en urología. Actas Urol Esp. 2019. <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuro.2019.08.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuro.2019.08.001</span></p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Alley M, Neeley K. Returning the point to PowerPoint: Rethinking the design of presentation slides from a skillful user’s perspective. ASEE peer [consultado 6 Jul 2019]. 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