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Original article
Recent trends in prostate cancer in Spain
Tendencias recientes en cáncer de próstata en España
L. Cayuelaa, G. Lendínez-Canob, M. Chávez-Condec, S. Rodríguez-Domínguezd,
Corresponding author
, A. Cayuelae
a Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Severo Ochoa, Leganés, Spain
b Unidad de Urología Oncología, UGC Urología-Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
c Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
d Centro de Salud Pino Montano A, Distrito Sanitario Sevilla, Spain
e Unidad de Salud Pública, Prevención y Promoción de la Salud. Área de Gestión Sanitaria Sur de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Standardized rates &#40;world standard population&#41; per 100&#44;000 men-year and joinpoint trends&#46; Prostate cancer mortality and incidence&#44; Spain 1980&#8211;2018&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increase observed worldwide in the number of prostate cancer &#40;PCa&#41; cases in recent years would partly reflect the ageing and growth of the population&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In 2018&#44; it was estimated that there were almost 1&#44;3&#8239;millions of incident cases &#40;the second malignancy most frequently diagnosed&#41; and 358&#44;989 deaths &#40;the fifth leading cause of cancer death&#41; in men&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PCa is the most common cancer in European men and accounts for approximately 20&#37; of all newly diagnosed cancers&#46; In Europe&#44; age-standardized mortality rates vary widely&#44; with the highest rates seen in the north &#40;Norway&#44; Denmark and Sweden&#41; and east &#40;Lithuania&#44; Slovakia&#44; Latvia and Estonia&#41; and the lowest in the west &#40;France&#44; Luxembourg&#44; Belgium and Austria&#41; and south &#40;Italy&#44; Spain&#44; Malta and Greece&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A study in 76 countries<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> has observed differences in recent trends &#40;last 5 years of available data&#41; in PCa incidence and mortality rates&#46; Incidence rates&#44; after increasing for many years&#44; decreased in 5 countries or stabilized in 35&#59; in contrast&#44; rates continued to increase in 4 countries in Eastern Europe and Asia&#46; Mortality rates increased in 3 countries&#44; remained stable in 59 and decreased in 14&#46; In general&#44; the downward trends were limited to developed countries&#44; with rates falling from an average of 5&#37; in Ireland&#44; France and Australia and to 2&#37; in Germany and the United Kingdom&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It ranks first in Spain &#40;2018&#41;&#44; although PCa is the second most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Incidence rates increased in Spain during the period 1975&#8211;1990 by 1&#46;3&#37; per year and accelerated &#40;7&#46;3&#37; per year&#41; during the period 1990&#8722;2004&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Recently&#44; incidence rates seem to have stabilized in Navarra&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> PCa mortality rates experienced a slight increase during the period 1951&#8211;1970&#59; they stabilized from then until the mid-1980s&#44; and remained stable until the mid-1990s&#44; when they began to decrease on a national level and by Autonomous Communities as well&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking this into account&#44; we propose to update the information on PCa incidence&#44; survival and mortality rates and to evaluate the recent trends in Spain&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PCa deaths have been obtained from the National Statistics Institute &#40;INE&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The incident cases of PCa have been obtained from the Cancer incidence in five continents &#40;CI5&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> scientific publication and European Cancer Information System &#40;ECIS&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> and correspond to 14 Spanish population-based cancer registries&#46; The codes used were&#58; 185 and C61 from revisions 9th and 10th of the International Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death &#40;ICD&#41;&#46; The denominators &#40;population estimates at 1&#8239;st July each year&#44; by age group&#41; have been obtained from the INE and the ECIS&#46; Age-specific&#44; crude and directly standardized rates &#40;world standard population&#41; have been calculated and are expressed as rates per 100&#44;000 males-year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joinpoint<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> regression models were used for trend analysis&#46; The purpose of these models is twofold&#58; to identify when significant changes occur in the trend and to estimate the magnitude of the increase or decrease observed in each interval&#46; In this way&#44; the results expressed the years &#40;period&#41; that make up each trend&#44; as well as the annual percentage change &#40;APC&#41; for each of them&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Standardized rates and their standard errors were used for the estimation of these models&#44; and deaths or incident cases and populations under a Poisson distribution model were used for the age group models&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We set at 3 the minimum number of data in the linear trend at both ends of the period&#46; A maximum of 3 turning points was sought in each regression&#44; for which the program looks for the simplest model that fits the data using the weighted least squares technique&#44; then estimating its statistical significance by means of Monte Carlo permutations&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to quantify the trend over the entire period&#44; we calculated the average annual percentage change &#40;AAPC&#41; as a geometric weighted average of the APC in the joinpoint model&#46; This represents a summary measure of the trend over the study period&#46; If an AAPC lies entirely within a single segment&#44; the AAPC will be equal to the APC for that segment&#46; To determine the direction and magnitude of recent trends&#44; AAPCs were also evaluated for the last available 5 years&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When describing the results of trend analysis&#44; the terms &#8220;increase&#8221; or &#34;decrease&#34; indicate statistical significance &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#44; while non-significant results are reported as &#8220;stable&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The &#8220;Joinpoint Regression Program&#8221;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> software was used for all calculations and analyses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Throughout the study period&#44; the number of deaths from PCa increased in Spain &#40;from 3120 deaths in 1980 to 5841 in 2018&#41;&#44; placed as a third cause of cancer death after lung and colon cancer in 2018&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the standardized rates &#40;world standard population&#41; per 100&#44;000 men-year and the joinpoint trends of PCa incidence and mortality rates in Spain 1980&#8722;2018&#46; Mortality rates changed during the study period from 12&#46;9 in 1980 to 7&#46;9 in 2018&#44; with an AAPC of &#8722;1&#46;2&#37; &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#46; However&#44; the joinpoint analysis identified 3 time periods&#58; an initial period of statistically significant increase &#40;1980&#8722;1998&#59; APC&#58; 0&#46;6&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41; and 2 periods of decreasing rates &#40;1998&#8722;2008&#59; APC&#58; &#8722;3&#46;3&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05 and 2008&#8722;2018&#59; APC&#58; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#46; Incidence rates increased significantly from 16&#46;4 in 1980 to 61&#46;3 in 2014&#46; The joinpoint analysis shows 3 periods&#58; 2 initial periods of significant increases &#40;1980&#8722;1990&#59; 3&#46;5&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;005 and 1990&#8722;2004&#59; 8&#46;4&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41; followed by a final one in which rates stabilize &#40;2004&#8722;2014&#59; &#8722;0&#46;5&#37;&#44; not significant&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows&#44; for the years 1980 and 2018&#44; the age-specific and standardized rates &#40;world standard population&#41; per 100&#44;000 men-year and results of the joinpoint analysis for PCa mortality in Spain &#40;1980&#8722;2018&#41;&#46; For all age groups there is a significant recent &#40;2014&#8722;2018&#41; downward trend&#44; with AAPC ranging from &#8722;3&#46;5&#37; in the 80&#8722;84 age group to &#8722;1&#46;9&#37; in the 55&#8722;59 age group&#46; The joinpoint analysis shows 2 periods in all age groups under 85 years&#58; an initial phase in which rates either increase significantly &#40;55&#8722;59 and 80&#8722;84 groups&#41; or remain stable &#40;all other age groups&#41;&#44; followed by a period of significant decline&#46; The group of 85 years and over shows 3 periods&#58; an initial time in which rates remain stable &#40;1980&#8722;1990&#41;&#44; another one of marked increase &#40;1990&#8722;1998&#59; 4&#46;1&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#44; and a final one in which rates decrease significantly &#40;1998&#8722;2018&#59; &#8722;2&#46;6&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows&#44; for the years 1980 and 2014&#44; the age-specific and standardized rates &#40;world standard population&#41; per 100&#44;000 men-year and results of the joinpoint analysis for PCa incidence in Spain &#40;1980&#8722;2014&#41;&#46; For all age groups of 69 years and over&#44; a significant downward trend &#40;2010&#8722;2014&#41; is observed&#44; AAPC ranging from &#8722;1&#46;8&#37; in the 70&#8722;74 age group to &#8722;7&#46;4&#37; in the 85&#43; years&#46; In the rest of the age groups the rates remain stable&#44; except in the group of 55&#8722;59 years old&#44; in which the rates also decrease significantly &#40;&#8722;4&#46;4&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41;&#46; The joinpoint analysis shows 3 periods in all age groups under 75 years&#58; an initial period in which rates increase significantly &#40;age groups 60&#8722;64 and 65&#8722;69 years&#41; or remain stable &#40;all other age groups&#41;&#44; a second period of significant increase &#40;from the late 1980s and early 1990s&#41;&#44; and a third period in which rates stabilize or decrease &#40;age groups 55&#8722;59 and 70&#8722;74 years&#41; since the early 2000s&#46; In those patients of 74 years and over&#44; two significant periods can be observed&#58; an initial increase in rates followed by a significant decrease&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent trends &#40;last 5 years&#41; show that mortality rates have decreased and that incidence rates have stabilized and even declined in some age groups&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increase in incidence rates during the 1980s &#40;3&#46;5&#37; per year&#41; could be due to several factors&#46; The increased use of transurethral resection since the mid-1970s to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> and early detection&#44; along with increased rates of radical prostatectomy for localized forms&#44; which began before the introduction of PSA test&#44; would have influenced this increase<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0001"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>&#46; Since the 1980s&#44; the primary health care system in Spain has improved&#44; favoring PCa diagnosis in rural areas&#44; which may have also contributed to the observed increase&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the early 1990s the rising trend has been more noticeable &#40;8&#46;4&#37; per year&#41; and more striking in men under 70 years&#44; with an increased incidence ranging from 10&#46;1&#37; to 16&#46;7&#37;&#46; This increased incidence&#44; similar to that observed in other countries&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> coincided with the implementation of PSA and could be due to earlier diagnosis &#40;lead-time&#41; of tumors that have subsequently been diagnosed&#44; overdiagnosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> or potentially greater exposure to unknown risk factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apart from the few established non-modifiable risk factors&#58; age&#44; PCa family history and ethnicity&#44; there are no well-established modifiable risk factors for PCa&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> The risk of PCa increases with age&#44; especially after age 50 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; ageing population may also have influenced the observed incidence rise&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain&#44; as in other European countries&#44; PCa is a disease with a relatively good prognosis&#46; The relative survival rate for PCa&#44; for cases diagnosed in Spain during 1990&#8211;1994 was 65&#37; at 5 years&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> an 11&#37; rise compared to cases diagnosed during 1985&#8211;1989&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Age-standardized 5-year net survival increased from 73&#46;7&#37; in 1995&#8211;1999 to 87&#46;1&#37; in 2005&#8211;2009<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> and reached 89&#46;8&#37; in 2008&#8211;2013&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Earlier diagnosis and the effects of overdiagnosis associated to opportunistic PSA testing probably led to increased survival&#46; However&#44; the increased use of radical prostatectomy and the availability of hormonal therapies could have also played an important role&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27&#44;28</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The continuing decline in PCa mortality rates &#40;age-specific and standardized&#41; may reflect improved treatments &#40;surgery&#44; hormone therapy and radiation therapy&#41; as well as higher access to these treatments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> The contribution of increased PSA testing to decreasing PCa mortality rates is unclear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has certain strengths and limitations&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One strength of this study is the use of incidence and mortality data based on high quality sources to examine recent incidence and mortality rates and trends in PCa&#46; In addition&#44; long-term data provide insight into how changes in PSA recommendations may have affected incidence and mortality rates&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mortality data are the only available source of data that meets the criteria of continuity and comprehensiveness at the national level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Moreover&#44; mortality statistics&#44; based on death certificates&#44; are considered valid for estimating the extent and trend of cancer in Spain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32&#44;33</span></a> These trends have not been affected although two different classifications &#8211; ICD-9 and ICD-10 &#8211; were used during the study period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nevertheless&#44; the data on PCa mortality seem to be the only unbiased descriptive statistic over the study period&#46; A large proportion of early diagnoses &#40;lead-time and overdiagnosis at the population level&#41; could have inflated incidence data by increasing the number of latent cases diagnosed in asymptomatic men and would also skew population-based survival statistics&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conclusion&#58; Recent trends &#40;last 5 years&#41; show that mortality rates have decreased and that incidence rates have stabilized and even declined in some age groups&#46; Despite this&#44; this type of cancer remains being a major public health problem in Spain&#44; mainly due to the ageing of the population&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To assess recent trends in prostate cancer incidence&#44; survival and mortality in Spain using updated data&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Subjects and method</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prostate cancer mortality data have been obtained from the National Institute of Statistics &#40;INE&#41;&#46; Incidence cases have been obtained from the databases &#8220;Cancer Incidence in Five Continents &#40;CI5&#41;&#8221; and &#8220;European Cancer Information System&#8221;&#46; Joinpoint regression models were used for trend analysis&#46; The results show the duration &#40;years&#41; of each trend&#44; as well as the Annual Percent Change &#40;APC&#41; for each of them&#46; The direction and magnitude of recent trends &#40;last 5 years available&#41; were evaluated using the percentages of Average Annual Percent Change &#40;AAPC&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Incidence rates increased significantly from 16&#46;4 in 1980 to 61&#46;3 in 2014&#46; The joinpoint analysis shows three periods&#58; two initial periods of significant rise &#40;1980&#8722;1990&#59; 3&#46;5&#37; and 1990&#8722;2004&#59; 8&#46;4&#37;&#41; followed by a final one in which rates stabilize &#40;2004&#8722;2014&#59; &#8722;0&#46;5&#37;&#44; non-significant&#41;&#46; Mortality rates drop from 12&#46;9 in 1980 to 7&#46;9 in 2018&#44; with an AAPC of &#8722;1&#46;2&#37; &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; However&#44; the joinpoint analysis identified three time periods&#58; an initial period of statistically significant rise &#40;1980&#8722;1998&#59; APC&#58; 0&#46;6&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41; and two periods of decreasing rates &#40;1992&#8211;2008&#59; APC&#58; &#8722;3&#46;3&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05 and 2008&#8722;2018&#59; APC&#58; &#8722;2&#46;4&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Recent trends &#40;last 5 years&#41; show that mortality rates have decreased and incidence rates have stabilized or even decreased in some age groups&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar las tendencias recientes de incidencia&#44; supervivencia y mortalidad por c&#225;ncer de pr&#243;stata en Espa&#241;a utilizando datos actualizados&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Sujetos y m&#233;todo</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las defunciones por c&#225;ncer de pr&#243;stata se han obtenido del Instituto Nacional de Estad&#237;stica &#40;INE&#41;&#46; Los casos incidentes se han obtenido de las bases de datos &#8220;Cancer incidence in five continents &#40;CI5&#41;&#8221; y &#8220;European Cancer Information System&#8221;&#46; Para el an&#225;lisis de tendencias se usaron modelos de regresi&#243;n joinpoint&#46; En los resultados se muestran los a&#241;os &#40;periodo&#41; que componen cada tendencia&#44; as&#237; como el porcentaje de cambio anual &#40;PCA&#41; para cada una de ellas&#46; La direcci&#243;n y magnitud de las tendencias recientes &#40;&#250;ltimos 5 a&#241;os disponibles&#41; se evaluaron mediante los porcentajes de cambio anual medio &#40;PCMA&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las tasas de incidencia aumentaron de forma significativa&#44; pasando de 16&#44;4 en 1980 a 61&#44;3 en 2014&#46; El an&#225;lisis joinpoint muestra tres periodos&#58; dos iniciales de incrementos significativos &#40;1980&#8722;1990&#59; 3&#46;5&#37; y 1990&#8722;2004&#59; 8&#46;4&#37;&#41; seguidos de uno final en el que las tasas se estabilizan &#40;2004&#8722;2014&#59; &#8722;0&#46;5&#37;&#44; no significativo&#41;&#46; Las tasas de mortalidad descienden pasando de 12&#44;9 en 1980 a 7&#44;9 en el a&#241;o 2018&#44; con un PCAM de &#8211;1&#44;2&#37; &#40;p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; el an&#225;lisis joinpoint identific&#243; tres per&#237;odos de tiempo&#58; un per&#237;odo inicial de aumento estad&#237;sticamente significativo &#40;1980&#8722;1998&#59; PCA&#58; 0&#44;6&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#41; y dos per&#237;odos de disminuci&#243;n en las tasas &#40;1992&#8211;2008&#59; PCA&#58; &#8211;3&#44;3&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05 y 2008&#8722;2018&#59; PCA&#58; -2&#44;4&#37;&#44; p&#8239;&#60;&#8239;0&#44;05&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las tendencias recientes &#40;&#250;ltimos 5 a&#241;os&#41; muestran que las tasas de mortalidad han disminuido y que las tasas de incidencia se han estabilizado e incluso descendido en algunos grupos de edad&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Cayuela L&#44; Lend&#237;nez-Cano G&#44; Ch&#225;vez-Conde M&#44; Rodr&#237;guez-Dom&#237;nguez S&#44; Cayuela A&#46; Tendencias recientes en c&#225;ncer de pr&#243;stata en Espa&#241;a&#46; Actas Urol Esp&#46; 2020&#59;44&#58;483&#8211;488&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Standardized rates &#40;world standard population&#41; per 100&#44;000 men-year and joinpoint trends&#46; Prostate cancer mortality and incidence&#44; Spain 1980&#8211;2018&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">APC&#58; annual percentage change&#59; AAPC&#58; average annual percentage change&#59; SRW&#58; standardized rates per 100&#44;000 men-year &#40;world standard population&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#91;0&#46;1&#8722;16&#93; Mortality</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Age&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#91;0&#46;4&#8722;7&#93; AAPC</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#91;0&#46;8&#8722;10&#93; Trend 1</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">0&#46;11&#8722;13&#93; Trend 2</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#91;0&#46;14&#8722;16&#93; Trend 3</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1980&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">1980&#8722;2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">2014&#8722;2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">APC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">APC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">APC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50&#8722;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1995&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1995&#8722;2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;3&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#8722;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1994&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1994&#8722;2018&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1997&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">50&#8722;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1992&#8722;2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2004&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#8722;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">134&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;4&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1985&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;7&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1985&#8722;2007&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2007&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;4&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#8722;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">345&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1990&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990&#8722;2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2004&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65&#8722;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">74&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">491&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1991&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1991&#8722;2005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">10&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2005&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#8722;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">203&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">614&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1987&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1987&#8722;2005&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2005&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&#8722;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">251&#44;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">732&#44;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#44;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;1&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;2002&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2002&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#8722;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">321&#44;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">344&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;5&#44;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1999&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1999&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">85&#43;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;7&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;2001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2001&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">SRW&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">61&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#44;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1980&#8722;1990&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1990&#8722;2004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#44;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2004&#8722;2014&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8722;0&#44;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2373073.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
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