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array:22 [ "pii" => "S0301054614000767" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2014.06.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01" "aid" => "614" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "edi" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42:267-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 847 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 8 "HTML" => 418 "PDF" => 421 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0301054613001900" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2013.06.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01" "aid" => "535" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2014;42:269-74" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 565 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 5 "HTML" => 330 "PDF" => 230 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Double-blind food challenges in children in general paediatric practice: Useful and safe, but not without pitfalls" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "269" "paginaFinal" => "274" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C.J. Oole-Groen, P.L.P. Brand" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C.J." "apellidos" => "Oole-Groen" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P.L.P." "apellidos" => "Brand" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054613001900?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000004200000004/v1_201407030035/S0301054613001900/v1_201407030035/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Are profilins relevant allergens or confusion allergens?" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "267" "paginaFinal" => "268" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "C.A. Sánchez-Salguero" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C.A." "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Salguero" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "libraygeminis@hotmail.com" ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Pediatric Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Advances in the techniques used to study allergic patients have allowed us to recognize multiple mistakes made in the past, and thus to avoid prescribing patient immunotherapy treatments that are not fully valid.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the major achievements has been the molecular diagnosis of allergic diseases. In effect, while in the past we only had gross determinations of specific IgE to pollens, we can now identify which specific protein triggers the allergic reaction in many of our patients. Moreover, a group of these proteins are known to cluster in panallergen families which exhibit great similarity in their three-dimensional structure, causing the emergence of cross-reactions between the proteins. Several panallergen families have been identified – the profilins being an example of great clinical relevance.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Profilins are small proteins with a molecular weight ranging between 12 and 19<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa, and are present in all eukaryotic organisms,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> including plants.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> They participate in numerous biological processes such as cell cytoskeletal reorganization and the regulation of actin polymerization–depolymerization. They likewise intervene in cell structure and mobility, and play a critical role in cell division, embryogenesis and cytokinesis.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike plant calcium binding allergens from plants, which are present in most pollens, profilins are part of the storage tissues of plants (fruits, nuts, spices, latex) and, therefore, are also responsible for cross-reactivity between pollens and foods, and even between pollens and latex. Of all cases of cross-reactivity in pollen-food syndrome, profilin sensitization accounts for at least 20%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Profilins have highly preserved sequences, with identities of between 70 and 85% (Ole Bet v2 and Ole e2) and a prevalence of 20% in most patients allergic to pollen. However, there are exceptions such as Chenopodium profilin (Chenopodium album, Che 2), with a reported prevalence of 50% that has caused it to be regarded as the major allergen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Profilin was first described more than three decades ago, with a molecular weight of 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kDa, joined the monomers and inhibited actin polymerization; as a result, these proteins are named after their property of maintaining profilamentous actin (PRO-FILamentous actIN).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Profilins as allergens are found in pollens of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Phleum pratense</span> (Phl p 12), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cynodon dactylon</span> (Cyn d 2), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Artemisia vulgaris</span> (Art v 4), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Zea mays</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Triticum aestiviam</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Parietaria judaica</span> (Par j 3), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Chenopodium album</span> (Che a 2), ambrosia elatior, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Olea europaea</span> (Ole e 2), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corylus avellana</span> (2 Cor), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Agnus aglutinosa</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Castanea sativa</span>, palm (Pho d 2), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mercuriales annua</span> (Mer 1), and also in plant foods such as apple (Mal d 4), peach (Pru p 4), melon (Cuc m 2), watermelon, banana (Mus xp 1), celery (Api g 4), carrot (Dau c 4), hazelnut (Cor a 2), peanut (Ara h 5), cherry (Prop av 4), pear (Pyr c 4), pineapple (Ana c 1), tomato (Lyc e 1), soybean (Gly m 3), pepper (Cap 2) and even latex (Hev b 8).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5,6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With respect to tree pollens, there is cross-reactivity in families of the order Fagales, including birch, hazel, alder, hornbeam and beech, with their respective allergens Bet v 1, Cor a 1, Aln g 1 and Car b1, for which there is a sequence identity of over 70%. Oleacea is of particular relevance, since Ole e 1 has high sequence identity with homologous allergens: 91% with Fra e1, and 88% and 90% with Lig v1 and v1 Syr.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4–7</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Allergenic plant profilins are highly preserved amino acids sequences. In contrast, non-allergenic profilins from other eukaryotes have lesser identities of close to 30%. One aspect worth noting is that the sequence of the amino and carboxyl terminals of profilins in lower animals, plants and fungi are highly preserved, whereas among vertebrates they are highly divergent. This feature is responsible for the cross-reactivity that occurs in this family of panallergens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In northern and central Europe profilins have been identified as one of the four major allergens, because patients allergic to Rosaceae cross-react with birch pollen and/or grasses, with the recognition of specific IgE for profilin in less than 20% of the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> In Spain sensitization to date palm, a common tree in the Mediterranean region, ranges from 5.6% in Elche to 29.4% in Zaragoza, but this type of pollen has not been found in monosensitized patients – thus suggesting cross-reactivity between pollens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> Indeed, palm pollen extracts contain between 25 and 50 times the amount of the grass profilin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is at this point that mention should be made of the article reviewing “Profilin sensitization in a Mediterranean population”. This study aimed to describe the increased prevalence of sensitization to profilin through prick test techniques using date palm pollen (Pho d 2) in patients with respiratory disease living in southeast Spain, identify the profilin profile, and calculate the correlation between sensitization to inhaled profilin and plant allergens with respect to sensitization to plant-derived food allergens. To this effect a large study population of 654 people with an age ranging from 3 to 82 years (mean 24.4 years) was recruited.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This dispersion in the age of the patients is one of the first discordant points of the study, because we have no figures by age groups. In this sense, attempts to assess the pediatric population would be highly influenced by the adult population, in which palm pollen sensitization would be greater if only because of the exposure time.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aforementioned study used a large battery of allergens in the prick-test, which represent most pollens of the geographical area, including palm tree profiling, as most similar studies already published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,6,10,11</span></a> It found no statistically significant association between olive pollen and profilin, or between Cupressus and profilin, though an association was indeed observed with the rest of pollens. This is in contrast to other authors who have evaluated and observed associations, especially with olive.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12–14</span></a></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It also should be mentioned that the most common foods implicated in allergic reactions are peach and nuts, and a number of studies support this association.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although it is true that this is the first study of its kind that takes place in the authors’ geographical area, it is not the first published: in 2013 the ESPLORA published the results of a multicentre study designed to determine the profiles of sensitization in pediatric patients between 2 and 14 years of age, and concluded that pediatric patients living in areas of high exposure to many allergens are polysensitized to panallergens. The implementation of new diagnostic tools is therefore essential for establishing a correct diagnosis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are even authors who claim that the detection of IgE reactivity to a single protein marker (Bet v 2) would be sufficient to diagnose or rule out sensitization to profilin. The detection of IgE against multiple homologous protein allergens with no cross-reactivity is clinically more informative, although increases the risk of confusion or misinterpretation.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, although the passing of time has led physicians to adapt to new research techniques, such as molecular diagnostic procedures, we are in danger of forgetting that the allergic patient is not a poly-prick test patient; we should use these techniques to obtain further information and especially to avoid errors in prescribing immunotherapy.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The profile of profilins" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "B.M. 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2022 December | 17 | 6 | 23 |
2022 November | 18 | 12 | 30 |
2022 October | 17 | 15 | 32 |
2022 September | 27 | 17 | 44 |
2022 August | 17 | 7 | 24 |
2022 July | 17 | 7 | 24 |
2022 June | 14 | 9 | 23 |
2022 May | 20 | 11 | 31 |
2022 April | 16 | 15 | 31 |
2022 March | 10 | 6 | 16 |
2022 February | 7 | 11 | 18 |
2022 January | 16 | 3 | 19 |
2021 December | 7 | 12 | 19 |
2021 November | 13 | 16 | 29 |
2021 October | 13 | 19 | 32 |
2021 September | 15 | 17 | 32 |
2021 August | 15 | 4 | 19 |
2021 July | 6 | 9 | 15 |
2021 June | 15 | 10 | 25 |
2021 May | 9 | 24 | 33 |
2021 April | 13 | 10 | 23 |
2021 March | 5 | 11 | 16 |
2021 February | 16 | 3 | 19 |
2021 January | 7 | 11 | 18 |
2020 December | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2020 November | 0 | 4 | 4 |
2020 August | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2020 July | 0 | 2 | 2 |
2020 May | 0 | 9 | 9 |
2020 April | 0 | 3 | 3 |
2020 March | 0 | 5 | 5 |
2020 February | 0 | 9 | 9 |
2020 January | 0 | 6 | 6 |
2019 December | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2019 November | 0 | 2 | 2 |
2019 September | 0 | 3 | 3 |
2019 August | 0 | 6 | 6 |
2019 July | 0 | 12 | 12 |
2019 June | 0 | 8 | 8 |
2019 May | 0 | 14 | 14 |
2019 April | 0 | 21 | 21 |
2019 March | 0 | 2 | 2 |
2019 February | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2019 January | 0 | 3 | 3 |
2018 December | 0 | 4 | 4 |
2018 February | 12 | 0 | 12 |
2018 January | 1 | 4 | 5 |
2017 December | 5 | 3 | 8 |
2017 November | 6 | 6 | 12 |
2017 October | 2 | 6 | 8 |
2017 September | 11 | 9 | 20 |
2017 August | 8 | 3 | 11 |
2017 July | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2017 June | 13 | 14 | 27 |
2017 May | 20 | 9 | 29 |
2017 April | 9 | 11 | 20 |
2017 March | 13 | 5 | 18 |
2017 February | 7 | 8 | 15 |
2017 January | 2 | 3 | 5 |
2016 December | 12 | 9 | 21 |
2016 November | 17 | 15 | 32 |
2016 October | 33 | 4 | 37 |
2016 September | 18 | 2 | 20 |
2016 August | 19 | 3 | 22 |
2016 July | 10 | 4 | 14 |
2016 June | 19 | 7 | 26 |
2016 May | 13 | 10 | 23 |
2016 April | 13 | 13 | 26 |
2016 March | 21 | 17 | 38 |
2016 February | 12 | 21 | 33 |
2016 January | 10 | 20 | 30 |
2015 December | 12 | 17 | 29 |
2015 November | 6 | 15 | 21 |
2015 October | 22 | 18 | 40 |
2015 September | 8 | 6 | 14 |
2015 August | 18 | 6 | 24 |
2015 July | 10 | 8 | 18 |
2015 May | 0 | 2 | 2 |
2015 April | 0 | 2 | 2 |
2015 March | 1 | 3 | 4 |
2015 February | 2 | 1 | 3 |
2015 January | 2 | 2 | 4 |
2014 December | 1 | 0 | 1 |
2014 November | 2 | 3 | 5 |
2014 October | 3 | 2 | 5 |
2014 September | 3 | 3 | 6 |
2014 August | 3 | 9 | 12 |
2014 July | 11 | 26 | 37 |