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Case and Research Letter
Sheathed goring: The paradox of combined blunt and penetrating trauma. Clinical case
Cornada envainada: la paradoja de un trauma contuso-penetrante. Caso clínico
C. García-Rayo
Corresponding author
clara.gre.105@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Á. Tejido Sánchez, A. Rodríguez Antolín, J. Téigell Tobar
Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bull horn injuries are frequent in Spain&#44; especially during the summer season&#44; when events involving bulls are mostly celebrated&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any patient with a bull horn injury should be considered a polytraumatized patient and receive the corresponding treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In certain cases&#44; the severity of injuries caused by these accidents is not evident on initial evaluation&#46; Sheathed goring is one of these cases&#46; It is a subtype of goring in which the horn hits and penetrates deep tissues &#8211; possibly leading to eventrations and severe visceral injuries &#8211; without perforating the skin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 45-year-old male with no relevant medical history was transferred to our center after receiving a bull horn goring during a bull run &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">encierro</span>&#41;&#46; He was conscious&#44; oriented and hemodynamically stable on arrival&#46; He presented multiple abrasions and hematomas on the face&#44; thorax and four limbs&#46; Abdominal examination revealed a circular&#44; swollen hematoma on the left flank &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#44; accompanied by signs of peritoneal irritation&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Given the patient&#8217;s stable condition&#44; an emergency computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan was performed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; The CT scan ruled out cranial and cervical abnormalities but revealed fractures of five bilateral costal arches and a sternal fracture&#46; At the abdominal area&#44; there was intestinal evisceration contained in the left flank with no evidence of affected bowel loops&#44; a renal vascular injury with associated renal infarction&#44; and evidence of active perirenal hemorrhage&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In face of these CT findings&#44; immediate surgical exploration was performed through a midline xiphopubic laparotomy&#46; The left abdominal wall presented severe evisceration with dehiscence of the parietal peritoneum&#44; muscle fibers and anterior aponeurosis&#46; The integrity of the intestinal loops contained in the evisceration was verified&#46; A left nephrectomy was performed through a transperitoneal transmesocolic approach with early control of the renal vessels&#46; A large hematoma contained within the Gerota&#8217;s fascia was revealed&#46; A preperitoneal polypropylene mesh was placed to repair the abdominal wall defect&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the fifth day&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bull horn injuries are common in regions with a bullfighting tradition&#46; These injuries have unique characteristics such as a large area of tissue damage&#44; multiple paths of injuries&#44; inoculation of anaerobic germs and transmission of tetanus&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several types of injuries resulting from bull horn wounds&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sheathed goring is characterized by the absence of skin dehiscence&#44; as the elasticity of the skin prevents tearing when the horn penetrates the body&#44; resulting in minor injuries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This particularity may lead to underestimate these wounds during examination&#44; as their penetrating mechanism is not evident&#46; However&#44; such injuries are often serious and frequently require emergency surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Focusing on the renal vascular injury and its treatment&#44; it was classified as grade V according to the AAST &#40;American Association for the Surgery of Trauma&#41; classification&#46; There is an increasing tendency towards conservative management of renal trauma&#44; even in cases of high-grade injuries in hemodynamically stable patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Keihani et al&#46; developed a nomogram that predicts the need for surgical intervention in cases of high-grade renal trauma&#44; evaluating factors such as the mechanism of injury &#40;penetrating or not&#41;&#44; hemodynamic stability and presence of contrast extravasation&#44; among others&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In this case&#44; despite the hemodynamic stability of the patient&#44; several factors such as the presence of active bleeding foci in the perirenal area&#44; the mechanism of trauma&#44; and the need for surgery to address bowel evisceration led to an emergency laparotomy&#46; According to the nomogram&#44; the patient&#8217;s likelihood of needing emergency surgery due to bleeding was estimated to be between 40&#37; and 50&#37;&#44; considering that the mechanism of injury was penetrating&#46; Although there was no solution of continuity of the skin tissue&#44; this type of injury produces characteristics typical of penetrating wounds and tears&#44; thus it falls into this category&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The anterior transperitoneal approach to reach the renal pedicle through the mesentery allows faster control of the main renal vessels&#44; which contributes to a safer management of the patient&#46; This approach subsequently allows exploration of the kidney and retroperitoneal region with vascular control&#46; The decision to perform total or partial nephrectomy or renorrhaphy &#8211; in cases where the lesions allow for a more conservative approach &#8211;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;7</span></a> depends on the findings&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although sheathed goring is uncommon&#44; this injury deserves special attention as it can mask underlying lesions that are more significant than they initially appear&#46; When these involve the kidney&#44; despite the current trend towards conservative management of renal trauma&#44; there are still situations in which surgery is imperative&#46; Surgical intervention can be critical in preventing further complications and even preserving the patient&#8217;s life&#46;</p></span>"
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