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Establishment of a stable urethral stricture model in New Zealand rabbits
Establecimiento de un modelo estable de estenosis uretral en conejos de Nueva Zelanda
J. Zheng, Q. Ding, Ch. Sun, B. Li, Y. Sun, X. Zhao, Ch. Feng, Z. Fang
Corresponding author
Servicio de Urología, Hospital Huashan, Universidad Fudan, Shanghai, China
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La parte luminal de la pared de la uretra estaba alineada con el epitelio equivalente y regular, que tiene 3-4 capas. No hubo células inflamatorias ni linfocitos en ninguna capa del epitelio. b) Secciones histológicas teñidas con HE del grupo de EU. Las uretras estaban alineadas con el epitelio irregular y en algún lugar no había epitelio. Se distribuyeron muchos neutrófilos y linfocitos en el epitelio. c) Secciones histológicas teñidas con anticuerpos de queratina inmunohistoquímicamente del grupo de control. El epitelio se volvió marrón con una gama regular. d) Secciones histológicas teñidas con anticuerpos de queratina inmunohistoquímicamente del grupo de EU. El epitelio se tiñó de forma asimétrica, con distribución irregular. Aumento a ×200.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Zheng, Q. Ding, Ch. Sun, B. Li, Y. Sun, X. Zhao, Ch. Feng, Z. Fang" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." 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Zheng, Q. Ding, Ch. Sun, B. Li, Y. Sun, X. Zhao, Ch. Feng, Z. Fang" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Zheng" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Q." "apellidos" => "Ding" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ch." "apellidos" => "Sun" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Li" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Sun" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Zhao" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ch." "apellidos" => "Feng" ] 7 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Z." "apellidos" => "Fang" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "drfangzujun@163.com" 1 => "atlantica@163.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Urología, Hospital Huashan, Universidad Fudan, Shanghai, China" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding Author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Establecimiento de un modelo estable de estenosis uretral en conejos de Nueva Zelanda" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1168 "Ancho" => 1477 "Tamanyo" => 262555 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Histological sections with HE stained of the control group. The luminal part of the wall of the urethra was lined with the equal and regular epithelium, which has 3–4 layers. There were no inflammatory cells and lymphocytes in all layers of the epithelium. (b) Histological sections with HE stained of the US group. The urethras were lined with the irregular epithelium and somewhere there was no epithelium. Lots of neutrophils and lymphocytes were distributed into the epithelium. (c) Histological sections with keratin antibody immunohistochemically stained of the control group. The epithelium became brown with regular array. (d) Histological sections with keratin antibody immunohistochemically stained of the US group. The epithelium was stained asymmetrically with irregular distribution.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urethral stricture (US) is one of the common diseases among urological patients. In Denmark, approximately 2000 USs are treated every year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> US has a close relation between age and gender. The prevalence of US is low in children. However, it rises by aging and it does not become lower until 55 years old.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The US prevalence in male patients is higher than that in female patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> More than 50% of these strictures are iatrogenic, most frequently seen as a complication after instrumentation of urethra or to an indwelling catheter. A number of factors are thought to predispose to stricture formation: pre- or postoperative infection, indwelling catheter, the material of the catheter and urethral ischemia at the time of surgery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The relative significance of these factors is not known.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–8</span></a> US used to be secondary to infection,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> but nowadays less than 10% are due to infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–12</span></a> Multiple procedures are available for the treatment of US but none is completely satisfactory. Direct endourethrotomy is a simple and initially effective treatment for the short stricture segment. However, the recurrence rate is high with about 50% of the strictures recurring within the first year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10,11</span></a> For the long stricture segment, the open urethroplasty is a major operation which, however, has many complications and great costs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> There is a need to develop new procedures for the treatment of US. These should be simple and effective and, most importantly, no high recurrence rate is seen today. To research the treatment of US, especially for US of the long stricture segment, developing a stable animal model of US is very important.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twelve male New Zealand rabbits were randomly allocated into two groups: the US group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6) and the control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6). The rabbits in the US group weighed 2.88<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg and those in the control group weighed 2.80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg. The laboratory animals were provided by the Laboratory Animal Centre of Fudan University. The study complied with the Chinese regulations for care and use of laboratory animals.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Procedure</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All procedures were performed on anaesthetized rabbits. Anesthesia was induced by premedication with i.v. 3% pentobarbiton sodium 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/kg (0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/s). The rabbits were placed in supine position. A resection was made in the urethra in the US group as described below. After 60 days, the rabbits were evaluated with urethrography, urethral pressure profile (UPP), and histology. The rabbits in the control group were evaluated in the same way.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Production of urethral strictures</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the US group, the F8 catheter was pulled to the bladder of rabbits through the urethra under sterile conditions. The bladder was washed by 5.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml Gentamicin (160,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>u/500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml) through the catheter 5 times. A 1.5-cm length resection was made at the transition from the spongious to the bulbous part of the urethra on the abdominal side of the penis in a 10-magnification optical microscope. The resection was deep enough to expose the periurethral tissue in order to resect a 1.0-cm-length urethral mucosa. All resections were done by the same urologists (Z.J. and S.C.Y.). I.v. 10% ceftriaxone 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg was administered before and after the resection and an additional dose (30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg) was administered once daily i.m. for 7 days after the operation.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Urethrography</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The F8 catheter was pulled through the urethra and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml of the contrast medium were injected into the bladder. After the catheter was taken away, the suprapubic region of the rabbit was pressed in order to visualize the configuration of the lumen and the possible presence of a stricture under X-ray direction. All the procedures were carried out by the same urologists (Z.J. and L.B.K.) and radiologists.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Urodynamics</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The F7 urethral pressure-measurement catheter was placed to the bladder. After the tubes and the junctions were checked and the air bubble was emptied from the tube, the external zero was performed, in which the tube was placed on the suprapubic level of the rabbits. The urethral pressure profile (UPP) was measured 3 times in each rabbit under the constant removal rate (1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm/s) and the constant perfusion rate (1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml/min). All the dynamic devices were provided by Laborie Medical Technological Ltd. And all the urodynamic procedures were performed by the same urologists (Z.J. and S.C.Y.).</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Histology</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The urethras from each rabbit were removed, further fixed in formaldehyde for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and then embedded in paraffin. The tissue of the urethra was stained with HE and keratin antibody immunohistochemically for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. The configuration and distribution of the urethral epithelium were observed by optical microscope. All the procedures were done by the same urologist (Z.J. and S.Y.F.).</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Statistical methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results are expressed as mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SEM unless otherwise stated. The pressure of the urethra in UPP was tested using the unpaired <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test. The results were considered significant if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One rabbit in the US group died during anesthesia before any experiments could be carried out. After one rabbit was added in the US group, all the rabbits were alive during the whole experiment.</p><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Urethrography</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The urethrogram of the remaining 6 rabbits in the US group confirmed a stricture of the urethra (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>b). And the urethrogram of the 5 rabbits in the control group were all normal (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>a), but in one rabbit, the stricture of the urethra was seen for unknown reasons. The rabbit was disregarded in the analysis. Comparing the two groups, the continuity of the urethra in the US group changed, in which the diameter of the urethra became thinner and discontinuous when the contrast agent passed under X-ray.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Urodynamics</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pressures of the urethra on the operation region in the US group were higher than those in the control group. The mean value of urethral pressure was 27.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and 14.67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>). There was significant difference between both groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01). The figure of urethral operation region in the US group showed a dense and higher wave (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>b), and a sparse and lower wave was seen in the control group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>a).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Histology</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Histological sections stained with HE, in the control group, of the luminal part of the wall of the urethra were lined with the equal and regular epithelium, which has 3–4 layers. There were no inflammatory cells and lymphocytes in all layers of the epithelium (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>a). The urethras in the US group were lined with the irregular epithelium and somewhere there was no epithelium. Lots of neutrophils and lymphocytes were distributed into the epithelium (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>b).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stained with keratin antibody immunohistochemically, the epithelium in the control group became brown with regular array (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>c), however, irregularly distributed in the US group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>d).</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A stable and repeated animal model of US should be established for researching the treatment of US. The choice of animal is important. We used to choose big animals such as pigs and dogs to develop the animal model of US.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> The expense of big animals restricted the establishing of US animal model. Small animals such as rabbits and rats were rarely used for urethra experiments because the genitals were too small to work macroscopically. However, with the technique of microsurgery, more and more small animals were used for the urethral experiments. McAninch et al. found that the urethra of the male rabbit resembles the urethra of the male human histologically, with a thin epithelium supported by the spongious tissue which was full of blood vessels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In this study, New Zealand male rabbits were used for the animal model of US under the optical microscope.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study describes an animal model of US in the anterior urethra of the male rabbit. The strictures were produced by a resection at the bulbous part of the urethra. The resection made is indeed a large trauma to the urethra but in our experience smaller injures, electrocoagulation, or smaller resections will not always result in a stricture. Meria et al. described a method of producing US in rabbits by circumferential electrocoagulation of the bulbar urethra. However, only 50% of the animals developed a stricture within 1 month. As the purpose of the model developed in this study is to evaluate new methods of treatment of US, it is necessary that a large percentage, if not all the animals, should develop a stricture.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strictures produced were demonstrated by way of urethrography, pediatric cystourethroscopes, UPP, histology, etc. It is necessary to combine more than two ways to identify US in male rabbits. The procedures of urethrography and histology have been previously described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Some previous experiments showed that the strictures produced were demonstrated by way of impedance planimetry.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,17</span></a> The luminal cross sectional area (CSA) of the urethra in male rabbits was measured under different urethral pressures. However, the procedures of the impedance planimetry were complicated and difficult to control, especially the position of the probe placed, which was easy to cause deviation. UPP can evaluate both the position of stricture and the extent of stricture directly. The pressure of the whole urethra was traced under the constant removal rate and the constant perfusion rate. In this study, the figure of urethral operation region in the US group showed a dense and higher wave, which was significantly different from the normal figure of urethra. And the value of urethral pressure on the operation region in the US group was higher than those in the control group.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The establishment of this model has the novelty of examining UFR in rabbits, which is an objective tool to evaluate stability. Due to the variety of clinical presentations of US, a stable model would be of great value to simulate a specific clinical scenario.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18,19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Conclusions</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We establish the way to build a stable urethral stricture model of New Zealand rabbits by means of the microsurgical technique, which can provide the foundation of laboratory animals to research all kinds of urethral stricture. Urethrography and histology combined UPP are the reliable methods to identify the urethral stricture.</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0135">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres227332" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Objective" 2 => "Methods" 3 => "Result" 4 => "Conclusions" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec212219" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres227333" "titulo" => array:5 [ 0 => "Resumen" 1 => "Objetivo" 2 => "Métodos" 3 => "Resultado" 4 => "Conclusiones" ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec212220" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Procedure" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Production of urethral strictures" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Urethrography" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Urodynamics" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Histology" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Statistical methods" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Urethrography" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Urodynamics" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Histology" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-02-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-04-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec212219" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Urethral stricture" 1 => "Animal model" 2 => "Urethral pressure profile" 3 => "Urodynamics" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec212220" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Estenosis uretral" 1 => "Modelo animal" 2 => "Perfil de presión uretral" 3 => "Urodinámica" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To explore the method of building a stable urethral stricture (US) model in New Zealand white rabbits.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Through 10× magnification optical microscope, a resection of 1.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm urethral mucosa was made in 6 male rabbits and other 6 male rabbits were controlled. After 60 days, the rabbits were evaluated with urethrography, urethral pressure profile (UPP) and histology.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Result</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Urethrography demonstrated a stricture with narrow lumen and discontinuous mucosa in the resection group. The urethras of the control animals were all normal. UPP showed that the urethral pressure on operative site in the controlled group was 14.67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O, and 27.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O in the resection group. There was significant statistical difference between the two groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.01). The urothelium was well-distributed, covered without any inflammatory cells in the controlled group, which had 3–4 layers of the epithelial cells. And the urothelium was unequally covered with neutrophils and lymphocytes in the resection group.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We establish the way to build a stable urethral stricture model of New Zealand rabbits by the microsurgical technique, which is a good laboratory model to research all kinds of urethral stricture. Urethrography and histology combined UPP are the reliable methods to identify the urethral stricture.</p>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Explorar el método de construir un modelo de estenosis uretral estable en conejos blancos de Nueva Zelanda.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A través de un microscopio óptico de 10 aumentos se realizó una resección de 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm en la mucosa uretral de 6 conejos machos y se controló a otros 6 conejos hembras. Después de 60 días se evaluó a los conejos a través de uretrografía, perfil de presión uretral (PPU) e histología.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultado</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La uretrografía mostró una estenosis con lumen estrecho y mucosa discontinua en el grupo de resección. Las uretras de los animales de control eran normales. El PPU mostró que la presión uretral en el sitio de la operación en el grupo de control fue de 14,67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2,16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O y 27,83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3,71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O en el grupo de resección. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los 2 grupos (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,01). El urotelio estaba bien distribuido, cubierto sin células inflamatorias en el grupo de control, con 3-4 capas de células epiteliales. Además, el urotelio se cubrió con neutrófilos y linfocitos de manera desigual en el grupo de resección.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Establecemos la forma de construir un modelo de estenosis uretral estable en conejos de Nueva Zelanda a través de la técnica microquirúrgica, que puede suponer un buen modelo de laboratorio para investigar todo tipo de estenosis uretrales. La uretrografía y el PPU combinado con la histología son los métodos de confianza para identificar la estenosis uretral.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Zheng J, et al. Establecimiento de un modelo estable de estenosis uretral en Conejos de Nueva Zelanda. Actas Urol Esp. 2013;37:162–6.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 462 "Ancho" => 1251 "Tamanyo" => 71023 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Urethrography of a normal male rabbit urethra. The operation region relative to the US group is marked with an arrow. (b) Urethrography of a urethra with an induced stricture marked with an arrow.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 733 "Ancho" => 2336 "Tamanyo" => 111165 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) UPP of a normal male rabbit. The wave of the operation region relative to the US group was marked with an arrow. (b) UPP of a urethra with an induced stricture marked with an arrow. The figure showed a dense and high wave.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1168 "Ancho" => 1477 "Tamanyo" => 262555 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">(a) Histological sections with HE stained of the control group. The luminal part of the wall of the urethra was lined with the equal and regular epithelium, which has 3–4 layers. There were no inflammatory cells and lymphocytes in all layers of the epithelium. (b) Histological sections with HE stained of the US group. The urethras were lined with the irregular epithelium and somewhere there was no epithelium. Lots of neutrophils and lymphocytes were distributed into the epithelium. (c) Histological sections with keratin antibody immunohistochemically stained of the control group. The epithelium became brown with regular array. (d) Histological sections with keratin antibody immunohistochemically stained of the US group. The epithelium was stained asymmetrically with irregular distribution.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">I \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">II \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">III \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IV \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">V \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">VI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ave \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Control group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.67<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">US group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.83<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab338918.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The urethral pressure on the operation region (cm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Treatment principles in urethral stricture in Denmark. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2018 February | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2018 January | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2017 December | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2017 November | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2017 October | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 2017 September | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2017 August | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2017 July | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2017 June | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2017 May | 20 | 1 | 21 |
| 2017 April | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 2017 March | 18 | 40 | 58 |
| 2017 February | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| 2017 January | 32 | 2 | 34 |
| 2016 December | 27 | 4 | 31 |
| 2016 November | 28 | 4 | 32 |
| 2016 October | 45 | 3 | 48 |
| 2016 September | 36 | 5 | 41 |
| 2016 August | 35 | 1 | 36 |
| 2016 July | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2016 June | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2016 May | 19 | 11 | 30 |
| 2016 April | 24 | 9 | 33 |
| 2016 March | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2016 February | 20 | 14 | 34 |
| 2016 January | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2015 December | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2015 November | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2015 October | 16 | 8 | 24 |
| 2015 September | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2015 August | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 2015 July | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2015 June | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2015 May | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2015 April | 7 | 8 | 15 |
| 2015 March | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2014 August | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2014 July | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2014 June | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2014 May | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2014 January | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2013 December | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2013 November | 13 | 5 | 18 |
| 2013 October | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2013 September | 3 | 3 | 6 |
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