Research letter
Tonic water: A rare cause of exanthema
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Duman, M. Dogru, F. Misirlioglu, S. Ozmen, I. Bostanci" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Duman" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Dogru" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Misirlioglu" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Ozmen" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Bostanci" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054611000887?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000004000000001/v1_201304101101/S0301054611000887/v1_201304101101/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0301054611000863" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2010.11.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2012-01-01" "aid" => "256" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2012;40:51-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1690 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 6 "HTML" => 1289 "PDF" => 395 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>" "titulo" => "Relationship between hair cadmium levels, indoor ETS exposure and wheezing frequency in children" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "51" "paginaFinal" => "59" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1527 "Ancho" => 2054 "Tamanyo" => 87797 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Median hair Cd levels according to smoking status in the two groups. Although hair Cd levels are higher in RW group with respect to HC group in children with negative history of ETS exposure at home [0.11 (0.01–0.17) vs. 0.06 (0.01–0.13), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.131], difference is significant only in children with positive history of ETS exposure at home [0.32 (0.22–0.56) vs. 0.20 (0.13–0.46), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.009]. Data points are median values, the horizontal lines of the boxes represent the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of the variables and the brackets represent minimum to maximum levels. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> values represent between group comparisons. *<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.009 (Mann-Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C.H. Razi, K.O. Akın, K. Harmancı, O. Özdemir, A. Abacı, Ş. Hızlı, R. Renda, A. Çelik" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.H." "apellidos" => "Razi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K.O." "apellidos" => "Akın" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Harmancı" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Özdemir" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Abacı" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ş." "apellidos" => "Hızlı" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Renda" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Çelik" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054611000863?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000004000000001/v1_201304101101/S0301054611000863/v1_201304101101/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Research letter</span>" "titulo" => "Tonic water: A rare cause of exanthema" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "saludo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor,</span>" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "60" "paginaFinal" => "61" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J.G. Marques, G. Calado, P. Martins, P.L. Pinto" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.G." "apellidos" => "Marques" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gasparmarques@yahoo.com.br" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Calado" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Martins" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "P.L." "apellidos" => "Pinto" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Immunoallergy Department, Hospital de Dona Estefânia, Lisboa, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Immunoallergy Department, Hospital da Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tonic water (or Indian tonic water) is a carbonated soft drink in which quinine is dissolved. Quinine is an alkaloid extracted from cinchona's bark.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Originally used as a prophylactic drink against malaria, nowadays it has significantly lower quinine content and is drunk for its distinctively bitter taste. In Europe, the European Food Safety Authority limits quinine's concentration in tonic water to 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/L,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> 0.25–0.50% of the concentration used in original therapeutic tonic water. Quinine is also a flavour component of bitter lemon, carbonated chinotto beverages and some traditional flavoured wines. Nowadays, tonic water containing quinine is added to many jello shot recipes to make the shot fluorescent. Reported cases of exanthemas caused by quinine contained in tonic water are rare.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Suspected allergy to quinine has to be studied, especially if the patient is planning to travel to a malaria endemic region. This allergy confirmation is still so important because, even nowadays, quinine is a mainstay in the treatment of severe malaria.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Other antimalarial medicines, used extensively in the treatment and prevention of malaria, such as chloroquine and mefloquine,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> share a common quinoleine core with quinine which may explain the possibility of cross reactivity,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> although this process has not been clearly demonstrated. This evidence emphasises, even more, the importance of quinine allergy investigation.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 37-year-old man who was sent to our outpatient clinic by the traveller's health clinic for suspicion of quinine allergy. The patient mentioned that more than 20 years ago he had a maculopapular exanthema hours after the ingestion of tonic water. At that time he was observed by a general practitioner who assumed that this reaction was a manifestation of quinine allergy. The doctor advised to keep quinine eviction, which the patient assumed rigorously, without accidental ingestions.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the necessity of professional travel to Angola (a malaria endemic region) the patient was observed in a traveller's health clinic and referred to our outpatient clinic in order to confirm this allergy that hindered the possible prescription of any anti-malaria drugs containing quinine. As the reaction had occurred a long time before and there was not a clear association with quinine, we decided to perform, after obtaining written informed consent, a drug provocation test (DPT) without previously performing skin prick tests and patch testing. Two hours after the last administration (cumulative dose: 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg quinine sulphate) the patient developed a pruriginous maculopapular exanthema (each lesion lasting more than 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h) in the limbs, trunk and face. This exanthema persisted for five days despite therapeutics with oral corticosteroids and H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>-antihistaminics. The patient did not present any other signals or symptoms.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Quinine-related hypersensitivity manifestations have been reported to include thrombocytopenia and haemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus-like syndrome, photosensitivity, cutaneous vasculitis and anaphylactic shock.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Reported cases of exanthema due to quinine contained in tonic water are rare.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4–7</span></a> In this case quinine hypersensitivity was confirmed by the DPT. The patient and the traveller's health clinic were advised to do malaria prevention, and eventual treatment, with antimalarial drugs not sharing the quinoleine core. Based on our clinical evaluation and after consulting the traveller's health clinic, the patient, by his own personal initiative, refused to travel and, consequently, was not medicated with any antimalarial drugs. Tonic water is widely consumed worldwide and may be an unreported cause of maculopapular exanthema.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Allergy to quinine and tonic water" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "G. Kanny" 1 => "J. Flabbee" 2 => "M. Morisset" 3 => "D.A. 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Collet" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01617.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Contact Dermatitis" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "61" "numero" => "October" "paginaInicial" => "242" "paginaFinal" => "244" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19825101" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Allergic urticaria from tonic water" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R. Gonzalez" 1 => "R. Merchan" 2 => "J.F. Crespo" 3 => "J. 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Landeyo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02594.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Exp Dermatol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "34" "numero" => "January" "paginaInicial" => "95" "paginaFinal" => "97" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076808" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03010546/0000004000000001/v1_201304101101/S0301054611000899/v1_201304101101/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5550" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Research letters" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000004000000001/v1_201304101101/S0301054611000899/v1_201304101101/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054611000899?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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