was read the article
array:20 [ "pii" => "13101339" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1157/13101339" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2007-03-04" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2007;35:57-61" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 4557 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 11 "HTML" => 4133 "PDF" => 413 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:16 [ "pii" => "13101340" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1157/13101340" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2007-03-04" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2007;35:62-70" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2382 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 8 "HTML" => 2113 "PDF" => 261 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Intensity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma relapse risk in the young adult" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "62" "paginaFinal" => "70" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Intensidad de la hiperreactividad bronquial y riesgo de recaida del asma en el adulto joven" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "F Muñoz-López" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "F" "apellidos" => "Muñoz-López" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/13101340?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000003500000002/v0_201402051232/13101340/v0_201402051233/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:16 [ "pii" => "13101338" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1157/13101338" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2007-03-04" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2007;35:52-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2594 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 8 "HTML" => 2273 "PDF" => 313 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Therapeutic effects of the anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody, infliximab, in four children with refractory juvenile idiopathic arthritis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "52" "paginaFinal" => "56" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efectos terapéuticos del anticuerpo monocloral factor de necrosis tumoral, infliximab, en cuatro niños con artritis idiopática juvenil refractaria" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "X Norambuena R, J Mallol, G Ríos M, F Quevedo, R A Quezada L" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "X" "apellidos" => "Norambuena R" ] 1 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "J" "apellidos" => "Mallol" ] 2 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "G" "apellidos" => "Ríos M" ] 3 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "F" "apellidos" => "Quevedo" ] 4 => array:2 [ "Iniciales" => "R A" "apellidos" => "Quezada L" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/13101338?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000003500000002/v0_201402051232/13101338/v0_201402051232/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Chronic urticaria: What is new, where are we headed" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "57" "paginaFinal" => "61" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "M Ferrer, AP Kaplan" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M" "apellidos" => "Ferrer" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "AP" "apellidos" => "Kaplan" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Allergy, Clinica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain." "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "National Allergy, Asthma, & Urticaria Centers of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA." "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Urticaria crónica: Qué es nuevo, dónde fallamos" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">INTRODUCTION</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Chronic urticaria can be defined as the occurrence of widespread daily or nearly daily wheals for at least 6 weeks<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>, which may be accompanied by angioedema. While the wheals are transient, the resolution of angioedema is slower and could take up to 72 hours. The natural course of chronic urticaria is self-limited, with spontaneous remissions and occasional relapses<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. We recently calculated a 0.6 % (95 % CI: 0.4-0.8) prevalence in a population study<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Chronic urticaria has a considerable impact on patients' quality of life<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span>. In a recent national survey on patients attending an Allergy Department, chronic urticaria was the disease with the greatest impact on quality of life of all the allergic diseases. Furthermore, these patients may undergo extensive laboratory evaluations seeking a cause only to be frustrated when none is found.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">There is no curative treatment for this disorder and we do not understand the mechanisms that lead to the onset of disease. However, in recent years there have been significant advances in the understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms that cause cutaneous inflammation that is manifest as urticaria and angioedema. In this review we will summarize our recent contributions to this field and try to offer insights regarding future directions for research.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Malmros<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span> was the first to report the ability of autologous serum to elicit a positive skin test, yet his report published in 1946 was largely forgotten. In 1982 when Leznoff et al reported a 15 % prevalence of antithyroid antibodies in patients with chronic urticaria<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> a role for autoimmunity in disease pathogenesis was again considered. Later observations reported a 5-10 % incidence of functional anti IgE antibodies again suggesting that autoimmunity might have a role<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span> in the disease. Then the autologous skin test was reexamined<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> and was found to be positive in a significant subpopulation of patients with chronic urticaria. The next development was by Greaves and co-workers<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span> who demonstrated the presence of functional autoantibodies against the alpha subunit of the IgE receptor in at least one third of patients. Kaplan and coworkers<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,11</span> corroborated basophil activation through the alpha subunit of the IgE receptor and subsequently found the presence of these IgG antibodies in the sera of about 40 % of patients with chronic urticaria<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span>. 60 % of patients' sera are negative and these remain idiopathic.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Anti IgE receptor antibodies (and anti IgE) are able to cause the release of histamine and other mediators which are responsible for urticaria and angioedema by activating blood basophils and cutaneous mast cells<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12,13</span>. The functional activity of these autoantibodies is augmented in the presence of components of the classical complement cascade<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span> with a critical role for C5a<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">This ability to activate basophils and mast cells can be confirmed either by the autologous skin test<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span> or by the ability of serum to degranulate these cells in vitro. The basophil histamine release assay appears to be the "gold standard" for detecting functional autoantibodies in the serum of patients with chronic urticaria since we found both false negative and positive results by binding assays<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15,16</span>. Results could be optimized by preincubation of basophils with IL-3 which augments histamine release without affecting the percentage of positive sera<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Sabroe et al<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span> compared functional and non functional sera and found that sera which were unable to activate basophils were not able to activate mast cells either. Thus their lack of activity is not caused by unresponsive basophils. The only difference found was that those patients with functional antibodies had higher severity scores and more intense inflammation on skin biopsy.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">The presence and probable role of IgG autoantibodies directed against epitopes expressed on the alpha-chain of the IgE receptor and to lesser extent to IgE in a subset of patients is generally acknowledged. Recently evidence that supports this conclusion<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span> includes demonstration that sera of chronic urticaria patients induce basophil expression of CD203c<span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span>, CD63<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span>, as assessed by Flow cytometry, and this expression does correlate with histamine release<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">It has also been reported that some patients with chronic urticaria have IgG antibodies against the eosinophil low affinity IgE receptor (CD23) which activates eosinophils and then causes histamine release<span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span> by ECP, MBP or other eosinophil cationic proteins. However this has not yet been confirmed.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Autoimmunity is also supported by observations such as a higher frequency of HLA class DR4 and DQ8 alleles seen in patients with chronic urticaria consistent with a predisposition to this disease<span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span> dependent on immune response genes.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">MEDIATOR PRODUCTION FROM MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS UPON SERA STIMULATION</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">We first stimulated human skin mast cells and basophils with chronic urticaria sera in order to assess IL4 production, and related the results to plasma IL4 levels<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">When we stimulated basophils from a normal donor with sera from chronic urticaria patients, we observed that those patients whose sera were able to activate basophils and induce histamine release, were also able to induce IL4 production. In contrast, when we incubated sera from patients lacking the ability to stimulate histamine release, we could not detect IL4 in the supernatant after incubating with the same basophils.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Leukotriene production by cutaneous mast cells and Leukotriene production by basophils were closely correlated when each cell type was incubated with the same chronic urticaria sera. Thus sera that activate basophils, also activate mast cells, which is consistent with earlier data regarding histamine release<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span>. We observed higher serum leukotriene concentrations in those patients whose urticaria is associated with angioedema compared to sera from patients with only urticaria, however the difference did not reach statistical significance. There were no significant differences between these latter groups with regard to histamine release. There was also no difference in their ability to induce either histamine release or Leukotriene production upon incubation of patients' sera with basophils, rather than mast cells.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Our data lend further support to the presence of basophil and cutaneous mast cell activators, predominantly anti Fc*RI<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span>, in the sera of patients with chronic urticaria and that such sera can lead to the production of leukotrienes and IL4 as well as histamine. Antibody to the IgE receptor is clearly correlated with the ability to induce IL4 release since the same sera that activate basophils and induce histamine release also induce IL4 production.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Our results also provide clues to explain the presence of a perivascular cellular infiltrate that differentiates chronic urticaria from other types of urticaria such as dermographism<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,27</span>. The serum factor is responsible not only for histamine release, but also C5a, cytokines, and presumably chemokines all of which contribute to the recruitment of cells<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28,29</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">TH 1 OR TH2 PHENOTYPE</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">We next questioned whether the sera of patients with chronic urticaria reflect predominance of a Th1 or Th2 phenotype. We initially approached this objective by determining the cytokine profile in the sera of patients with chronic urticaria. We measured INFgamma as a representative of a Th1 profile, and we measured IL4 and IL5 as representative of a Th2 subtype. We found that IL4 was higher in the sera of patients with chronic urticaria (as well as atopic subjects) compared to controls while IL5 and IFNg levels were normal.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">We then studied cytokine expression at the single-cell level<span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span> and identified the T cell subpopulations involved in cytokine production employing anti-cytokine monoclonal antibody (MoAbs) and flow cytometry. Thus we could assess the simultaneous production of different cytokines in the same cell.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">We found significant differences in the ability of CD4+ lymphocytes to produce IL4 and INF gamma upon PMA-Ionomycin stimulus when healthy controls are compared to chronic urticaria patients. There was no difference in IL4 or INFgamma production by CD8+ lymphocytes of patients vs. controls. We did not find significant differences when comparing the ratio of INF-gamma/IL4 production by CD4+ or CD8+ lymphocytes of controls and urticaria patients. The cytokine profile found in our study does not reflect either a Th1 or Th2 predominance.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">These data again strengthen an immune basis for chronic urticaria, since we demonstrate that CD4+ lymphocytes of patients with this disease are activated and they release greater amounts of cytokine with a non-specific stimulus. On the other hand, this finding is similar to a study in which the cellular infiltrate associated with chronic urticaria had a Th0 profile<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span>. The authors analyzed skin biopsies of chronic urticaria patients by in situ hybridization. IL4, IL5 and INF-gamma revealed higher cytokine m-RNA expression in chronic urticaria patients than in healthy controls, without a predominance of either a Th1 or Th2 representative cytokine.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">STUDY ON RELEASABILITY OF CHRONIC URTICARIA BASOPHILS</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Most studies have focused on the properties of chronic urticaria sera, but few studies have compared basophils (or mast cells) derived from chronic urticaria patients to basophils derived from normal donors. Prior reports demonstrated that basophils of patients have a diminished response to anti-IgE<span class="elsevierStyleSup">32-34</span> but no differences in releasability was found with stimuli such as fMLP, A23187 and PAF<span class="elsevierStyleSup">35</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">We examined the response of basophils of healthy donors, atopic donors and patients with chronic urticaria to a variety of stimuli including anti-IgE, bradykinin<span class="elsevierStyleSup">36</span>, MCP-1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span>, C5a<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15,38</span>, and serum.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">When we stimulated basophils of chronic urticaria patients (CU basophils) with anti-IgE and compared the results with histamine release upon stimulation of basophils from healthy controls with anti-IgE, we observed a significantly decreased histamine release in CU basophils and to a lesser degree with C5a. No differences were observed when basophils from patients were incubated with bradykinin or MCP-1<span class="elsevierStyleSup">39</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Furthermore, we divided chronic urticaria sera in two groups, one whose serum was able to activate normal basophils and therefore believed to be autoimmune, and the group lacking this ability, designated chronic idiopathic urticaria. We compared histamine releasability when these sera are incubated with basophils derived from patients with chronic urticaria.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Surprisingly, we observed a much greater histamine release when basophils of CU patients were stimulated with other chronic urticaria patients' sera compared to healthy basophils stimulated with CU sera. Moreover, even those sera that were not able to activate healthy basophils were highly active on CU basophils. Control sera were also able to activate CU basophils but not healthy basophils.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Hence, chronic urticaria basophils, in spite of being less responsive to some stimuli, are clearly highly responsive when incubated with sera; even normal sera. Chronic urticaria basophils have several specific features that distinguish them from basophils of healthy donors or atopic controls. They are less respondent to anti-IgE and C5a with no difference when stimulated with bradykinin and MCP-1 and have much higher release when incubated with serum. The factor in serum that stimulates these cells has not been identified nor is the abnormal responsiveness of the cells understood.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">CONCLUSION</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">There is increasing evidence in favour of an autoimmune mechanism as a cause of chronic urticaria in 40-45 % of patients. Autoimmunity is dependent on the presence of IgG antibody to the alpha subunit of the IgE receptor, and to a lesser degree anti-IgE. Such sera release histamine, leukotrienes, IL4 and induce CD203C and CD63 expression on donor basophils.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">There remains a substantial group of patients in whom it is not possible to demonstrate this autoimmune mechanism. Yet we demonstrate similar abnormalities in both groups. They share abnormal responsiveness with basophils of patients with chronic autoimmune urticaria, just as the histology of the two groups is strikingly similar<span class="elsevierStyleSup">31,40</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">On the other hand, stimulation of T lymphocytes releases both IL4 and INF-ϒ and the histology of biopsy specimens does not have a predominance of Th1 or Th2 subtypes although most cells are CD4 positive rather than CD8 positive.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Finally we can conclude that chronic urticaria basophils have several specific features that distinguish them from basophils of healthy donors or atopic controls. They are less responsive to anti-IgE and C5a with no difference when stimulated with bradykinin and MCP-1 and have much higher release when incubated with serum. The factor in serum that stimulates these cells has not been identified nor is the abnormal responsiveness of the cells understood. One study has, however, suggested a signal abnormally involving Ras in chronic urticaria basophils<span class="elsevierStyleSup">41</span>.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">These findings do not yet lead to a particular therapy although use of cyclosporine, particularly in the autoimmune subgroup may have a rationale related to the above observations<span class="elsevierStyleSup">42,43</span>. However, they offer better understanding of the physiopathology of this disease, that help to avoid unnecessary laboratory tests and provide both to the patient and to the physician new perspective and research possibilities.</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"> ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</span></p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">This work is funded by the grant from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria #03/0789.</p> <hr/> <p class="elsevierStylePara"> Correspondence:</p> <p class="elsevierStylePara">Dra. Marta Ferrer <br/> Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology <br/> Clinica Universitaria <br/> Universidad de Navarra <br/> Pio XII, 36 <br/> 31008 Pamplona, Spain <br/> Phone: + 34948255400 <br/> Fax: + 34948296500 <br/> E-mail: <a href="mailto:mferrerp@unav.es"class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> mferrerp@unav.es</a></p> " "pdfFichero" => "105v35n02a13101339pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec291169" "palabras" => array:7 [ 0 => "Chronic urticaria" 1 => "Cutaneous inflammation" 2 => "Angioedema" 3 => "Interleukins" 4 => "Lymphocytes Th1-Th2" 5 => "Mast cells" 6 => "Basophils" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "Chronic urticaria can be defined as the occurrence of widespread daily or nearly daily wheals for at least 6 weeks, which may be accompanied by angioedema. It is a disease with a considerable impact on patients' quality of life. Furthermore, these patients may undergo extensive laboratory evaluations seeking a cause only to be frustrated when none is found. There is no curative treatment for this disorder and we do not understand the mechanisms that lead to the onset of disease. However, in recent years there have been significant advances in the understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms that cause cutaneous inflammation that is manifest as urticaria and angioedema. In this review we will summarize our recent contributions to this field and try to offer insights regarding future directions for research." ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "La urticaria crónica consiste en la presencia de una erupción habonosa generalizada con o sin angioedema que se presenta de forma diaria o casi diaria durante al menos seis semanas. Es una entidad que tiene un impacto muy importante sobre la calidad de vida. Además, a estos pacientes se les somete a múltiples pruebas y analíticas con el fin de encontrar una causa y para frustración del médico y paciente, están invariablemente dentro de la normalidad. No hay tratamiento curativo para esta enfermedad y desconocemos el mecanismo íntimo que lleva a la aparición de una urticaria crónica así como a su remisión. En los últimos años ha habido adelantos importantes en la comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares que pueden causar la inflamación que desencadenará la urticaria y al angioedema. En esta revisión resumimos nuestras contribuciones más recientes en este campo e intentamos sugerir hacia donde puede dirigirse el futuro de la investigación de esta enfermedad." ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:43 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Chronic urticaria. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(26): 1767-72." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Chronic urticaria. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(26): 1767-72." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Greaves M." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Clinical practice. Chronic urticaria and angioedema." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ja" "fecha" => "17" "volumen" => "346" "paginaInicial" => "175" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of urticaria in Spain." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "P Gai.g" 1 => "M Olon.a" 2 => "D Muñoz Lejarazu" 3 => "MT Caballer.o" 4 => "FJ Dominguez" 5 => "S Echechipi.a" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Invest Allergol Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "In" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "The impact of chronic urticaria on the quality of life. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Feb;136(2):197-201." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "The impact of chronic urticaria on the quality of life. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Feb;136(2):197-201." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "O'Donnell BF" 1 => "Lawlor F" 2 => "Simpson J" 3 => "Morgan M" 4 => "Greaves MW." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Urticaria and quality of life. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006 Feb;30(1):47-51." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Urticaria and quality of life. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2006 Feb;30(1):47-51." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Grob JJ" 1 => "Gaudy-Marqueste C." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Autoserumtest." "idioma" => "de" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Malmros H." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nordisk Med" "fecha" => "1946" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "150" "paginaFinal" => "1" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Association of chronic urticaria and angioedema with thyroid autoimmunity." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Leznoff A" 1 => "Josse RG" 2 => "Denburg J" 3 => "Dolovich J." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch Dermatol" "fecha" => "1983" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "636" "paginaFinal" => "40" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6870316" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib8" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence and functional role of anti-IgE autoantibodies in urticarial syndromes." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Gruber BL" 1 => "Baeza ML" 2 => "Marchese MJ" 3 => "Agnello V" 4 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Invest Dermatol" "fecha" => "1988" "volumen" => "90" "paginaInicial" => "213" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2448392" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib9" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "The autologous serum skin test: a screening test for autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Mar;140(3):446-52." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "The autologous serum skin test: a screening test for autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1999 Mar;140(3):446-52." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Sabroe RA" 1 => "Grattan CE" 2 => "Francis DM" 3 => "Barr RM" 4 => "Kobza BA" 5 => "Greaves MW." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib10" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. New Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 3;328(22):1599-604." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Autoantibodies against the high-affinity IgE receptor as a cause of histamine release in chronic urticaria. New Engl J Med. 1993 Jun 3;328(22):1599-604." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Hide M" 1 => "Francis DM" 2 => "Grattan CE" 3 => "Hakimi J" 4 => "Kochan JP" 5 => "Greaves MW." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib11" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Assessment of autoimmunity in patients with chronic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Tong LJ" 1 => "Balakrishnan G" 2 => "Kochan JP" 3 => "Kinet JP" 4 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "461" "paginaFinal" => "5" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9111489" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib12" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Comparative studies of functional and binding assays for IgG anti-Fc(epsilon)RIalpha (alpha-subunit) in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 May;101(5):672-6." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Comparative studies of functional and binding assays for IgG anti-Fc(epsilon)RIalpha (alpha-subunit) in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 May;101(5):672-6." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ferrer M" 1 => "Kinet JP" 2 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib13" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Dermal mast cell activation by autoantibodies against the high affinity IgE receptor in chronic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Niimi N" 1 => "Francis DM" 2 => "Kermani F" 3 => "BF OD" 4 => "Hide M" 5 => "Kobza-Black A" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Invest Dermatol" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "106" "paginaInicial" => "1001" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618029" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib14" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Complement dependence of histamine release in chronic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ferrer M" 1 => "Nakazawa K" 2 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "104" "paginaInicial" => "169" "paginaFinal" => "72" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10518843" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib15" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "A role for C5a in augmenting IgG-dependent histamine release from basophils in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Jan;109(1 Pt 1):114-8." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "A role for C5a in augmenting IgG-dependent histamine release from basophils in chronic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Jan;109(1 Pt 1):114-8." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Kikuchi Y" 1 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib16" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Anti-FcepsilonRIalpha autoantibodies in autoimmune-mediated disorders. Identification of a structure-function relationship." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Fiebiger E" 1 => "Hammerschmid F" 2 => "Stingl G" 3 => "Maurer D." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1172/JCI511" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Invest" "fecha" => "1998" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "243" "paginaFinal" => "51" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9421487" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib17" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "IL3 effect on basophils histamine release upon stimulation with chronic urticaria sera. Allergy. 2003 Aug;58(8):802-7." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "IL3 effect on basophils histamine release upon stimulation with chronic urticaria sera. Allergy. 2003 Aug;58(8):802-7." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Ferrer M" 1 => "Luquin E" 2 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib18" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Classification of anti-FcepsilonRI and anti-IgE autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria and correlation with disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Sep;110 (3):492-9." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Classification of anti-FcepsilonRI and anti-IgE autoantibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria and correlation with disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Sep;110 (3):492-9." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Sabroe RA" 1 => "Fiebiger E" 2 => "Francis DM" 3 => "Maurer D" 4 => "Seed PT" 5 => "Grattan CE" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib19" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Evidence of in vivo basophil activation in chronic idiopathic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Vasagar K" 1 => "Vonakis BM" 2 => "Gober LM" 3 => "Viksman A" 4 => "Gibbons SP" 5 => "Saini SS." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02494.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Allergy" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "770" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16776678" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib20" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Chronic urticaria sera increase basophil CD203c expression." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Yasnowsky KM" 1 => "Dreskin SC" 2 => "Efaw B" 3 => "Schoen D" 4 => "Vedanthan PK" 5 => "Alam R" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2006.02.016" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "117" "paginaInicial" => "1430" "paginaFinal" => "4" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751009" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib21" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Serum-induced basophil CD63 expression by means of a tricolour flow cytometric method for the in vitro diagnosis of chronic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Frezzolini A" 1 => "Provini A" 2 => "Teofoli P" 3 => "Pomponi D" 4 => "De Pita O." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01033.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "1071" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16918509" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib22" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Significant correlation between the CD63 assay and the histamine release assay in chronic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Szegedi A" 1 => "Irinyi B" 2 => "Gal M" 3 => "Hunyadi J" 4 => "Danko K" 5 => "Kiss E" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07205.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Dermatol" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "155" "paginaInicial" => "67" "paginaFinal" => "75" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16792754" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib23" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "In chronic idiopathic urticaria autoantibodies against Fc epsilonRII/CD23 induce histamine release via eosinophil activation. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 Dec;35(12):1599-607." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "In chronic idiopathic urticaria autoantibodies against Fc epsilonRII/CD23 induce histamine release via eosinophil activation. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 Dec;35(12):1599-607." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Puccetti A" 1 => "Bason C" 2 => "Simeoni S" 3 => "Millo E" 4 => "Tinazzi E" 5 => "Beri R" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib24" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Human leucocyte antigen class II associations in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1999 May;140(5): 853-8." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Human leucocyte antigen class II associations in chronic idiopathic urticaria. Br J Dermatol. 1999 May;140(5): 853-8." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "O'Donnell BF" 1 => "O'Neill CM" 2 => "Francis DM" 3 => "Niimi N" 4 => "Barr RM" 5 => "Barlow RJ" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib25" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Secretion of cytokines, histamine and leukotrienes in chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002 Nov;129 (3):254-60." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Secretion of cytokines, histamine and leukotrienes in chronic urticaria. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2002 Nov;129 (3):254-60." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Ferrer M" 1 => "Luquin E" 2 => "Sanchez-Ibarrola A" 3 => "Moreno C" 4 => "Sanz ML" 5 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib26" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Histopathology of chronic urticaria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2002 Oct;23(2):195-200." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Histopathology of chronic urticaria. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2002 Oct;23(2):195-200." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Stewart GE." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib27" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Histologic studies of chronic idiopathic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Natbony SF" 1 => "Phillips ME" 2 => "Elias JM" 3 => "Godfrey HP" 4 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "1983" "volumen" => "71" "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "83" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6822693" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib28" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Upregulation of TNF-alpha and IL-3 expression in lesional and uninvolved skin in different types of urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Feb;103(2 Pt 1):307-14." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Upregulation of TNF-alpha and IL-3 expression in lesional and uninvolved skin in different types of urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Feb;103(2 Pt 1):307-14." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Hermes B" 1 => "Prochazka AK" 2 => "Haas N" 3 => "Jurgovsky K" 4 => "Sticherling M" 5 => "Henz BM." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib29" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Microscopic morphology of different types of urticaria. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Jan;134(1): 41-6." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Microscopic morphology of different types of urticaria. Arch Dermatol. 1998 Jan;134(1): 41-6." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Haas N" 1 => "Toppe E" 2 => "Henz BM." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib30" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Heterogeneity of intracellular cytokine synthesis at the single-cell level in polarized T helper 1 and T helper 2 populations." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Openshaw P" 1 => "Murphy EE" 2 => "Hosken NA" 3 => "Maino V" 4 => "Davis K" 5 => "Murphy K" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Exp Med" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "182" "paginaInicial" => "1357" "paginaFinal" => "67" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7595206" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib31" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "TH1/TH2 cytokines and inflammatory cells in skin biopsy specimens from patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison with the allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous reaction." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Ying S" 1 => "Kikuchi Y" 2 => "Meng Q" 3 => "Kay AB" 4 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "109" "paginaInicial" => "694" "paginaFinal" => "700" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11941321" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib32" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Defective histamine release in chronic urticaria." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Kern F" 1 => "Lichtenstein LM." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1172/JCI108405" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Invest" "fecha" => "1976" "volumen" => "57" "paginaInicial" => "1369" "paginaFinal" => "77" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/57121" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib33" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Basophil histamine release and leukotriene production in response to anti-IgE and anti-IgE receptor antibodies. Comparison of normal subjects and patients with urticaria, atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996 Jul;110(3):261-71." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Basophil histamine release and leukotriene production in response to anti-IgE and anti-IgE receptor antibodies. Comparison of normal subjects and patients with urticaria, atopic dermatitis or bronchial asthma. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 1996 Jul;110(3):261-71." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Bischoff SC" 1 => "Zwahlen R" 2 => "Stucki M" 3 => "Mullner G" 4 => "de Weck AL" 5 => "Stadler BM" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib34" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Serum and cell bound IgE in chronic urticaria. Clin Allergy. 1974 Sep;4(3):265-71." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Serum and cell bound IgE in chronic urticaria. Clin Allergy. 1974 Sep;4(3):265-71." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Greaves MW" 1 => "Plummer VM" 2 => "McLaughlan P" 3 => "Stanworth DR." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib35" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Histamine releasability of basophils and skin mast cells in chronic urticaria. Allergy. 1996 Jan;51(1):24-8." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Histamine releasability of basophils and skin mast cells in chronic urticaria. Allergy. 1996 Jan;51(1):24-8." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Zuberbier T" 1 => "Schwarz S" 2 => "Hartmann K" 3 => "Pfrommer C" 4 => "Czarnetzki BM." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib36" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Bradykinin analog induce histamine release from human skin mast cells." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Lawrence ID" 1 => "Warner JA" 2 => "Cohan VL" 3 => "Lichtenstein LM" 4 => "Kagey-Sobotka A" 5 => "Vavrek RJ" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Adv Exp Med Biol" "fecha" => "1989" "volumen" => "247A" "paginaInicial" => "225" "paginaFinal" => "9" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2481386" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib37" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Monocyte chemotactic protein-2, monocyte chemotactic protein-3, and fibroblast-induced cytokine. Three new chemokines induce chemotaxis and activation of basophils." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Alam R" 1 => "Forsythe P" 2 => "Stafford S" 3 => "Heinrich J" 4 => "Bravo R" 5 => "Proost P" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Oc" "fecha" => "1" "volumen" => "153" "paginaInicial" => "3155" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib38" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Differential expression of complement receptors on human basophils and mast cells. Evidence for mast cell heterogeneity and CD88/C5aR expression on skin mast cells." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Fureder W" 1 => "Agis H" 2 => "Willheim M" 3 => "Bankl HC" 4 => "Maier U" 5 => "Kishi K" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Immunol" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "155" "paginaInicial" => "3152" "paginaFinal" => "60" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7673728" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib39" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Increased responsiveness of basophils of patients with chronic urticaria to sera but hypo-responsiveness to other stimuli." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Luquin E" 1 => "Kaplan AP" 2 => "Ferrer M." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ap" "fecha" => "1" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "456" "paginaFinal" => "60" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib40" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Cutaneous inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of patients with and without anti-FcepsilonRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Mar;103(3 Pt 1):484-93." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Cutaneous inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic idiopathic urticaria: comparison of patients with and without anti-FcepsilonRI or anti-IgE autoantibodies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999 Mar;103(3 Pt 1):484-93." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Sabroe RA" 1 => "Poon E" 2 => "Orchard GE" 3 => "Lane D" 4 => "Francis DM" 5 => "Barr RM" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib41" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Evidence for aberrant regulation of the p21Ras pathway in PBMCs of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Feb;109(2):349-56." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Evidence for aberrant regulation of the p21Ras pathway in PBMCs of patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Feb;109(2):349-56." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "Confino-Cohen R" 1 => "Aharoni D" 2 => "Goldberg A" 3 => "Gurevitch I" 4 => "Buchs A" 5 => "Weiss M" 6 => "et al." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib42" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on an in vitro assay for chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 May;35(5):554-9." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Effects of calcineurin inhibitors on an in vitro assay for chronic urticaria. Clin Exp Allergy. 2005 May;35(5):554-9." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Marsland AM" 1 => "Soundararajan S" 2 => "Joseph K" 3 => "Kaplan AP." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib43" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Oct;55(4):705-9." "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Cyclosporine in chronic idiopathic urticaria: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Oct;55(4):705-9." "idioma" => "en" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Vena GA" 1 => "Cassano N" 2 => "Colombo D" 3 => "Peruzzi E" 4 => "Pigatto P" 5 => "the NEO." ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03010546/0000003500000002/v0_201402051232/13101339/v0_201402051232/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "6702" "tipo" => "SECCION" "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000003500000002/v0_201402051232/13101339/v0_201402051232/en/105v35n02a13101339pdf001.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/13101339?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
Original language: English
Year/Month | Html | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
2024 October | 6 | 3 | 9 |
2024 September | 27 | 4 | 31 |
2024 August | 26 | 7 | 33 |
2024 July | 31 | 2 | 33 |
2024 June | 38 | 1 | 39 |
2024 May | 33 | 1 | 34 |
2024 April | 26 | 4 | 30 |
2024 March | 28 | 2 | 30 |
2024 February | 21 | 4 | 25 |
2024 January | 19 | 7 | 26 |
2023 December | 29 | 5 | 34 |
2023 November | 40 | 6 | 46 |
2023 October | 36 | 9 | 45 |
2023 September | 35 | 9 | 44 |
2023 August | 23 | 2 | 25 |
2023 July | 41 | 2 | 43 |
2023 June | 18 | 3 | 21 |
2023 May | 24 | 4 | 28 |
2023 April | 49 | 3 | 52 |
2023 March | 23 | 7 | 30 |
2023 February | 29 | 10 | 39 |
2023 January | 15 | 7 | 22 |
2022 December | 22 | 9 | 31 |
2022 November | 18 | 7 | 25 |
2022 October | 8 | 6 | 14 |
2022 September | 18 | 8 | 26 |
2022 August | 14 | 6 | 20 |
2022 July | 13 | 6 | 19 |
2022 June | 9 | 12 | 21 |
2022 May | 17 | 5 | 22 |
2022 April | 13 | 9 | 22 |
2022 March | 15 | 8 | 23 |
2022 February | 8 | 6 | 14 |
2022 January | 15 | 6 | 21 |
2021 December | 21 | 5 | 26 |
2021 November | 14 | 11 | 25 |
2021 October | 17 | 12 | 29 |
2021 September | 15 | 17 | 32 |
2021 August | 8 | 11 | 19 |
2021 July | 7 | 10 | 17 |
2021 June | 11 | 9 | 20 |
2021 May | 13 | 10 | 23 |
2021 April | 40 | 15 | 55 |
2021 March | 16 | 7 | 23 |
2021 February | 5 | 7 | 12 |
2021 January | 14 | 7 | 21 |
2020 December | 1 | 0 | 1 |
2018 January | 3 | 3 | 6 |
2017 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2017 November | 0 | 4 | 4 |
2017 October | 6 | 3 | 9 |
2017 September | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2017 August | 5 | 3 | 8 |
2017 July | 4 | 2 | 6 |
2017 June | 9 | 1 | 10 |
2017 May | 10 | 1 | 11 |
2017 April | 12 | 3 | 15 |
2017 March | 3 | 2 | 5 |
2017 February | 7 | 1 | 8 |
2017 January | 15 | 2 | 17 |
2016 December | 12 | 4 | 16 |
2016 November | 10 | 2 | 12 |
2016 October | 30 | 1 | 31 |
2016 September | 16 | 6 | 22 |
2016 August | 10 | 3 | 13 |
2016 July | 6 | 1 | 7 |
2016 June | 20 | 6 | 26 |
2016 May | 12 | 4 | 16 |
2016 April | 19 | 1 | 20 |
2016 March | 11 | 15 | 26 |
2016 February | 8 | 16 | 24 |
2016 January | 14 | 17 | 31 |
2015 December | 12 | 15 | 27 |
2015 November | 17 | 14 | 31 |
2015 October | 15 | 21 | 36 |
2015 September | 12 | 7 | 19 |
2015 August | 5 | 12 | 17 |
2015 July | 6 | 8 | 14 |
2015 June | 6 | 7 | 13 |
2015 May | 8 | 2 | 10 |
2015 April | 9 | 8 | 17 |
2015 March | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2015 February | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2015 January | 21 | 0 | 21 |
2014 December | 35 | 5 | 40 |
2014 November | 16 | 2 | 18 |
2014 October | 21 | 5 | 26 |
2014 September | 30 | 4 | 34 |
2014 August | 16 | 0 | 16 |
2014 July | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2014 June | 17 | 0 | 17 |
2014 May | 22 | 2 | 24 |
2014 April | 8 | 1 | 9 |
2014 March | 50 | 17 | 67 |
2014 February | 47 | 8 | 55 |
2014 January | 35 | 17 | 52 |
2013 December | 40 | 16 | 56 |
2013 November | 43 | 13 | 56 |
2013 October | 33 | 11 | 44 |
2013 September | 41 | 5 | 46 |
2013 August | 65 | 9 | 74 |
2013 July | 44 | 17 | 61 |
2013 June | 10 | 25 | 35 |
2013 May | 20 | 19 | 39 |
2013 April | 17 | 25 | 42 |
2013 March | 15 | 5 | 20 |
2013 February | 8 | 4 | 12 |
2013 January | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2012 November | 1 | 1 | 2 |
2012 October | 2 | 1 | 3 |
2007 March | 3105 | 0 | 3105 |