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Original article
Role of PET-CT with 18F-fluorocholine in biochemical recurrence after treatment of prostate cancer with curative intent
Papel de la tomografía por emisión de positrones-tomografía computerizada con 18F-fluorocolina en la recidiva bioquímica tras tratamiento con intención curativa del cáncer de próstata
I. Puche-Sanza,
Corresponding author
nacho.puchesanz@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, E. Triviño-Ibáñezb, F. Vázquez-Alonsoa, J.M. Llamas-Elvirab, J.M. Cózar-Olmoa, A. Rodríguez-Fernándezb
a UGC Urología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS Granada (IBS Granada Bio-Health Research Institute), Granada, Spain
b UGC Medicina Nuclear, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostate cancer &#40;PCa&#41; is one of the main health problems in men&#44; and one of the 3 malignancies with the highest incidence and mortality in Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Despite the high cure rates of radical treatments&#44; radical prostatectomy &#40;RP&#41; or external radiotherapy &#40;ERT&#41;&#44; approximately 1 in 4 patients will experience a relapse or recurrence of the disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Monitoring of prostate specific antigen &#40;PSA&#41; figures is currently the most commonly used tool during follow-up to detect a possible biochemical recurrence &#40;BR&#41;&#46; Once the BR is diagnosed&#44; it is crucial to determine if the PSA elevation is clinically significant and if this potential tumor recurrence is local or systemic&#44; since on this will depend the attitude to be followed&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present&#44; neither PSA figures nor conventional imaging techniques &#40;bone scans&#44; computed tomography&#44; magnetic resonance imaging&#41; have proved to be useful for correctly staging the disease in these patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> Therefore&#44; in the last years&#44; several studies have tried to determine the role of functional imaging techniques such as <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocoline &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH&#41; PET-CT in this clinical setting&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main objective of our study was to analyze the ability of PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH to detect disease at the time of BR of PCa after initial treatment with curative intent&#46; As a secondary objective&#44; we try to determine which clinical variables are capable of optimizing the diagnostic yield of the test&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Material and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective study of all <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CTs performed to patients with PCa at our center from January 2010 to October 2012&#46; Only those patients who had received initial treatment with curative intent &#40;RP&#44; ERT&#44; brachytherapy&#41;&#44; fulfilled at the time of PET-CT criteria of BR according to the updated guidelines of the European Association of Urology&#44; and had collected the clinical&#44; pathological&#44; and imaging information necessary for the validation of the results were selected&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The protocol of our center for <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scanning was always the same and consisted of&#58; 4&#8211;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of previous fasting&#44; bladder catheterization immediately before the test if it is estimated to be accurate&#44; and administration of 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mb&#47;kg of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluoromethylcholine&#44; which is supplied by IBA Molecular Spain&#46; PET-CT images were obtained with a Siemens Biograph 16 equipment &#40;Knoxville&#44; Tennessee&#41;&#46; The protocol of their acquisition consisted of&#58; precocious image of the pelvis at 2&#8211;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min postinjection of the radiotracer &#40;2 beds&#44; 3&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#47;bed&#41; and at 15&#8211;30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min postinjection an image from the orbitomeatal line to the upper third of the lower limbs &#40;6&#8211;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>beds&#44; 3&#8211;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#47;bed&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; late pelvic imaging was performed in all patients at 45&#8211;60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min postinjection&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All images were visualized by 2 observers specialists in nuclear medicine&#46; The final results of the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT study were categorized as positive or negative&#44; considering as positive those deposits with activity above the background and not explained by physiological phenomena&#46; In the cases of inter-observer discrepancies&#44; the final result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was reassessed and agreed between both professionals&#46; The positive results were validated according to the results in other imaging techniques and&#47;or clinical follow-up for a minimum of 6 months&#46; All <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT negative studies were considered as false negatives of the examination&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT results and different quantitative and qualitative clinical variables was studied&#44; and an attempt was made to establish a PSA cut-off point as a predictor of the test result&#46; As quantitative clinical variables&#44; we collected&#58; age and PSA figure at the time of initial diagnosis of the disease by biopsy &#40;initial PSA&#41;&#44; lower PSA after radical treatment &#40;PSA nadir&#41;&#44; PSA at the time of PET-CT &#40;PSA trigger&#41;&#44; PSA rise rate &#40;PSArr&#41;&#44; and PSA doubling time &#40;PSAdt&#41;&#44; which was calculated using the computer tool downloadable from the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center website &#40;<a href="http://www.mskkc.org/">www&#46;mskkc&#46;org</a>&#41;&#46; As qualitative clinical variables&#44; we collected&#58; T stage&#44; N stage&#44; Gleason score&#44; type of initial radical treatment&#44; whether or not they received second treatment&#44; and whether or not they underwent hormonal treatment at the time of the examination&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; the relationship between metastatic sites in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT and the rest of variables was analyzed&#44; and the presence of independent predictive factors associated with the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT positive result was studied&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the statistical analysis&#44; the SPSS 15&#46;0 software &#40;SPSS Inc&#46;&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#41; was used&#46; To analyze the association of qualitative data&#44; the Chi-square test or Fisher&#39;s exact test was used&#46; For the comparison of quantitative data between the 2 groups of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT results &#40;positive&#47;negative&#41;&#44; Student&#39;s &#8216;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#8217; was used for parametric independent data and Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> for non-parametric ones&#46; For the comparison of quantitative data according to the final result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT by locations&#44; the analysis of variance &#40;ANOVA&#41; or the Kruskal&#8211;Wallis test was used&#44; depending on the distribution of the data&#44; applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons&#46; To evaluate the discriminant capacity of the PSA with respect to the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT result&#44; the area under the ROC curve was studied&#44; estimating a 95&#37; confidence interval and establishing the best cut-off point&#46; Finally&#44; uni&#47;multivariate binary logistic regression was used to establish independent factors associated with the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT result&#46; All statistical tests were considered bilateral and significant with a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 61 patients who met all the selection criteria were included in the study&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the clinical characteristics of these patients&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT identified and located the disease &#40;PET-CT positive&#41; in 21 of the 61 patients&#44; which resulted in a global detection rate of 34&#46;4&#37;&#46; All positive studies were validated as such&#58; in 11 patients &#40;42&#46;4&#37;&#41; according to the PSA evolution in the clinical follow-up for a minimum of 6 months and in 10 patients &#40;47&#46;6&#37;&#41; according to the outcome in other imaging tests &#40;CT&#44; scintigraphy&#44; and&#47;or MRI&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When analyzing the associations between the qualitative clinical characteristics of the patients and the positive&#47;negative results of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#44; we observed that only the type of initial treatment showed significant differences&#44; with a greater probability of positive results in those patients treated with ERT or brachytherapy compared to those who had undergone radical surgery &#40;62&#46;5&#37; vs 3&#46;5&#37;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the quantitative variables&#44; we observed that the initial PSA&#44; PSA nadir&#44; trigger PSA&#44; and PSArr presented statistically significant differences according to the result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The ability of both trigger PSA and PSArr to differentiate between a positive and negative result from <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was studied&#44; finding that the best discriminatory cut-off point for the trigger PSA was 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; and for the PSArr 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#47;month &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A and B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By sites in 9 patients &#40;14&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#44; the disease was limited to the prostate or prostatectomy bed&#59; lymph node disease was detected in 7 patients &#40;11&#46;5&#37;&#41; and in 5 patients &#40;8&#46;2&#37;&#41; there was evidence of metastatic bone or visceral disease&#46; When studying the PSAdt with regard to the location of the disease&#44; we observed that this was significantly lower in patients with distant disease compared to patients with localized disease in the prostate bed &#40;5&#46;1 vs 16&#46;8 months&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; among patients with a PSAdt<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 months&#44; the proportion of patients with distant disease was significantly higher than that of patients with localized disease&#44; thereby estimating that the probability of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT detecting distant disease was 3&#46;2 times greater when PSAdt was &#60;6 months &#40;80&#37; vs 20&#37;&#44; OR&#58; 3&#46;2&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; The trigger PSA also showed a significant relationship with the disease localization&#44; being significantly higher in patients with distant disease than those with localized disease or without evidence of disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the multivariate analysis by binary logistic regression&#44; only the initial PSA number and the fact of not receiving treatment with radical prostatectomy proved to be independent predictors of positive outcome &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men older than 50&#44; with a mortality of 30&#46;6 per 100&#44;000 inhabitants and year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> After initial radical treatment&#44; tumor recurrence is frequent and is assessed by a progressive increase in PSA numbers&#44; which typically precedes detectable clinical recurrence&#46; The management of the patient in this situation depends fundamentally on whether the disease is confined to the prostate bed or if there is distant disease&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The low sensitivity of conventional imaging techniques in this clinical scenario<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#8211;6</span></a> has led to the development of functional imaging techniques &#40;PET-CT&#41; as powerful tools for the detection of tumor recurrence&#46; In parallel with their development&#44; the appearance of new radiotracers has extended their indications&#46; Of all the new tracers evaluated in PCa&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span>C or <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-labeled choline&#44; a substrate for the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine &#40;cell membrane phospholipid&#41;&#44; is the one that has shown the most promising results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In recent years&#44; several studies have shown that PET-CT with choline is particularly useful in the restaging of patients with PCa who are in a situation of biochemical recurrence after radical treatment&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;13</span></a> with a disease detection rate higher than conventional imaging techniques&#46; A recent multicenter study carried out by the PET-Oncology group of the Spanish Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging showed that PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH was able to detect disease in 47&#37; of 374 patients in a situation of biochemical relapse after radical treatment with RP or ERT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> In our series&#44; the disease detection rate was close to 35&#37;&#46; The literature on this subject is heterogeneous&#44; with an overall sensitivity reported between 38 and 98&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#8211;20</span></a> This high discrepancy is attributable to the diversity of criterion used for the selection of patients &#40;according to previous treatment&#44; trigger PSA cut-off point&#44; presence or absence of concomitant hormonal treatment&#41; as well as the different validation criteria of PET-CT&#46; Early studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> reported very high disease detection rates &#40;70&#37;&#41;&#44; as they included patients with advanced metastatic disease and elevated PSA figures&#46; However&#44; the first large prospective study with choline PET-CT to restage PCa patients showed a much lower detection rate&#44; of 47&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> More recently&#44; the group of Giovacchini et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#44;20</span></a> in 2 retrospective studies with 170 and 358 patients&#44; reported a detection rate of 44&#37; and 45&#37; respectively&#44; more in tune with our results&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It appears that the trigger PSA number is the most powerful predictor of a positive choline PET-CT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#44;19&#44;21&#44;22</span></a> The study by Giovacchini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> describes a detection rate of 80&#37; for PSA between 3 and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; reaching a plateau in higher numbers &#40;84&#37; for PSA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Krause et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> demonstrated a detection rate of 73&#37; in patients with a trigger PSA<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#46; Likewise&#44; our data showed significant differences between the trigger PSA values of positive PET-CTs and those of negative ones &#40;13&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml vs 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; Although&#44; in our series&#44; the cut-off point for the trigger PSA that showed a better discrimination between positive and negative PET-CTs was 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; studies similar to ours have proposed lower numbers&#44; of 2&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and even up to 1&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; the absolute number of PSA at the time of the scan is not the only determining factor in the choline PET-CT results&#44; the PSA kinetics being equally important&#46; Different studies have shown that patients with positive choline PET-CT have a PSAdt shorter than patients with a negative scan&#46; Thus&#44; it is accepted that PSAdt along with the absolute number of PSA should be taken into account when requesting examination&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;18&#44;19&#44;24</span></a> In our study&#44; the PSAdt did not show significant differences between positive and negative <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT patients&#44; but we did observe that another kinetic parameter such as PSArr was significantly faster in patients with positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#44; fact demonstrated in similar studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The location of the disease at the time of biochemical relapse is a key datum for decision making&#46; The most frequent location was at a distance&#44; the lymph node being more frequent than the bone&#46; These results are similar to those previously published&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In addition&#44; we observed a relationship between the PSA numbers and the location of the disease&#46; It is known that choline PET-CT is sensitive to tumor growth and that PSAdt is an indirect method of assessing this growth&#46; Consistent with other studies&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> our results show that PSAdt was significantly shorter in patients with disease outside the prostate than in patients with disease in the prostatic bed&#46; It should be noted that there is a radionuclide with greater sensitivity for the detection of bone metastases &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-NaF&#41;&#59; however&#44; it is less specific than <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH to differentiate metastases from degenerative-inflammatory bone processes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition to the PSA&#44; we have studied the ability of other parameters to predict the positivity of choline PET-CT&#46; In the case of the Gleason score&#44; the results have been little encouraging&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;19&#44;23</span></a> Although the study by Giovaccini et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> found statistical significance in the univariate analysis for a Gleason<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#44; it failed to be demonstrated in the multivariate&#46; Advanced age seems to be related to the early onset of bone metastases after biochemical recurrence&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> although in our study it did not show a significant relationship with the results of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#46; Giovacchini et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> in their work on 358 patients with BR&#44; did report advanced age as an independent predictor of positive choline PET-CT&#46; Other variables studied as predictors of positive PET-CT have been advanced clinical stage &#40;T&#41;&#44; the existence of lymph node disease at diagnosis &#40;N&#41;&#44; the type of initial radical treatment&#44; or the fact of having received or not hormonal treatment at the time of PET-CT&#46; Although an advanced T stage is intuitively related to a worse prognosis&#44; studies similar to ours did not find a significant relationship with the positive choline PET-CT result either&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> While in some studies the existence of previous lymph node disease &#40;N&#43;&#41; has proved to predict a positive choline PET-CT&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> this trend was not observed in our series&#46; However&#44; lymph node assessment with other techniques is also controversial&#44; and the difficulty in obtaining a pathological demonstration of the positivity or negativity of these nodes should be taken into account when assessing these results&#46; Regarding the effect of antiandrogenic therapy on choline uptake&#44; it should be pointed out that it is a point of controversy and recent research&#44; with different studies suggesting a negative influence of hormone therapy on the sensitivity of choline PET-CT&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19&#8211;21&#44;28&#44;29</span></a> Our work includes patients who were receiving hormonal treatment and others who did not&#44; but the small size of both groups did not allow us to draw conclusions&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is important to underline the importance of the type of initial radical treatment received&#46; Most studies include only patients who have received surgical treatment&#46; In our study&#44; the initial treatment modality received was a determining factor&#44; and it was in the group of patients not treated with prostatectomy where the highest number of positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was found&#44; being this fact an independent risk predictor in the multivariate analysis&#46; Although other publications include patients from different therapeutic categories&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;21&#44;25</span></a> no statistical study had been performed&#46; This data demonstrates the clinical scenario that would most benefit from the <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT information&#58; patients undergoing treatment other than radical prostatectomy &#40;ERT&#44; brachytherapy&#41; with subsequent biochemical relapse and potential candidates for salvage surgery &#40;both radical prostatectomy and lymphadenectomy&#41;&#46; It is probably in these patients where the detection and&#44; above all&#44; the location of the disease can contribute to a greater clinical profitability&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> optimizing the planning of such surgery&#46; In the case of patients treated surgically&#44; multiparametric MRI could play a complementary role to PET-CT to detect relapse at the local level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of our study is the lack of a histological gold standard with which to compare the results of the test&#44; as well as the fact of having to resort to different clinical criteria of validation&#44; which may have over or underestimated the true number of positive examinations&#46; However&#44; it should be remembered that this limitation is a fact common to most of the works of this type given the ethical and logistical considerations involved in biopsying the lesions in these patients&#46; In addition to the retrospective nature of the study&#44; the absence of consensus criteria when requesting the choline PET-CT study by the urologist and&#47;or radiotherapist should be taken into account&#44; which may facilitate a selection bias&#46; In addition&#44; some patients were subjected to hormonal treatment at the time of choline PET-CT&#44; which could modify the diagnostic sensitivity of the test&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT proves to be a useful examination in the biochemical recurrence of PCa by detecting disease in a high percentage of patients and providing valuable information on the anatomical location of the same&#46; In our series&#44; a PSA figure of 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml or higher represents the optimum time to request the test&#46; Initial PSA numbers and failure to undergo radical prostatectomy are important variables to consider in order to increase the diagnostic performance of the scan&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-12-30"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2017-02-13"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec872652"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Positron emission tomography&#47;computed tomography"
            1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography&#47;computed tomography"
            2 => "Prostate cancer"
            3 => "Biochemical recurrence"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec872651"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones&#47;tomograf&#237;a computerizada"
            1 => "Tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocolina"
            2 => "C&#225;ncer de pr&#243;stata"
            3 => "Recidiva bioqu&#237;mica"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the ability of the PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocholine &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH&#41; to detect disease on biochemical recurrence after treatment with curative intent&#46; To determine the clinical variables that would be able to optimize the test&#39;s diagnostic yield&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study of PET-CTs with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocholine performed on 61 patients with prostate cancer who had undergone treatment with curative intent and met the criteria for biochemical recurrence&#46; The results of the PET-CT were categorized into positive or negative and were validated using pre-established criteria&#46; The relationship between the result of the PET-CT and the initial PSA nadir&#44; PSA trigger&#44; rising PSA velocity &#40;PSAva&#41; and PSA doubling time &#40;PSAdt&#41;&#46; The relationship between the metastatic sites on the PET-CT and the remaining variables was analyzed&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was a 34&#46;4&#37; detection rate of the disease&#46; The initial PSA&#44; PSA nadir&#44; PSA trigger and PSAva showed statistically significant differences according to the result of the PET-CT&#46; The best discriminatory cut-off point between a positive or negative PET-CT for PSA trigger and PSAva was 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml and 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#47;month respectively&#46; The PSAdt was significantly lower in patients with remote disease compared to patients with localized disease &#40;5&#46;1 vs 16&#46;8 months&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; The probability that the PET-CT would detect remote disease vs localized disease was 3&#46;2 times higher if the PSAdt was under 6 months &#40;80&#37; vs 20&#37;&#44; OR&#58; 3&#46;2&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41;&#46; In the multivariate analysis&#44; only the initial PSA and not having undergone radical prostatectomy were demonstrated as independent predictive factors of a positive PET-CT result&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The PET-CT with <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH can detect disease in a high percentage of patients with biochemical recurrence and provides information on its anatomical location&#46; PSA kinetics and the patient&#39;s previous treatment are key variables in increasing the test&#39;s diagnostic&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analizar la capacidad de la PET-TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocolina &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH&#41; para detectar enfermedad en el momento de la recidiva bioqu&#237;mica tras tratamiento con intenci&#243;n curativa&#46; Determinar qu&#233; variables cl&#237;nicas ser&#237;an capaces de optimizar la rentabilidad diagn&#243;stica de la prueba&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio retrospectivo de las PET-TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH realizadas a 61 pacientes con c&#225;ncer de pr&#243;stata sometidos a tratamiento con intenci&#243;n curativa y que cumpl&#237;an criterios de recidiva bioqu&#237;mica&#46; Los resultados del estudio PET-TC se categorizaron en positivos o negativos y fueron validados seg&#250;n criterios preestablecidos&#46; Se estudi&#243; la relaci&#243;n entre el resultado de la PET-TC y el PSA inicial&#44; PSA nadir&#44; PSA trigger&#44; velocidad de ascenso del PSA &#40;PSAva&#41; y PSA doubling time &#40;PSAdt&#41;&#46; Se analiz&#243; la relaci&#243;n entre las localizaciones metast&#225;sicas en la PET-TC y el resto de variables&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La tasa de detecci&#243;n de enfermedad fue del 34&#44;4&#37;&#46; El PSA inicial&#44; el PSA nadir&#44; el PSA trigger y el PSAva demostraron diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas seg&#250;n el resultado de la PET-TC&#46; El mejor punto de corte discriminatorio entre una PET-TC positiva o negativa para el PSA trigger y la PSAva fue 3&#44;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml y 0&#44;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#47;mes respectivamente&#46; El PSAdt fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con enfermedad a distancia frente a los pacientes con enfermedad localizada &#40;5&#46;1 vs 16&#46;8 meses&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46; La probabilidad de que la PET-TC detectara enfermedad a distancia vs localizada fue 3&#44;2 veces mayor si el PSAdt era menor de 6 meses &#40;80&#37; vs 20&#37;&#44; OR&#58; 3&#44;2&#44; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;02&#41;&#46; En el an&#225;lisis multivariante solo el PSA inicial y el hecho de no haberse sometido a prostatectom&#237;a radical demostraron ser factores predictores independientes del resultado positivo de la PET-TC&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La PET-TC con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH es capaz de detectar enfermedad en un alto porcentaje de pacientes con recidiva bioqu&#237;mica&#44; y proporciona informaci&#243;n sobre la localizaci&#243;n anat&#243;mica de la misma&#46; La cin&#233;tica del PSA y el tratamiento previo del paciente son variables clave para aumentar el rendimiento diagn&#243;stico de la exploraci&#243;n&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivos"
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          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
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      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Puche-Sanz I&#44; Trivi&#241;o-Ib&#225;&#241;ez E&#44; V&#225;zquez-Alonso F&#44; Llamas-Elvira JM&#44; C&#243;zar-Olmo JM&#44; Rodr&#237;guez-Fern&#225;ndez A&#46; Papel de la tomograf&#237;a por emisi&#243;n de positrones-tomograf&#237;a computerizada con <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-fluorocolina en la recidiva bioqu&#237;mica tras tratamiento con intenci&#243;n curativa del c&#225;ncer de pr&#243;stata&#46; Actas Urol Esp&#46; 2017&#59;41&#58;437&#8211;444&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
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      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; ROC curve showing discriminant capacity of the trigger PSA number between negative and positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#46; The best cut-off point for the trigger PSA was 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#44; which correctly discriminated 73&#37; of patients with a sensitivity of 70&#37; and a specificity of 78&#37;&#46; &#40;B&#41; ROC curve showing discriminant capacity of PSArr between negative and positive <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#46; The best cut-off point for PSArr was 0&#46;25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#47;month&#44; which correctly discriminated 72&#37; of patients with a sensitivity and specificity of 72&#37; and 63&#37;&#44; respectively&#46;</p>"
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      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
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        "figura" => array:1 [
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            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between PSA trigger and disease location in <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#46; Trigger PSA numbers were significantly higher in patients who demonstrated distant disease than in those who demonstrated localized disease&#44; and in those in whom <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT was negative &#40;17&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml vs 6&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml vs 3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml respectively&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01&#41;&#46;</p>"
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        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "detalles" => array:1 [
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            "identificador" => "at1"
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        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PSA&#58; prostate specific antigen&#59; PSAdt&#58; PSA figure doubling time&#59; PSA nadir&#58; lower PSA figure after initial treatment&#59; trigger PSA&#58; PSA figure at the time of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scan&#59; PSArr&#58; PSA rise rate&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
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              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Value &#40;n or mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37; or range&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age &#40;years&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">67&#46;44<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49&#8211;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gleason score</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#8211;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">78&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">13&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">9&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">72&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">18&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nx&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">37&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radical prostatectomy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Other treatments</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">52&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Initial PSA &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>24&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4&#46;10&#8211;109&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSA nadir &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;00&#8211;31&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trigger PSA &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">6&#46;80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;00&#8211;59&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSAdt &#40;months&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">10&#46;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;58&#8211;51&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">PSArr &#40;ng&#47;ml&#47;month&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;70<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;01&#8211;7&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of patients&#46;</p>"
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            "identificador" => "at2"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive PET-CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative PET-CT&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;66&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="3" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;850</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;36&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3 &#40;27&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8 &#40;72&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nx</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15 &#40;39&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;60&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;286</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N1</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;26&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17 &#40;74&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gleason</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;30&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36 &#40;69&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;246</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gleason</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4 &#40;50&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Radical prostatectomy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1 &#40;3&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28 &#40;96&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">&#60;0&#46;001</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20 &#40;62&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;37&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Second treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10 &#40;34&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19 &#40;65&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;993</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;34&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21 &#40;65&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hormonal treatment</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;40&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;60&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle">0&#46;546</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9 &#40;28&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">23 &#40;71&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparative analysis of the qualitative variables according to the result of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">PSA&#58; prostate specific antigen&#59; PSAdt&#58; PSA figure doubling time&#59; PSA nadir&#58; lowest PSA figure after initial treatment&#59; PSA trigger&#58; PSA figure at the time of <span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span>F-FCH PET-CT scan&#59; PSArr&#58; PSA rise rate&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Positive PET-CT &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Negative PET-CT &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">67&#46;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;687&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Initial PSA &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40&#46;68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>33&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;53<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSA nadir &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Trigger PSA &#40;ng&#47;ml&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSAdt &#40;months&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;863&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">PSArr &#40;ng&#47;ml&#47;month&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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Article information
ISSN: 21735786
Original language: English
DOI:10.1016/j.acuroe.2017.06.002
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