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Nitric oxide metabolites in allergic rhinitis: The effect of pollen allergen exposure
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N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100 subjects.</p> <p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2b)</span> Zone 2. Guadalajara, semi-hot, sub-humid, with rainfall during summer. N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200 subjects.</p> <p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2c)</span> Zone 3. The centre of the country including Mexico-city, Toluca and Pachuca, temperate temperature, sub-humid, with rainfall during summer. N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1258 subjects.</p> <p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2d)</span> Zone 4. Querétaro, temperate temperature, semi-dry. N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>200 subjects.</p> <p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2e)</span> Zone 5. Monterrey, semi-hot, semi-dry to dry. N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>911 subjects.</p> <p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2f)</span> Zone 6. Sonora, with temperatures ranging from temperate to very hot, dry. N<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1500 subjects.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "D.E. Larenas-Linnemann, G.A. Guidos Fogelbach, A. Monteverde Alatorre, A. Arias Cruz, D.D. Hernández Colín, J.A. Luna Pech, A. Medina Hernández, D. Alberto García Imperial, M.L. Cid del Prado, F.J. Linares Zapién, R.E. Huerta, J.A. Ortega Martell" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D.E." "apellidos" => "Larenas-Linnemann" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "G.A. Guidos" "apellidos" => "Fogelbach" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A. Monteverde" "apellidos" => "Alatorre" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A. Arias" "apellidos" => "Cruz" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D.D. Hernández" "apellidos" => "Colín" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A. Luna" "apellidos" => "Pech" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A. Medina" "apellidos" => "Hernández" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D. Alberto García" "apellidos" => "Imperial" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.L. Cid del" "apellidos" => "Prado" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.J. Linares" "apellidos" => "Zapién" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.E." "apellidos" => "Huerta" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.A. Ortega" "apellidos" => "Martell" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054610002855?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000003900000006/v1_201304101057/S0301054610002855/v1_201304101057/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0301054611001224" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2011.02.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2011-11-01" "aid" => "277" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2011;39:318-25" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3498 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 15 "HTML" => 2922 "PDF" => 561 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Global analysis of breast feeding and risk of symptoms of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema in 6–7 year old children: ISAAC Phase Three" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "318" "paginaFinal" => "325" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1604 "Ancho" => 3090 "Tamanyo" => 297128 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Forest plot showing the adjusted odds ratios (multiple regression analyses for children with complete covariate data) for the associations between breast feeding and current severe wheezing (A), rhinoconjunctivitis (B) and eczema (C) in 6–7 year old children from 45 centres in 18 countries. Each symbol represents a centre. For each country, the percentage of children who were breast fed is stated in brackets. Countries are ordered by average prevalence.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "B. Björkstén, N. Aït-Khaled, M. Innes Asher, T.O. Clayton, C. Robertson" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "Björkstén" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Aït-Khaled" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Innes Asher" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T.O." "apellidos" => "Clayton" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Robertson" ] 5 => array:1 [ "colaborador" => "the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054611001224?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000003900000006/v1_201304101057/S0301054611001224/v1_201304101057/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Nitric oxide metabolites in allergic rhinitis: The effect of pollen allergen exposure" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "326" "paginaFinal" => "329" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "G. Ciprandi, M. Tosca, D. Fuchs" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "G." "apellidos" => "Ciprandi" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "gio.cip@libero.it" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Tosca" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Fuchs" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino – University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pneumology and Allergy Unit, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria" "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1146 "Ancho" => 1493 "Tamanyo" => 67587 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation between serum concentration of nitrite (μM) and intensity of symptoms as judged by the Visual Analogue Scale in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis evaluated during the pollen season; Spearman's correlation coefficient (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>s) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value are given (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>s<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.941; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Allergic rhinitis (AR) is typically an immune-mediated disease, characterised by a dysregulation of T-cell responses. An inflammatory cascade characterises AR: the allergen exposure induces mast cell activation by allergen-specific IgE. Activated mast cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors which induce an accumulation of inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, and lymphocytes in nasal mucosa.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> These inflammatory cells start a vicious cycle by producing more cytokines, chemotactic factors, and free radicals, including superoxide anion (O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">−</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–4</span></a> These events cause an enhanced vascular permeability and persistent inflammation of the nasal mucosa, finally resulting in obstruction. Nasal obstruction may be considered the main relevant symptom in AR.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Moreover, with the progression of mucosal oedema, a compression of blood vessels occurs, thus the blood flow declines and renders in turn an ischemic insult to the nasal mucosa.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Both mucosal oedema and ischaemia determine the objective finding at rhinoscopy characterised by a pale and swollen mucosa. Nasal obstruction is generated by vasodilation, the secretion of nasal glands and by exudation from the mucosal vasculature. A dense network of nerves surrounding these glands and blood vessels is believed to regulate nasal function. Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to be a co-transmitter of acetylcholine in parasympathetic nerve fibres of the central peripheral nervous system and can also modulate cholinergic effects in the vascular system and glands: the so-called nitrergic innervation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8</span></a> When considering the causes for the reduced nasal blood flow, it may include both the decrease in NO production and the mechanical compression, since NO is a potent vasodilating factor, generated by constitutive NO synthase in the endothelial cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> It has been reported that NO is reduced when the endothelium is impaired.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> However, few studies have addressed the role of NO in AR. A first study reported an increased concentration of NO, in the exhaled air in untreated AR patients compared with normal subjects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Increased NO production in nasal lavage fluid in the nose of patients with perennial AR was documented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> A recent study investigated the serum concentrations of nitrite in patients with AR,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> nitrite concentrations presenting an oxidation product of NO and other nitrogen-containing compounds.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This preliminary study was performed in order to compare serum nitrite concentrations in seasonal AR (SAR) patients during and outside the pollen exposure season.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and two patients (56 females, 46 males, median age: 28.7 years) were included in this study: 56 with SAR evaluated outside the pollen season and so without allergic inflammation and symptoms, and 46 with SAR evaluated during the pollen season with symptoms. AR diagnosis was made according to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) document.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> All allergic patients were sensitised to pollens alone and suffered from moderate to severe persistent Allergic Rhinitis since at least four years ago.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Ethical Committee approved the study and informed consent was obtained by each of the subjects.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to quantify the subjective feeling of nasal obstruction, as previously reported,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> in patients exposed to pollen allergens. It ranges from 0 (no obstruction) to 10 (complete obstruction). Patients were asked to position a cross on a line corresponding to their own perception of nasal obstruction.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concentrations of the stable NO metabolite nitrite were determined in serum applying the Griess reaction assay.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17,18</span></a> Using a Griess reaction system (Promega), sulphanilamide was quantitatively converted to a diazonium salt by reaction with NO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">−</span> in acid (phosphoric acid) conditions. The diazonium salt was then coupled to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span>(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED), forming an azo dye that was read at 540<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm in a spectrophotometer.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software package Medcalc 9 (Frank Schoonjans, BE). Descriptive statistics were first performed, and quantitative parameters were reported as the medians (MD) with interquartile ranges (IQR) due to the skewed distribution. Comparison of the nitrite concentrations in the two groups of patients was performed by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. Correlation between quantitative variables was evaluated by means of the Spearman's correlation coefficient (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>s). All tests were two sided and a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Serum nitrite concentrations significantly differed between SAR patients evaluated outside the pollen season (MD: 28.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μM, IQR: 18.9-50.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μM) compared to those obtained during the pollen season (MD: 7.25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μM, IQR: 4.4-13.9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μM; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−6.78, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover, there was a significant correlation between serum nitrite concentrations and VAS in SAR patients evaluated during the pollen season (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>s<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.941, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>)</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Discussion</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Allergic Rhinitis is sustained by an inflammatory reaction. Various populations of effector and regulatory T-cells have been shown to play a crucial role in allergic inflammation, mainly concerning Th2-type cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Th2-derived cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, are the primary pathogenic factors in inducing, maintaining, and amplifying inflammatory allergic inflammation. IL-4 and IL-13 orchestrate allergic inflammation promoting IgE synthesis, up-regulating adhesion molecules selective for eosinophil recruitment, and causing increased mucus production and airway hyperreactivity. Therefore, a cascade of inflammatory phenomena sustains the symptom occurrence, mainly concerning nasal obstruction. In fact, nasal obstruction severity is directly related to the intensity of allergic inflammation. Pollen allergy is characterised by more intense severity of both symptoms and nasal inflammation than AR due to perennial allergens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In this regard, the inflammatory oedema easily induces a compression of nasal blood vessels. This pathophysiological mechanism could partially explain the findings of this study.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study confirms and extends the earlier data reported by Unal et al. on a small group of SAR patients presenting with higher nitrite concentrations than healthy controls.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Moreover, we demonstrated a significant correlation between nitrite concentrations and symptom severity as assessed by the VAS. Increased nitrite concentrations could indicate higher activity of NOS in SAR patients outside the pollen season, which is suppressed during the pollen exposure season. According to the hypothesis of a shifted balance of Th1/Th2-type immunity during acute allergic responses, one might expect diminished production of Th1-type cytokine interferon–γ (IFN-γ) in the patients during seasonal exposure. So the decline of nitrite concentrations during the pollen season could be well explained by an increased Th2-type cytokine profile with lower IFN-γ production. Such speculation would also fit to the earlier described elevation of serum tryptophan concentrations in SAR patients outside the pollen season.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21,22</span></a> It is well documented that NO production strongly interferes with expression of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine(2,3)-dioxygenase (IDO).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Thus, when nitrite concentrations are higher in SAR patients outside the pollen season and due to higher NO production, an inhibition of IDO is likely and as a consequence tryptophan concentrations would increase. But still one has to keep in mind that increased nitrite concentrations can develop not only when NO production is manipulated, they represent a summary readout for the turn-over of nitrogen-containing amino acids and are thus of low specificity for NOS, and further studies are clearly needed to clarify the issues discussed.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover, patients evaluated during the pollen season have an intense nasal inflammation that could reduce the production of NO. To support this hypothesis there is a relationship between NO metabolites and perception of obstruction. The more intense the obstruction is, the more NO metabolism is impaired.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, this preliminary study has two main limitations: (i) serum NO metabolites were assessed in two different groups of patients and not in the same patients during and out of the pollen season, (ii) serum NO metabolites concentrations were not compared with nasal NO. On the other hand, the aim of the current preliminary study was to consider a more easy and available procedure (such as serum assessment) than nasal NO measurement, which requires specific instruments.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, this preliminary study demonstrates that serum NO metabolism depends on allergen exposure. Therefore, further studies should be performed to confirm these preliminary findings.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is no conflict of interest for any author.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xres86034" "titulo" => array:6 [ 0 => "Abstract" 1 => "Background" 2 => "Objective" 3 => "Methods" 4 => "Results" 5 => "Conclusion" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec74207" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack31847" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2010-12-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-01-11" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec74207" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Allergic rhinitis" 1 => "Serum" 2 => "Nitrite" 3 => "Pollen allergen exposure" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is characterised by an inflammation consequent to allergen exposure. Nitric oxide may be involved in allergic inflammation.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study evaluated the serum nitrite concentrations in SAR patients during and outside pollen exposure in order to estimate activity of nitric oxide synthases.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">One hundred and two (56 females, 46 males, median age: 28.7 years) were included in this study: 56 with SAR evaluated outside the pollen season and so without allergic inflammation and symptoms, and 46 with SAR evaluated during the pollen season with symptoms. Serum concentrations of nitrite were measured and in those patients exposed to pollens, results were compared to scores of the Visual Analogue Scale for nasal obstruction perception.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Serum nitrite concentrations were higher in SAR patients evaluated outside the pollen season (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−6.78; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001), moreover, there was a significant relationship between nasal obstruction perception and nitrite in patients evaluated during the pollen season.</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This preliminary study demonstrates that serum nitric oxide metabolism depends on allergen exposure.</p>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara">The authors confirm that the manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, as well as all authors approved the paper.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1326 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 72852 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Serum concentration of nitrite (μM) in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis evaluated during and outside the pollen season. Data are represented as medians (horizontal lines), interquartile ranges (boxes), ranges (vertical lines, excluding outliers) and p-value between the groups (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−6.78; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1146 "Ancho" => 1493 "Tamanyo" => 67587 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Correlation between serum concentration of nitrite (μM) and intensity of symptoms as judged by the Visual Analogue Scale in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis evaluated during the pollen season; Spearman's correlation coefficient (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>s) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value are given (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>s<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>−0.941; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.0001).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:23 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cytokine messenger RNA expression for IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, and GM-CSF in the nasal mucosa after local allergen provocation: relationship to tissue eosinophilia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.R. 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Fuchs" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.humimm.2010.05.017" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Hum Immunol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "71" "paginaInicial" => "911" "paginaFinal" => "915" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20540982" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interactions between nitric oxide and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "B.J. Samelson-Jones" 1 => "S.R. Yeh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1021/bi060143j" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Biochemistry" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "8527" "paginaFinal" => "8538" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834326" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xack31847" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors wish to thank Vania Giunta and Mara DeAmici (Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia) and Maria Gleinser (Innsbruck Medical University) for outstanding statistical and technical support.</p>" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03010546/0000003900000006/v1_201304101057/S030105461100111X/v1_201304101057/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5554" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000003900000006/v1_201304101057/S030105461100111X/v1_201304101057/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S030105461100111X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 2024 October | 29 | 4 | 33 |
| 2024 September | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2024 August | 39 | 9 | 48 |
| 2024 July | 46 | 5 | 51 |
| 2024 June | 27 | 6 | 33 |
| 2024 May | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2024 April | 38 | 3 | 41 |
| 2024 March | 61 | 17 | 78 |
| 2024 February | 73 | 4 | 77 |
| 2024 January | 80 | 6 | 86 |
| 2023 December | 49 | 15 | 64 |
| 2023 November | 39 | 15 | 54 |
| 2023 October | 47 | 14 | 61 |
| 2023 September | 42 | 4 | 46 |
| 2023 August | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2023 July | 35 | 16 | 51 |
| 2023 June | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2023 May | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2023 April | 9 | 0 | 9 |
| 2023 March | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2023 February | 8 | 12 | 20 |
| 2023 January | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2022 December | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2022 November | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2022 October | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2022 September | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2022 August | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2022 July | 6 | 9 | 15 |
| 2022 June | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2022 May | 20 | 5 | 25 |
| 2022 April | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2022 March | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2022 February | 6 | 5 | 11 |
| 2022 January | 11 | 11 | 22 |
| 2021 December | 10 | 7 | 17 |
| 2021 November | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2021 October | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2021 September | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2021 August | 7 | 14 | 21 |
| 2021 July | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2021 June | 10 | 8 | 18 |
| 2021 May | 11 | 9 | 20 |
| 2021 April | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2021 March | 11 | 24 | 35 |
| 2021 February | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2021 January | 4 | 8 | 12 |
| 2020 December | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2020 August | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2020 July | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2020 June | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2020 May | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2020 March | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2020 February | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2020 January | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 December | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 September | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 2019 July | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2019 June | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| 2019 May | 0 | 13 | 13 |
| 2018 February | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2018 January | 7 | 0 | 7 |
| 2017 December | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2017 November | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2017 October | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2017 September | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2017 August | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2017 July | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2017 June | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2017 May | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 2017 April | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2017 March | 14 | 16 | 30 |
| 2017 February | 22 | 0 | 22 |
| 2017 January | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2016 December | 21 | 1 | 22 |
| 2016 November | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2016 October | 40 | 6 | 46 |
| 2016 September | 28 | 4 | 32 |
| 2016 August | 13 | 1 | 14 |
| 2016 July | 6 | 2 | 8 |
| 2016 June | 19 | 13 | 32 |
| 2016 May | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2016 April | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2016 March | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2016 February | 14 | 8 | 22 |
| 2016 January | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2015 December | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2015 November | 13 | 4 | 17 |
| 2015 October | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2015 September | 20 | 4 | 24 |
| 2015 August | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2015 July | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2015 June | 11 | 0 | 11 |
| 2015 May | 9 | 3 | 12 |
| 2015 April | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2015 March | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 2015 February | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2015 January | 15 | 1 | 16 |
| 2014 December | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2014 November | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2014 October | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2014 September | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2014 August | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2014 July | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2014 June | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2014 May | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2014 April | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2014 March | 20 | 9 | 29 |
| 2014 February | 31 | 6 | 37 |
| 2014 January | 32 | 6 | 38 |
| 2013 December | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| 2013 November | 16 | 5 | 21 |
| 2013 October | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2013 September | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2013 August | 49 | 14 | 63 |
| 2013 July | 38 | 17 | 55 |
| 2013 June | 20 | 2 | 22 |
| 2013 May | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2013 April | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2013 March | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2013 February | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2013 January | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2012 December | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 2012 November | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| 2012 October | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2011 November | 431 | 0 | 431 |
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