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Letter to the Editor
Comments to the article “Robotic surgery: History and impact on teaching”
Comentarios al artículo «Cirugía robótica: Historia e impacto en la enseñanza»
F.M. Sánchez-Martín
Corresponding author
fsanchez@fundacio-puigvert.es

Corresponding author.
, H. Villavicencio
Servicio de Urología, Fundación Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the interesting article &#8216;Robotic Surgery&#58; History and impact on Education&#8217; published by R&#46; Valero et al&#46;&#44; in the issue of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Actas Urol&#243;gicas Espa&#241;olas</span> of October 2011&#44; we would like to make some brief clarifications that perhaps could enrich some of the historical issues that the authors refer to&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dating of the term &#8216;robot&#8217; in 1921&#44; as noted in the article&#44; is not entirely accurate&#46; The play <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rossum&#39;s Universal Robots</span>&#44; in which the word robot &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">robota</span> in Czech&#41; was first coined&#44; was written by Karel &#268;apek in the early 1920s&#44; as stated by his biographers Ivan Klima<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> and Bohuslava Bradbrook&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> his translator into English&#44; Norma Comrada&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and several authors in the field of robotics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;7</span></a> The fact that the play was premiered in Prague in 1921 and in London in 1923 contributes to the misunderstanding&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; if we state that the Slavic voice <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">robota</span> means &#8216;work&#8217;&#44; we think there is a risk of simplifying the effort of &#268;apek when expressing the then novel concept of android designed to work&#46; In the etymology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">robota</span>&#44; two concepts are gathered&#58; &#8216;work&#8217; and &#8216;slavery&#8217; &#40;as work of the glebe or exploitation&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#8211;10</span></a> which we should record to fully understand the meaning of the word robot&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> especially when in robotics own nomenclature master-slave is used&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> for example&#44; the da Vinci Surgical System<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the statement &#8216;autonomous machines date from year 400 BC&#8217;&#44; by Archytas of Tarentum&#44; we would like to express that if it is true that this engineer of antiquity is acknowledged as the father of Western robotics&#44; the origins of automatic machines are much older and date back to ancient Egypt &#40;1500 BC&#41; when devices such as the water clock&#44; essential for understanding the evolution of robotics&#44; were developed&#46; On the other hand&#44; when the authors argue that Leonardo da Vinci was the first to build a robot imitating human movements&#44; they omit other builders who had already presented their humanoids centuries before&#44; most notably Albertus Magnus&#44; Roger Bacon&#44; and Villard d&#8217;Honnecourt&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We are also surprised that the historical review goes unnoticed in the 18th century&#44; forgetting none other than Von Kempelen &#40;builder of the legendary chess player&#41; or Jacquard &#40;programming of textile mill&#41;&#44; and it makes the news rightly citing Asimov&#44; but omitting the main precursors of robotics of the 19th and 20th centuries such as the Maillardet brothers &#40;writer robot&#41;&#44; Robert-Houdin &#40;circus robots&#41;&#44; Roselund and Pollard &#40;first articulated arm&#41;&#44; Hadler &#40;industrial automation&#41;&#44; Touring &#40;machinery test&#41;&#44; or Devol &#40;first industrial patent&#41;&#44; among others&#46; For our part&#44; we had put on record the importance of these figures in two articles on the history of robotics&#44; published in this journal in 2007<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a> to which&#44; unfortunately&#44; the authors do not refer&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other than that&#44; we believe that the authors offer an interesting and complete review of simulators for teaching in robotic surgery&#44; providing relevant data that track the evolution of this branch of knowledge in urology&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 21735786
Original language: English
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