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Surgical technique
Comparative study between laparoscopic extraperitoneal and open adenomectomy
Estudio comparativo entre adenomectomía extraperitoneal laparoscópica y abierta
A. García-Segui
Corresponding author
agarciasegui@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, M. Gascón-Mir
Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Mateu Orfila, Mahón, Menorca, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retropubic adenomectomy &#40;RA&#41;&#44; described by Terrence Millin<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> in 1945&#44; is indicated for the surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia &#40;BPH&#41; in large adenomas&#46; Despite the development of minimally invasive techniques&#44; such as transurethral resection of the prostate &#40;TURP&#41; with bipolar resectoscope or Holmium laser enucleation&#44; the RA remains the treatment of choice for adenomas greater than 80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; and it is still performed routinely&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate obtains results equivalent to open surgery with lower morbidity&#46; However&#44; at the present time&#44; the availability of laser equipment in public and regional hospitals is limited due to its costs&#44; so its use is not widespread&#46; In parallel&#44; technological and operation advances in the TURP techniques have expanded its indication in large prostates&#59; however&#44; this has also led to an inevitable increase of incomplete resections and reinterventions&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mariano et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> performed the first laparoscopic adenomectomy &#40;LA&#41; in 2002&#46; This procedure reproduced the surgical steps of RA&#44; allowing for complete removal of the adenoma combined with the benefits of laparoscopic surgery&#46; Several variants of the technique have reported satisfactory results&#44; both laparoscopically&#44; with robotic assistance&#44; or through single-port access&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;27</span></a> However&#44; the publications of large series and comparative studies between LA and open surgery are scarce&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the experience at our institutions with laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy &#40;LEA&#41; in order to evaluate its results prospectively comparing them with conventional open surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following the acquisition of experience in laparoscopy in Urology&#44; we decided to develop the LEA in our hospital&#46; We designed a prospective comparative study between patients with BPH undergoing open surgery and others undergoing laparoscopic surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Between October 2009 and April 2011&#44; there was a total of 46 patients with prostate adenomas &#8805;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cc and with indication for surgical treatment&#46; The first 11 patients underwent LEA&#44; and they were arbitrarily excluded from the comparative study&#44; as they were considered as a period of learning and development of the technique&#46; The following cases were included in the analysis&#44; a total of 17 patients who underwent LEA&#44; and 18 who underwent RA&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The indications for surgery in patients with BPH are well established&#58; symptomatic patients refractory to medical treatment&#44; and&#47;or with presence of complications such as repeated urinary infections&#44; refractory urinary retention&#44; refractory gross hematuria&#44; bladder lithiasis&#44; and kidney failure caused by BPH&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The study did not require ethics committee approval because they are already established and tested procedures&#46; Informed consent was obtained in all the patients&#44; and medical history and physical examination were performed&#46; The clinical evaluation included&#58; &#40;a&#41; the International Prostate Symptoms Score &#91;IPSS&#93;&#59; &#40;b&#41; the Quality of Life score &#91;QoLs&#93;&#59; &#40;c&#41; laboratory&#58; total and free PSA&#44; hemoglobin&#44; hematocrit&#44; serum creatinine&#59; &#40;d&#41; measurement of prostate volume by pelvic or transrectal ultrasound&#59; &#40;e&#41; uroflowmetry &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41;&#59; &#40;f&#41; measurement of post-voiding residual volume by pelvic ultrasound&#59; &#40;g&#41; urethrocystoscopy&#44; held only in selected cases for evaluation of comorbidities&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The demographic data and perioperative and follow-up parameters were recorded and analyzed&#46; At the first postoperative month&#44; IPSS&#44; QoLs&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> were performed again&#46; The data were analyzed by Student&#39;s &#8220;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#8221; test with the Stata v&#46;10&#46;1 program &#40;Statcorp&#44; Texas&#44; U&#46;S&#46;A&#46;&#41;&#46; A value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Laparoscopic surgical technique</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many steps of the surgical technique we use have been previously described&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;28&#44;29</span></a> Extraperitoneal approach starts with a 1&#46;5-cm subumbilical incision&#44; and the space of Retzius is dissected with a distension balloon trocar &#40;Autosuture PDB 1000<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#47;Tyco Healthcare UK Ltd&#46;&#44; Gosport&#44; UK&#41;&#46; 4 ports are placed&#46; The first 10-mm trocar with gas sealing balloon &#40;Blunt Tip Trocar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>Autosuture&#47;Tyco Healthcare UK Ltd&#46;&#44; Golport&#44; UK&#41; located at the subumbilical level for insertion of the laparoscope&#59; two trocars for the main surgeon located bilaterally along the pararectal line and flow from the navel&#44; the right of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; and the left of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; A fourth 5-mm trocar was located inside the right anterior superior iliac spine &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A transverse incision is made at the vesico-prostatic junction up to exposure of the adenoma without need for placing hemostatic sutures&#44; since with the ultrasonic scalpel &#40;Ultracision<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> &#8211; Ethicon &#8211; Johnson &#38; Johnson&#41;&#44; satisfactory hemostasis is obtained&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#44;10&#44;13&#44;15&#44;18&#44;20&#44;21&#44;25&#44;26</span></a> In some cases&#44; where improvement of the exposure was required&#44; the incision was extended in the form of inverted &#8220;T&#8221; on the prostatic capsule&#46; Immediately afterwards&#44; a transverse incision on the bladder neck is performed to begin the development of the plane of dissection&#46; The surgeon holds the adenoma and with antisense traction on the gland and the edges of the capsule&#44; the planes of dissection are exposed on the different sides of the prostate to release it&#46; Bringing the laparoscope closer&#44; we can accurately identify the cleavage plane between the adenoma and the cell&#46; The adenoma enucleation is performed almost entirely with the ultrasonic scalpel&#46; It is introduced transurethrally by a metal spark plug &#40;Beniqu&#233;&#41; to identify the urethra at the apex&#44; and section it under vision &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A and B&#41;&#46; Once the extraction of the adenoma is completed&#44; hemostasis of the prostate bed is verified using the ultrasonic scalpel on bleeding areas or subcapsular sutures are placed&#46; The trigonization of the bladder mucosa is performed by two or three simple Monocryl<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> 2&#46;0 UR-6 2&#46;0 suture points in order to approximate the bladder neck into the posterior lip of the urethra or to the prostate cell &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; A 3-way Foley bladder catheter 22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fr is introduced transurethrally&#46; The prostatic capsule and bladder are closed by a continuous suture line in the longitudinal direction&#46; The tightness of the raffia is verified by instillation of 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of solution in the bladder&#46; Finally&#44; the surgical piece is introduced into an endo-bag&#44; morcellated&#44; and removed through the subumbilical incision&#46; A Jackson-Prat drainage is left&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 6 patients in each group had permanent catheter due to acute urinary retention at the time of the operation&#46; Of the concomitant interventions during prostate surgery&#44; inguinal hernioplasty was carried out jointly in two patients in the RA group&#44; and three in the laparoscopy group&#59; two patients in each group underwent cystolithotomy as well&#46; The results are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the comparison of the demographic data&#44; clinical&#44; perioperative&#44; and follow-up parameters between the two groups of patients there was no difference in terms of age&#44; prostate volume by ultrasound&#44; pre-and postoperative IPSS score&#44; pre- and postoperative QoLs score&#44; and weight of the specimen&#46; The improvement in postoperative <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> values was evident in both groups&#44; but it was higher in the open surgery &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#58; 24&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;s vs&#46; 19&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#47;s&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;016&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The operative time was significantly longer in the laparoscopy group &#40;135&#46;29<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min vs&#46; 101&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;022&#41;&#46; The rest of the perioperative parameters are shorter in the laparoscopy group&#44; obtaining significant differences between the following variables&#58; &#40;a&#41; intraoperative bleeding &#40;250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml vs&#46; 493&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#59; &#40;b&#41; irrigation time &#40;22&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h vs&#46; 39&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;038&#41;&#59; &#40;c&#41; catheterization time &#40;5&#46;5 days vs&#46; 7&#46;5 days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;030&#41;&#59; &#40;d&#41; hospital stay &#40;3&#46;7 days vs&#46; 6&#46;6 days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41;&#46; One patient in the laparoscopy group required no irrigation&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were differences in complications between the two groups&#59; that of open surgery had a higher incidence of complications related to the abdominal wall &#40;wall abscess in two patients&#44; and operative wound seroma in other two&#41;&#44; whereas the laparoscopy patients did not show this complication&#46; Intraoperative bleeding was more frequent in the open surgery group&#44; with 4 patients &#40;22&#46;2&#37;&#41; requiring transfusion&#44; while in the laparoscopy group&#44; there was no need for blood derivates&#46; Serious medical complications were rare in both groups&#59; in the RA&#44; one patient had a myocardial infarction that required placement of coronary stents&#44; and another one had gross hematuria after catheter removal&#44; which resolved with new probing and irrigation&#46; In the LA group&#44; one patient had an acute pulmonary edema which improved with medical treatment&#44; and another one developed a urinary fistula that resolved with the probe held for 9 days&#46; The urinary tract infection occurred in one patient in each group&#46; There was no conversion to open surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the favorable results reported in the LA series&#44; it has not achieved the impact that laparoscopic radical prostatectomy &#40;LRP&#41; achieved&#44; because its technical difficulties have not been justified over its benefits&#46; The RA is a simple and well established procedure&#44; with good results and acceptable morbidity&#44; so it is difficult to compare it&#46; However&#44; in the scientific literature&#44; LA and robot-assisted series have continued to appear mainly in centers specialized in laparoscopy and robotics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5&#44;7&#44;16&#8211;21</span></a> The American Urological Association&#44; in its latest review of the guidelines for the management of BPH in 2010&#44; considers the LA as a surgical alternative&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The Cleveland Clinic submitted a new LA proposal performed through single-port access through transvesical approach&#44; and most recently presented the combination of this single-port technique combined with endoscopic bipolar enucleation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25&#44;30</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Comparative studies between LA and open surgery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> indicate that both procedures are equivalent with regard to functional results&#44; and that laparoscopy provides benefits in perioperative terms&#46; However&#44; there are few relevant publications regarding that matter&#44; and with a small number of patients&#59; the largest series is McCullough&#39;s&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> with 280 cases &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Most LA studies are non-comparative descriptive case series published in indexed journals or abstracts of presentations at scientific events&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21</span></a> in which the advantages obtained with the laparoscopic approach are documented&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;21</span></a> many of which are characteristic of laparoscopy&#46; Most articles indicate a low bleeding&#44; occasional transfusions&#44; short irrigation and catheter permanence times&#44; short hospital stay&#44; few analgesic requirements&#44; short convalescence&#44; and cosmetic effect that also makes it possible to perform concomitant procedures such as hernioplasty&#44; cystolithotomy&#44; and diverticulectomy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; Intraoperative bleeding in the LA is low due to the effect of venous clogging that CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> causes&#44; due to direct cauterization of subcapsular blood vessels and meticulous enucleation&#46; This hemostatic advantage also causes a lower incidence of postoperative bleeding&#44; and it reduces bladder irrigation requirements&#59; there are even cases that did not need it&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;20</span></a> Likewise&#44; the incidence of transfusion is also very low&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;21</span></a> Our results are comparable with those published by other authors&#44; with limited bleeding&#44; short irrigation time&#44; without transfusions&#44; and one patient did not require irrigation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Laparoscopic magnification allows for a vision significantly higher than that obtained in open surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7&#44;10&#44;12&#44;13&#44;18&#44;20</span></a> This ensures a thorough enucleation with clear identification of the cleavage plane between the adenoma and the capsule&#44; minimizing the risk of avulsion of the capsule&#44; as it may occur in the &#8216;blind&#8217; enucleation during open surgery&#46; It also allows for selective coagulation of subcapsular bleeding vessels&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;18&#44;20</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The introduction of the laparoscope in the prostate cell allows for accurate identification of the anatomical structures that are never evident in conventional surgery&#46; The visualization of the urethra is perhaps one of the biggest advantages of the laparoscopic technique&#44; since its identification ensures a precise cut in the urethra that minimizes the risk of sphincter damage and urinary incontinence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Some authors have even reported cases with preservation of the prostatic urethra to remove the need for irrigation and maintain antegrade ejaculation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;15</span></a> The trigonization is also performed with the best quality&#44; allowing for placement of the sutures on the posterior lip of the urethra&#46; This ensures a broader coverage of the inside of the prostatic capsule&#44; which promotes reepithelialization and postoperative hemostasis&#46; Anecdotally&#44; it is also known that some authors have performed complete urethrovesical anastomosis&#44; thus isolating the passage of the urine from the prostate cell&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The complications inherent to the surgical wound that can appear in any open surgery &#40;such as seroma&#44; wall abscess&#44; and eventrations&#41;&#44; mainly in patients with probe or infected bladder calculi&#44; do not occur in laparoscopic surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The disadvantages of the LA are the same as those applied in the LRP&#58; greater operative time&#44; long learning curve&#44; and costs&#46; Surgical times are always longer in laparoscopic cases&#44; and they are dependent on the surgeon&#39;s experience&#46; However&#44; the series that have implemented the LA with a technique called &#8216;finger assisted&#8217; have performed the fastest procedures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12&#44;18&#44;21</span></a> Castillo et al&#46; conclude that the learning curve in LA is complicated and difficult to define&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> but&#44; obviously&#44; it requires training and skill acquisition&#46; In our opinion&#44; like Rey et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> we consider that the LA can be part of the learning curve in LRP without the high risks of impotence and incontinence&#46; There are no cost studies in LA&#44; but we can apply the same considerations that have been expressed in the LRP&#44; where perioperative costs are set against the short stay&#44; reduced analgesia&#44; minimized transfusions&#44; early return to work&#44; and less irrigation&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Porpiglia et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19</span></a> conclude that the LA is reserved for centers specialized in laparoscopy&#46; To our understanding&#44; this is the first article on LA that is carried out from a regional hospital&#44; and our results are approximate to the series published in this type of centers&#46; In our opinion&#44; the LA is not a difficult technique&#44; and it is less complex than that of the LRP&#44; and yet there are many non-specialized hospitals in laparoscopy that perform this oncological surgery with satisfactory results&#44; and that can be qualified to perform the LA safely&#46; The growing interest in laparoscopy makes the percentage of urologists trained in this technique be on the rise&#59; unlike what happens with laser&#44; the availability of laparoscopy equipment is widespread&#44; so the elements to develop the LA are present if there is conviction and enthusiasm&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of our study lie in the small number of patients&#44; making it impossible to draw firm conclusions&#46; We need more prospective studies with more patients to be able to define the definitive role of the LA&#46; Comparative studies between the LA with endoscopic enucleation techniques have not been performed&#44; but it can be assumed that the advantages of laparoscopic techniques are less obvious&#46; However&#44; whereas the open adenomectomy remains valid and is still considered as the preferred treatment for BPH&#44; the AL will be a reasonable alternative&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The LEA is a fairly complex procedure that requires training&#46; It represents a feasible&#44; safe&#44; and effective alternative in the surgical treatment of BPH with functional outcomes equivalent to open surgery and with multiple benefits to the patient&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Laparoscopic adenomectomy"
            1 => "Simple laparoscopic prostatectomy"
            2 => "Benign prostatic hyperplasia"
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          "clase" => "keyword"
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          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Adenomectom&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica"
            1 => "Prostatectom&#237;a simple laparosc&#243;pica"
            2 => "Hiperplasia prost&#225;tica benigna"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In spite of the development of endoscopic techniques&#44; open adenomectomy continues to be the treatment of choice for large adenomas&#46; Laparoscopic and robotic adenomectomies provide good results in specialized centers&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The experience acquired with laparoscopic extraperitoneal adenomectomy &#40;LEA&#41; in a regional center is presented to evaluate its results and compare them prospectively with the results of open surgery&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">46 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia &#40;BPH&#41; &#40;prostate &#62;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; and an indication for surgery were evaluated&#46; The first 11 patients underwent LEA and were not included in the comparison&#46; Thereafter&#44; the cases were compared&#59; 17 patients underwent LEA and 18&#44; open surgery&#46; In the extraperitoneal technique with 4 trocars&#44; enucleation was performed with an ultrasonic scalpel&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There were no significant differences between groups in age&#44; prostate volume&#44; uroflow &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#41;&#44; International Prostate Symptom Score &#40;IPSS&#41;&#44; and Quality of Life scale &#40;QoLs&#41;&#46; The operation time was significantly greater in the LEA group &#40;135&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min vs&#46; 101&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;022&#41;&#46; Intraoperative bleeding &#40;250<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml vs&#46; 493&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#41;&#44; irrigation time &#40;22&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h vs&#46; 39&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;038&#41;&#44; catheter indwelling time &#40;5&#46;5 days vs&#46; 7&#46;5 days&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;030&#41;&#44; hospital stay &#40;3&#46;7 days vs&#46; 6&#46;6 days&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41; and transfusion rate &#40;0&#37; vs&#46; 22&#46;2&#37;&#41; were significantly lower in the laparoscopy group&#46; There was a greater incidence of hemorrhagic and surgical wound complications in the open surgery group&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">LEA is a relatively complex technique that requires laparoscopic skills&#44; but it is a feasible and safe alternative to open surgery and has several advantages&#46;</p>"
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        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A pesar del desarrollo de las t&#233;cnicas endosc&#243;picas&#44; la adenomectom&#237;a abierta sigue siendo el tratamiento de elecci&#243;n para grandes adenomas&#46; La adenomectom&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica y rob&#243;tica reporta buenos resultados en centros especializados&#46; Presentamos la experiencia en nuestra instituci&#243;n comarcal con la adenomectom&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica extraperitoneal &#40;ALE&#41; para evaluar sus resultados y compararlos prospectivamente con cirug&#237;a abierta&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Pacientes y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cuarente y seis pacientes con hiperplasia prost&#225;tica benigna &#40;HPB&#41; &#40;pr&#243;statas &#62;80 g&#41; con indicaci&#243;n de cirug&#237;a fueron evaluados&#46; A los primeros 11 pacientes se les realiz&#243; ALE y no fueron incluidos en la comparaci&#243;n&#46; Los siguientes casos fueron comparados&#58; 17 pacientes fueron sometidos a ALE y 18 a cirug&#237;a abierta&#46; En la t&#233;cnica extraperitoneal con 4 tr&#243;cares se realiza la enucleaci&#243;n con bistur&#237; ultras&#243;nico&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Resultados</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No hubo diferencias significativas entre los grupos con respecto a la edad&#44; el volumen prost&#225;tico&#44; el uroflujo &#40;Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">m&#225;x</span>&#41;&#44; la escala internacional de s&#237;ntomas prot&#225;ticos &#40;IPSS&#41; y la escala de calidad de vida &#40;QoLs&#41;&#46; El tiempo operatorio fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de ALE &#40;135&#44;2 vs&#46; 101&#44;2 minutos&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;022&#41;&#46; El sangrado intraoperatorio &#40;250 vs&#46; 493&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#44; p &#61; 0&#44;004&#41;&#44; el tiempo de irrigaci&#243;n &#40;22&#44;2 vs&#46; 39&#44;1 horas&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;038&#41;&#44; el tiempo de permanencia de la sonda &#40;5&#44;5 vs&#46; 7&#44;5 d&#237;as&#59; p &#61; 0&#46;030&#41;&#44; la estancia hospitalaria &#40;3&#44;7 vs&#46; 6&#44;6 d&#237;as&#59; p &#61; 0&#44;006&#41; y la tasa de transfusiones &#40;0 vs&#46; 22&#44;2&#37;&#41; fueron significativamente menores en el grupo de laparoscopia&#46; Hubo una mayor incidencia de complicaciones hemorr&#225;gicas y de la herida quir&#250;rgica en el grupo de cirug&#237;a abierta&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALE es una t&#233;cnica de relativa complejidad que requiere de destrezas laparosc&#243;picas&#44; pero es una alternativa factible y segura a la cirug&#237;a abierta con m&#250;ltiples beneficios&#46;</p>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as&#58; Garc&#237;a-Segui A&#44; Gasc&#243;n-Mir M&#46; Estudio comparativo entre adenomectom&#237;a extraperitoneal laparosc&#243;pica y abierta&#46; Actas Urol Esp&#46; 2012&#59;36&#58;110&#8211;116&#46;</p>"
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            "apendice" => "<p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following is the supplementary data to this article&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p>"
            "etiqueta" => "Appendix A"
            "titulo" => "Supplementary data"
            "identificador" => "sec0045"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:7 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
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          0 => array:4 [
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Placement of 4 trocars&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2571
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Laparoscopic vision&#46; &#40;A&#41; Laparoscopic magnification allows for a higher vision that ensures meticulous enucleation with clear identification of the cleavage plane between the adenoma and the capsule&#46; &#40;B&#41; Visualization of the urethra is perhaps one of the advantages of the laparoscopic technique&#44; as its identification ensures an accurate urethral cut that minimizes the risk of sphincter damage and urinary incontinence&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trigonization is performed with the best quality&#44; allowing for placement of the sutures on the posterior lip of the urethra to ensure a broad coverage of the inside of the prostate capsule&#44; promoting reepithelialization and postoperative hemostasis&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IPSS&#58; International Prostatic Symptons Score&#59; QoLs&#58; Quality of Life score&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span>&#58; maximum flow&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Laparoscopy group</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Open group</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Average&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">68&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">54&#8211;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">58&#8211;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;234&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prostate size</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ultrasound volume &#40;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#8211;135&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">114&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#8211;196&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;104&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weight of the specimen &#40;g&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50&#8211;101&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#8211;131&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;250&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">IPSS</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preoperative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#8211;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#8211;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;753&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Postoperative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8211;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8211;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;774&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">QoLs</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preoperative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#8211;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#8211;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;794&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Postoperative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8211;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#8211;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;658&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="6" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Preoperative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;8L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">McCullough et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>54&#46;7L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>95&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>400L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>64&#46;8L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>57&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;4L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;7L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;5L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;6L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">O<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>82&#46;2L<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>72&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                  \t\t\t\t">van Velthoven et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Mariano et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">330&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">UR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Nianzeng et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Garcia-Segui and Gasc&#243;n-Mir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">LA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our nurse Rosa Garc&#237;a Figueira&#44; owing to her invaluable work and continued dedication&#44; this study was made possible&#46;</p> <p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due thanks to Dr&#46; Eduardo Bercowsky for his valuable surgical assistance&#46;</p>"
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