Commentary
Comment to “Relation between prostate gland volume and some histological markers of malignancy”
Comentario a “Relación entre volumen de la glándula prostática y algunos marcadores histológicos de malignidad”
R. Vela-Navarrete
Servicio de Urología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Vela-Navarrete" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Vela-Navarrete" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "RVela@fjd.es" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Urología, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid, Spain" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Comentario a “Relación entre volumen de la glándula prostática y algunos marcadores histológicos de malignidad”" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the diagnostic process of prostate cancer only the positive biopsy confirms the suspicion of tumor. The suspicion of prostatic neoformation may be based on very simple arguments such as prostate palpation, or very elaborate from the total PSA (T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span>) levels, free and complex PSA, PSA density, PSA velocity, or clinical data, such as ethnic group or family history. In some urological environments, a total PSA greater than 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml is sufficient grounds to justify the performance of a prostate biopsy, and even to repeat it if negative for malignancy, increasing the number of samples. According to the recommendations contained in different guidelines for action,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and applying more rigor to the interventionist decisions, the prostate biopsy would be justified only when the circumstances are appropriate, matching or separately, of certain analytical or volumetric parameters, such as the percentage of the free PSA (FPSA) or the PSA density (PSA D). We will refer in the following comments especially to the role played by the total volume of the prostate gland (TVPG) alone or related to the total PSA, i.e., the PSA density (PSA D) in the indication and justification for prostate biopsy.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the TPSA is between 4 and 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng/ml, the most common analytical reference for discussion on the indication for prostate biopsy, the role of the total volume of the prostate gland (TVPG) as a parameter to consider, is an old warning. In 1987, Stamey et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> showed that benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) may be associated with elevated PSA levels. In 1992, Babaian et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> showed that there was a statistically significant relation between the logarithm of the serum PSA concentration and the total volume of the prostate gland, concluding, categorically, that the total volume of the prostate gland must be considered when trying to understand the meaning of a specific PSA. A subsequent approach to the problem was proposed by Benson et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> introducing the concept of PSA density (PSA D), a concept that consists of the index obtained by dividing the total PSA by the TVGP. However, in the 1990s, there was some lack of interest in prostate volume and PSA density in favor of a new analytical approach based on the so-called complex PSA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> a lack of interest that continues today, as in some guidelines the value of the PSA D has been excluded as a resource to confirm the need for biopsy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since there is evidence that the cancer cell increases the serum concentration of the PSA 12 times more than the benign prostatic cell, it was proposed, to have a more precise idea of the origin of the elevated PSA, to more rigorously determine the volume of the adenoma, which was called ‘volume of the transition zone’, erroneously, because of this determination being performed by transrectal ultrasound using the old terminology. Thus, there was a new PSA density index referred to the transition area and known as TPSA (total PSA/volume of the adenoma), whose predictive value for cancer was investigated by Djavan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> identifying a predictive value greater than the total PSA D, especially in patients with prostate volume greater than 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The correlation between the total volume of the prostate gland and free PSA was investigated by Catalona et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> in 1995, confirming that there is a positive correlation, so large prostates are associated with a higher percentage of free PSA than those of small size,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> which is why the debate on the usefulness of this index is still controversial.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another way to assess the role of the prostate gland volume in the biopsy result is when, in homogeneous populations of PSA and biopsy method, we compare the successes obtained in different volume glands. In 1995, Uzzo et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> showed that more positive results were obtained in small prostates than in prostates with a volume greater than 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (38% vs. 23%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01) in a series of 1021 prostate biopsies performed following the sextant model proposed by Hodge. Other studies demonstrated the certainty of this finding, that the total prostate volume is an important parameter for the biopsy result, but simultaneously suggested that these differences could be due to other variants more than to the volume factor and, in particular, to the direction given to the biopsy needle. Thus, the discussion of region vs. number began, formulated by Stamey,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> who suggested that biopsies had to be taken more laterally than the original model proposed by Hodge. Other authors who proposed increasing the number of doses or including some of the transition zone followed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,12</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given this strategy of ‘the larger the number of samples, the more positive findings’, a paradoxical but very interesting factor from a biological standpoint was made evident; the prostate glands with a volume greater than 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g usually have unifocal and small volume (<0.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>) tumors with remarkable greater frequency than small volume glands.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13–15</span></a> Therefore, the reason for the recognition of fewer tumors in high-volume prostate glands may simply be because they harbor tumors of smaller volume.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This interesting statement has been amply confirmed in studies performed in samples of radical prostatectomy, comparing the weight of those with the tumor volume, in some cases, and with other markers of malignancy, such as multifocality and Gleason grade.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16–18</span></a>. Certainly, the argument that emerges from these studies can be summarized by the title that heads one of them: the high-volume prostate glands harbor low-grade, small-volume, unifocal, or no tumor. This is an argument that invalidates the indication for prostate biopsy in patients with bulky adenomas and, above all, the repetition of the biopsies in these patients. More so, when considering the convenience, by reason of age or health, watchful waiting, or the opportunity to perform desobstructive surgery due to the coincidence of symptoms motivated by BPH. The response to corrector medical treatment of symptoms and reducing of the prostate volume and PSA (alpha-blocker combination therapy with inhibitors of 5-alpha reductase) can help assess the final decision and avoid many unnecessary biopsies.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">Please cite this article as: Vela-Navarrete R. Comentario a “Relación entre volumen de la glándula prostática y algunos marcadores histológicos de malignidad”. Actas Urol Esp. 2012;36:91–2.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guías de la EAU sobre Cáncer de Próstata. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 March | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 2018 February | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 January | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2017 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 November | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2017 October | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2017 September | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2017 August | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2017 July | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2017 June | 6 | 3 | 9 |
| 2017 May | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2017 April | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2017 March | 5 | 10 | 15 |
| 2017 February | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 January | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2016 December | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2016 November | 13 | 4 | 17 |
| 2016 October | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2016 September | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 2016 August | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2016 July | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2016 June | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2016 May | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2016 April | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2016 March | 20 | 13 | 33 |
| 2016 February | 16 | 16 | 32 |
| 2016 January | 21 | 14 | 35 |
| 2015 December | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2015 November | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2015 October | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2015 September | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2015 August | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2015 July | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2015 June | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2015 May | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2015 April | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2015 March | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2015 February | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2015 January | 25 | 6 | 31 |
| 2014 December | 43 | 7 | 50 |
| 2014 November | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2014 October | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2014 September | 36 | 2 | 38 |
| 2014 August | 22 | 3 | 25 |
| 2014 July | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| 2014 June | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2014 May | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2014 April | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2014 March | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2014 February | 10 | 2 | 12 |
| 2014 January | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2013 December | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2013 November | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2013 October | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2013 September | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2013 August | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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