covid
Buscar en
Allergologia et Immunopathologia
Toda la web
Inicio Allergologia et Immunopathologia Serum IgE discriminates allergy from sensitisation better than skin testing
Journal Information

Statistics

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

Research Letter
Serum IgE discriminates allergy from sensitisation better than skin testing
Roberta Alesinaa, Mara De Amicib, Giorgio Ciprandic,
Corresponding author
gio.cip@libero.it

Corresponding author.
a Department of Respiratory Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
b Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
c Allergy and Respiratory Diseases Clinic, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, Genova, Italy
Read
2111
Times
was read the article
650
Total PDF
1461
Total HTML
Share statistics
 array:23 [
  "pii" => "S0301054612002765"
  "issn" => "03010546"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2012.09.002"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-03-01"
  "aid" => "445"
  "copyright" => "SEICAP"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2012"
  "documento" => "simple-article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "cor"
  "cita" => "Allergol  Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42:171-3"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 737
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 6
      "HTML" => 487
      "PDF" => 244
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0301054612002704"
    "issn" => "03010546"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2012.10.005"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-03-01"
    "aid" => "439"
    "copyright" => "SEICAP"
    "documento" => "simple-article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "cor"
    "cita" => "Allergol  Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42:173-5"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 1175
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 5
        "HTML" => 597
        "PDF" => 573
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:10 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Research letter</span>"
      "titulo" => "Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema induced by two different antibiotics"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "173"
          "paginaFinal" => "175"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1806
              "Ancho" => 1500
              "Tamanyo" => 244761
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demarcated pruritic erythematous papulovesicular rash with slight desquamation in right axillary region&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "C&#46; Can, M&#46; Yazicioglu, P&#46;G&#46; Ozdemir, S&#46; Kilavuz, E&#46; Tastekin"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Can"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Yazicioglu"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "P&#46;G&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Ozdemir"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "S&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Kilavuz"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Tastekin"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054612002704?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03010546/0000004200000002/v1_201403270032/S0301054612002704/v1_201403270032/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0301054612002674"
    "issn" => "03010546"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2012.10.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-03-01"
    "aid" => "436"
    "copyright" => "SEICAP"
    "documento" => "simple-article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "cor"
    "cita" => "Allergol  Immunopathol &#40;Madr&#41;. 2014;42:169-71"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 717
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 11
        "HTML" => 459
        "PDF" => 247
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:9 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Research letter</span>"
      "titulo" => "Short-term improvement in health-related quality of life in adult rhinitis&#47;asthma patients treated with Acaroid<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "169"
          "paginaFinal" => "171"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "D&#46; Cruz Niesvaara, J&#46;A&#46; Cumplido Bonny, H&#46;R&#46; Hern&#225;ndez Su&#225;rez, L&#46; Almeida Quintana, T&#46; Carrillo D&#237;az"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "D&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Cruz Niesvaara"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Cumplido Bonny"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "H&#46;R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Hern&#225;ndez Su&#225;rez"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Almeida Quintana"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "T&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Carrillo D&#237;az"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054612002674?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03010546/0000004200000002/v1_201403270032/S0301054612002674/v1_201403270032/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:14 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Research Letter</span>"
    "titulo" => "Serum IgE discriminates allergy from sensitisation better than skin testing"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "saludo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">To the Editor</span>&#44;"
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "171"
        "paginaFinal" => "173"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Roberta Alesina, Mara De Amici, Giorgio Ciprandi"
        "autores" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Roberta"
            "apellidos" => "Alesina"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Mara"
            "apellidos" => "De Amici"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Giorgio"
            "apellidos" => "Ciprandi"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "gio&#46;cip&#64;libero&#46;it"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Respiratory Diseases&#44; Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo&#44; Pavia&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Pediatric Clinic&#44; Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo&#44; Pavia&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Allergy and Respiratory Diseases Clinic&#44; IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino&#44; Genova&#44; Italy"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2266
            "Ancho" => 2713
            "Tamanyo" => 277115
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Percentage of patients with sensitisation and allergy&#46; &#40;b&#41; Specific IgE distribution &#40;kU&#47;L&#41; evaluated in patients with allergy &#40;causal allergens&#41; or with sensitisation &#40;sensitising allergens&#41; to aeroallergens with skin prick test 4&#43;&#46; Values were represented as medians &#40;black line&#41;&#44; quartiles &#40;25th and 75th percentiles&#44; white box&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value between the groups&#46; &#40;c&#41; ROC curve and &#40;d&#41; discrimination ability of the chosen cut-off of 9&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU&#47;L for the specific IgE levels in patients with sensitisation or allergy to aeroallergens with skin prick test 4&#43;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respiratory allergies&#44; such as allergic rhinitis and asthma&#44; are a frequent disorder affecting up to 40&#37; of the general population&#46; Allergic disorders are characterised by abnormal production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin-E &#40;IgE&#41;&#46; IgE may be easily evaluated at serum level&#46; Thus&#44; serum specific IgE may be considered a biomarker for identifying the allergic phenotype&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sensitisation is the immune phenomenon defined by the production of allergen-specific IgE&#46; Sensitisation may be demonstrated by positive skin prick test &#40;SPT&#41; or serum IgE measurement&#46; However&#44; sensitisation does not correspond to allergy&#46; In fact&#44; the diagnosis of allergic disorders is based on the demonstration of a cause-effect relationship&#58; such as the occurrence of symptom consequent to the inhalation of the allergen causing sensitisation&#46; In this regard&#44; positive SPT is a necessary&#44; but not sufficient&#44; condition for diagnosing allergy&#46; The diagnostic pathway should consider the history of the individual patient&#46; Therefore&#44; managing allergic patients well is mandatory to optimise medical resources&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin prick tests are considered positive when the cutaneous reaction is equal &#40;graded as &#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; or more &#40;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#41; than that provoked by histamine&#46; Consequently&#44; there are only two grades of cutaneous positivity&#58; &#43;&#43;&#43; or &#43;&#43;&#43;&#43;&#46; On the contrary&#44; serum IgE assessment allows a wider scale ranging from 0&#46;35 to &#62;100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU&#47;L&#46; Therefore&#44; the hypothesis is that serum IgE measurement might be more useful than SPT in discriminating sensitisation from true allergy&#46; To test this thinking&#44; we evaluated a group of consecutive subjects reporting respiratory symptoms suggestive for allergy&#44; i&#46;e&#46; nasal itching&#44; sneezing&#44; watery rhinorrhoea&#44; nasal obstruction&#44; occurring after exposure to allergens&#46; All patients referred to the Respiratory Diseases Clinic of the San Matteo Hospital of Pavia &#40;Italy&#41;&#46; All patients were visited and SPT was performed according to the EAACI guidelines&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The procedure was approved by the Review Board and all patients gave a written informed consent&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We considered only patients with SPT 4&#43;&#44; hypothesising that the maximal cutaneous response could be useful to discriminate true allergy&#46; Thus&#44; 122 patients &#40;71 males&#44; mean age 33&#46;2 years&#41; were further studied&#44; also assessing serum specific IgE&#46; Serum-specific IgE were detected by the IFMA procedure &#40;ImmunoCAP Thermo Fisher Scientific&#41; in peripheral blood samples from patients&#46; Quantitative specific IgE concentrations were expressed in kU&#47;L according to the traceable calibration to the 2nd IRP WHO for Human IgE&#46; Specific IgE levels were considered positive over 0&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU&#47;L&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software package Medcalc 9 &#40;Frank Schoonjans&#44; BE&#41;&#46; Medians &#40;md&#41; and percentiles &#40;25th and 75th&#44; IQR&#41; were used as descriptive statistics&#46; The non-parametric Wilcoxon&#39;s test was used to compare samples&#46; The non-parametric Kruskal&#8211;Wallis rank test was performed to evaluate the analysis of variance between groups of patients&#46; In addition&#44; a receiver operating characteristic &#40;ROC&#41; curve analysis was performed in order to determine a cut-off for sIgE that could optimise the sensitivity and the specificity of the test&#44; to identify patients&#8217; aeroallergens sensitisation or allergy&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#8804;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The comparison between history and positive allergy testing revealed that 42&#46;6&#37; of patients were true allergic&#44; while 57&#46;4&#37; were only sensitised&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a&#46; Moreover&#44; serum IgE levels were significantly higher &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; in patients with allergy rather than in patients with sensitisation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>b&#41;&#46; The ROC analysis showed a sIgE concentration &#62;9&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU&#47;L to be the optimal cut-off to discriminate sensitisation and allergy&#46; The associated sensitivity and specificity were 77&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI 71&#46;6&#8211;82&#46;3&#41; and 75&#46;5&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI 70&#46;3&#8211;80&#46;2&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; The positive and negative predictive values were 71&#46;9&#37; and 80&#46;4&#37;&#46; The corresponding area under the ROC curve of 0&#46;831 &#40;95&#37; CI 0&#46;797&#8211;0&#46;861&#41; indicated a good discriminating ability &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c and d&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; this study&#44; conducted on a real life basis&#44; demonstrates that true allergy is documented in less than 50&#37; of sensitisation&#46; This finding is clinically relevant&#44; overall concerning the decision of prescribing allergen-specific immunotherapy&#46; Therefore&#44; SPT could be considered a first line testing&#58; useful for selecting patients with possible allergy&#46; On the contrary&#44; serum-IgE measurement may be a reliable tool for identifying true allergic patients and choosing the allergen extract for immunotherapy&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Protection of human subjects and animals</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the responsible Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with those of the World Medical Association and the Helsinki Declaration&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The author for correspondence is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:3 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0010"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        2 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Reference"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "multimedia" => array:1 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2266
            "Ancho" => 2713
            "Tamanyo" => 277115
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Percentage of patients with sensitisation and allergy&#46; &#40;b&#41; Specific IgE distribution &#40;kU&#47;L&#41; evaluated in patients with allergy &#40;causal allergens&#41; or with sensitisation &#40;sensitising allergens&#41; to aeroallergens with skin prick test 4&#43;&#46; Values were represented as medians &#40;black line&#41;&#44; quartiles &#40;25th and 75th percentiles&#44; white box&#41;&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value between the groups&#46; &#40;c&#41; ROC curve and &#40;d&#41; discrimination ability of the chosen cut-off of 9&#46;58<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU&#47;L for the specific IgE levels in patients with sensitisation or allergy to aeroallergens with skin prick test 4&#43;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Reference"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:1 [
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "titulo" => "EAACI Subcommittee on skin tests"
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "1989"
                        "volumen" => "44"
                        "paginaInicial" => "22"
                        "paginaFinal" => "31"
                        "editores" => "S&#46;Dreborg"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/03010546/0000004200000002/v1_201403270032/S0301054612002765/v1_201403270032/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "5550"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Research letters"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000004200000002/v1_201403270032/S0301054612002765/v1_201403270032/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054612002765?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Article information
ISSN: 03010546
Original language: English
The statistics are updated each day
Year/Month Html Pdf Total
2024 November 3 1 4
2024 October 26 12 38
2024 September 26 9 35
2024 August 16 9 25
2024 July 19 10 29
2024 June 12 7 19
2024 May 19 10 29
2024 April 26 6 32
2024 March 26 9 35
2024 February 44 9 53
2024 January 37 5 42
2023 December 28 8 36
2023 November 25 4 29
2023 October 27 13 40
2023 September 16 2 18
2023 August 15 8 23
2023 July 14 7 21
2023 June 13 2 15
2023 May 24 5 29
2023 April 17 6 23
2023 March 33 1 34
2023 February 18 2 20
2023 January 17 5 22
2022 December 27 7 34
2022 November 21 6 27
2022 October 29 7 36
2022 September 29 7 36
2022 August 34 11 45
2022 July 19 16 35
2022 June 14 6 20
2022 May 19 14 33
2022 April 19 5 24
2022 March 11 6 17
2022 February 7 9 16
2022 January 19 4 23
2021 December 11 7 18
2021 November 21 10 31
2021 October 16 16 32
2021 September 12 10 22
2021 August 11 7 18
2021 July 14 13 27
2021 June 18 6 24
2021 May 12 8 20
2021 April 52 21 73
2021 March 33 12 45
2021 February 11 29 40
2021 January 13 7 20
2020 December 1 0 1
2020 November 0 5 5
2020 September 0 2 2
2020 August 0 1 1
2020 July 0 1 1
2020 June 0 1 1
2020 May 0 1 1
2020 March 0 1 1
2020 February 0 1 1
2020 January 0 2 2
2019 December 0 1 1
2019 October 0 1 1
2019 September 0 2 2
2019 June 0 14 14
2019 May 0 14 14
2018 February 20 4 24
2018 January 18 2 20
2017 December 14 2 16
2017 November 16 2 18
2017 October 8 0 8
2017 September 9 1 10
2017 August 6 3 9
2017 July 8 0 8
2017 June 7 9 16
2017 May 17 2 19
2017 April 11 1 12
2017 March 13 46 59
2017 February 15 0 15
2017 January 13 0 13
2016 December 7 11 18
2016 November 15 2 17
2016 October 28 2 30
2016 September 16 4 20
2016 August 16 5 21
2016 July 12 3 15
2016 June 27 8 35
2016 May 11 13 24
2016 April 26 8 34
2016 March 16 6 22
2016 February 12 9 21
2016 January 12 10 22
2015 December 13 5 18
2015 November 16 2 18
2015 October 20 7 27
2015 September 23 3 26
2015 August 8 3 11
2015 July 4 2 6
2015 May 4 1 5
2015 April 10 9 19
2015 March 9 6 15
2015 February 2 0 2
2015 January 0 3 3
2014 December 0 1 1
2014 November 0 1 1
2014 October 1 1 2
2014 August 1 2 3
2014 June 2 1 3
2014 April 1 8 9
2014 March 0 1 1
Show all

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos