Factors associated to recurrent wheezing in infants under one year of age in the province of Salamanca, Spain: Is intervention possible? A predictive model

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"apellidos" => "García-Marcos" "email" => array:3 [ 0 => "lgmarcos@um.es" 1 => "jpellegrini@wanadoo.es" 2 => "jpellegrini@usal.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Primary Care Pediatrician, Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, El Pino Hospital, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Chile" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pediatrics, University of Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1910 "Ancho" => 1538 "Tamanyo" => 169529 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Classification tree with the different probabilities of developing recurrent wheezing during the first year of life, with the variables found to be significant in the multivariate analysis, for infants with asthmatic mothers. Abbreviations: AM: asthmatic mother, IE: infant eczema, SM: smoking mother, MD: Mediterranean diet, NS: attended nursery school." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionWheezing, because of its tendency to recur, is one of the most common problems in the first months of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">1</a> The lack of specificity of the clinical manifestations, the variability of patient response to the existing treatments, and the association between wheezing and viral infections in this age group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">2</a> can have a significant impact upon the quality of life of both the infant and the family,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">3</a> with an increase in the use of healthcare resources,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">4</a> and an important economic impact.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">5</a>Many studies have addressed wheezing in infants, although most have focused on viral causes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225">6–8</a> or on the influence of allergies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240">9,10</a> In turn, some authors have related wheezing to obstetric antecedents,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">11</a> early exposure to certain allergens,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">12</a> immune alterations caused by certain environmental exposures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">13,14</a> or the administration of certain medications during pregnancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">15</a>A group of Spanish coordinators of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">16</a> developed the International Study on Wheezing in Nursing Infants (Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes (EISL)) to determine the prevalence of wheezing, its severity and risk factors in the first 12 months of life.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">17</a> These and other previous as well as subsequent studies have indicated that there are other factors apart from viral infections that might interact and condition the presence of recurrent wheezing (RW) in the first months of life, such as infant gender, attending nursery school, diet, characteristics of the home, pets, maternal diet during pregnancy, smoking, the presence of siblings, pneumonia, etc.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">1,18–21</a> The objective of the present study was to identify risk factors that may be acted upon in order to modify the evolution of recurrent wheezing in the first months of life. In this respect, a predictive model was developed, based on certain risk or protective factors, capable of predicting the probability of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life – with the evaluation of variations in probability according to changes in one or more factors.Material and methodsStudy designA sample corresponding to one-year-old infants born in the province of Salamanca, Spain between 1 June 2008 and 31 May 2010 was drawn from a cross-sectional, multicentre, descriptive epidemiological study based on the general population.Study subjectsThe EISL questionnaire has been validated in Spain and Latin America,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">22</a> and the results were found to be equivalent to those reported for other questionnaires developed for use in large studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310">23</a> The questionnaire comprises 118 items with questions referring to demographic characteristics, the home and surroundings of the infant, the eating habits of the mother during pregnancy, disease and medications used, complications at delivery, family antecedents of atopic disorders, a history of eczema in the infant, wheezing and its characteristics and severity, and the treatments provided. The questionnaire was distributed among the parents of infants visiting all the primary care centres (urban and rural) in the province of Salamanca for the regular scheduled visit at 12 months of age and for triple viral vaccination at 15 months of age. However, in the case of 15-month-old infants, the parents were informed that the questions all referred to the first year of life only.Infants with incomplete or incorrectly completed questionnaires were excluded, as were those in which the number of wheezing episodes was not known, and those cases in which the parents failed to give consent. A total of 1164 children were studied, corresponding to a questionnaire response rate of 71%.DefinitionsWheezing was considered to have occurred when the parents gave an affirmative answer to the following question: “Has your child experienced wheezing or whistling sounds in the chest in the first 12 months of life?” Recurrent wheezing (RW) in turn was defined as three or more wheezing episodes in the first year of life.Childhood eczema was defined when the parents gave an affirmative answer to the following question: “Has your child developed itchy red areas on the skin that come and go anywhere on the body except around the mouth, nose and area covered by the diapers?”The questionnaire was not specifically designed to determine whether the mother had followed a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy. Nevertheless, the diet was considered to have been followed when the mother gave affirmative answers to the following questions referring to eating habits: “Do you eat olive oil and white or blue fish three or more times a week? Fruit or fruit juice three or more times a week? Fresh or cooked vegetables or salad three or more times a week? Legumes or cereals (bread) or pasta three or more times a week? Eggs two or more times a week? Milk or yoghurt three or more times a week?”Study variablesThe primary study variable was the presence or absence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life, and was used as the dependent variable in the statistical association analyses.Data analysisThe questionnaires were scanned (Fujitsu M4097D) using Remark Office Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) v6 software (Principia products, Paoli, PA, USA).Qualitative variables were reported as frequencies and percentages, while the mean and standard error were calculated in the case of quantitative variables.Statistical significance of the association of qualitative variables was assessed using the chi-squared test and odds ratio (OR), with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Statistical significance was considered for p<0.05.The statistical analyses were made with the SPSS version 18 statistical package. Calculation of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals was carried out using a Microsoft Excel 2007 application.Following univariate logistic regression analysis to identify the variables significantly (p<0.05) related to the presence of recurrent wheezing, a multiple logistic regression model was developed to establish the probability of recurrent wheezing and quantify the contribution of each variable in the presence of the rest. The results were synthesized in the form of classification trees constructed from the probabilities estimated by the model:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Ethical approvalInformed consent was requested from the parents before including the patients in the study, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the area of Salamanca.ResultsThe study included a total of 1164 infants, and presented a response rate of 71% (603 males (51.8%) and 561 females (48.2%)). The infant birth weight was 3030±770g, with a height at birth of 49.48±3.46cm.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the results referring to the risk factors studied in the infants that suffered recurrent wheezing (RW) in the first year of life, with the corresponding odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Statistical significance as risk factors for the development of RW in the first year of life was identified for: a briefer duration of exclusive breastfeeding (OR 1.53 (95%CI 1.12–2.10)), nursery school attendance (2.09 (1.53–2.86)), the presence of eczema in the infant (2.69 (1.93–3.74)), a history of asthma in the mother (1.91 (1.16–3.13)), the regular consumption of so-called fast foods during pregnancy (3.96 (2.18–7.19)), and the presence of certain pets (birds and rabbits/hamsters) both at birth and after birth (1.86 (1.16–2.96)). Although no correlation to smoking was found throughout pregnancy (1.16 (0.75–1.79)), on separately considering smoking in the different trimesters of pregnancy, an association was identified when the mother smoked in the second and third trimesters (1.63 (1.07–2.50) and 1.82 (1.20–2.77), respectively), and after delivery (1.47 (81.04–2.10)). In contrast, a lower birth weight (0.41 (0.21–078)) and consumption of the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy (0.91 (0.87–0.95)) were identified as protective factors.Taking into account the above findings, we developed the logistic regression model, considering all the aforementioned significant variables, as described in Material and methods. The results are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The following variables were excluded from the model: exclusive breastfeeding ≤3 months (p=0.092); smoking in the mother during the second trimester (p=0.863); and current smoking in the mother (p=0.457). This means that after considering the variable smoking during the third trimester, the other two variables related to smoking did not contribute significant information, in the same way as exclusive breastfeeding.Attending nursery school, presenting eczema, an asthmatic mother, and maternal smoking during the last three months of pregnancy were significant risk factors for RW. Mediterranean diet during pregnancy in turn exerted a significant protective effect against RW (see OR and 95%CI values in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>).The model for estimating the probability of RW is expressed as follows:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>AM: asthmatic mother, IE: infant eczema, SM: smoking mother, MD: Mediterranean diet, NS: attended nursery school.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a> show the results in the form of classification trees (that of the first figure being based on whether the mother suffered asthma or not).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>In this regard, infants presenting eczema and attending nursery school, with a mother who has asthma, smoked during the last trimester of pregnancy, and did not follow a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy were found to have a 79.7% probability of suffering recurrent wheezing (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).In contrast, infants with mothers presenting none of these factors had a mere 4.1% probability of suffering recurrent wheezing (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).The mathematical model developed exhibited a true-positive rate of 81.48% and a specificity of 99.5%. Overall, the correct classification rate was 89.7% (efficacy of the model). Both the false-positive and false-negative rates were low (10.11% and 18.52%, respectively).DiscussionAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood, and wheezing is often detected in the first months of life. This high prevalence suggests that there are different subgroups of infants exhibiting different inflammatory responses to a range of triggering factors, and this has led to many studies on the subject in recent years.In this sense, many authors have examined the presence of wheezing in nursing infants. The recently published data of the EISL,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">1,18,20,21,24,25</a> as well as those of our own group,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290">19</a> have revealed great variability in the statistical significance of the risk factors for wheezing and RW in different parts of the countries and in different centres.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325">26</a>Some authors have investigated the relationship between certain nutrients during pregnancy and the development of RW or asthma in the first months of life. In this respect, Miyake et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330">27</a> found an increased intake of dairy products, calcium, vitamin D, alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy to be associated with a decrease in RW at 16 and 24 months of age. Castro et al. in turn observed an association between olive oil consumption during pregnancy and a lesser incidence of RW in infants under one year of age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335">28</a> In our study we found a statistically significant relationship between consumption of a Mediterranean diet on the part of the mother during pregnancy and the development of RW in the infant. The association was strong enough to enter the predictive model. Such an association has also been reported in older children,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340">29</a> in some cases relating a Mediterranean diet and obesity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345">30</a>The relationship between RW in infants and a family history of atopy is known, although our group only found an association between RW and maternal asthma – in coincidence with the observation of other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335">28,31</a>Regarding breastfeeding, and in concordance with other investigators,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285">18,32–35</a> we observed a lesser proportion of RW among the infants exclusively breastfed for more than three months, compared with those infants breastfed for three months or less – although the model suggests this protective effect against infections of exclusive breastfeeding during the first year of life to be partially cancelled when the infants attend nursery school, since the latter factor prevails due to its strong influence in the final model.A notable observation in our study was the association between low birth weight and a lesser incidence of RW. These results must be viewed with caution, however, since only 11 infants with RW weighed less than 2500g at birth, and none weighed less than 2000g at birth.Although many studies have described statistically significant correlations to different risk or protective factors,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375">36–39</a> our review of the literature yielded no studies relating multiple factors in the context of a predictive model of RW in infants according to exposure to risk or protective factors as was done in our study.Based on the proposed model, our study in Salamanca has shown that infants with all the risk factors included in the model have a 79.7% probability of developing RW, while those infants that present no such factors have a risk of only 4.1% of developing RW. However, the model also describes the probability of suffering RW with any other combination of risk factors. The variables are represented in the model on a dichotomic basis: 0 (absent) or 1 (present). As an example, if the mother was asthmatic, the infant suffered eczema, the mother smoked during the third trimester of pregnancy, the mother followed a Mediterranean diet, and the infant did not attend nursing school, the probability of suffering RW dropped to 40.8% (i.e., a reduction of 38.9%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).All the possible alternatives, with their respective probabilities, according to whether the mother suffered asthma or not, are reflected in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1 and 2</a>.As has been commented above, the results published by the EISL show great variability.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">1,18–21,24</a> The mathematical model is based on the assumption that the factors which may enter the model vary according to the centre, country or geographical zone involved. In this regard, the proposed model must be adjusted to the results obtained in each zone, and future genetic studies will probably afford more precise information capable of explaining the great variability of the results obtained in the different geographical settings in which the EISL has been carried out.As possible limitations of our study, mention must be made of the fact that the data were supplied by the parents on answering the EISL wheezing questionnaire, rather than by the attending paediatricians – although the mentioned questionnaire has been duly validated.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305">22</a> On the other hand, when there were doubts regarding some item of the questionnaire, the parents were called by telephone or the reference paediatrician was consulted. It must also be noted that this is a cross-sectional study, and seasonal variations due to the relationship between RW and viral infection in this particular age group may have constituted a confounding factor – particularly in the winter months. This limitation was minimized by including infants born in all seasons of the year during a period of two years.Lastly, the main strong points of the study are its sample size based on the general population, and the fact that infants from all primary care centres (both urban and rural) in the province of Salamanca were included, with the inherent cultural and socioeconomic differences involved.The present study has allowed us to identify different risk or protective factors capable of interacting with each other, and which can determine whether or not RW will develop during the first year of life in the population studied. It would be important to conduct a prospective study based on the data of the EISL, with a view to designing a model for calculating the probability of suffering RW in a given population depending on the risk or protective factors to which it is exposed.Ethical disclosuresPatients’ data protectionConfidentiality of data. The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and/or subjects mentioned in the article. The author for correspondence is in possession of this document.Protection of human subjects and animals in researchThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation.Financial supportThis project has received financial support from the Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León, Spain. GRS 287BA/08.A grant was received from the Fundación Ernesto Sánchez-Villares of the Sociedad de Pediatría de Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla y León.Conflicts of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres729343" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec733389" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study subjects" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Definitions" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Study variables" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethical approval" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Patients’ data protection" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Financial support" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-07-30" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-09-02" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec733389" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Wheezing" 1 => "Asthma" 2 => "Wheezing in infants" 3 => "Recurrent wheezing" 4 => "Mediterranean diet" 5 => "EISL study" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectivesWheezing is a very common problem in infants in the first months of life. The objective of this study is to identify risk factors that may be acted upon in order to modify the evolution of recurrent wheezing in the first months of life, and to develop a model based on certain factors associated to recurrent wheezing in nursing infants capable of predicting the probability of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life. MethodsThe sample was drawn from a cross-sectional, multicentre, descriptive epidemiological study based on the general population. A total of 1164 children were studied, corresponding to a questionnaire response rate of 71%. The questionnaire of the Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes (EISL) was used. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability of developing recurrent wheezing and to quantify the contribution of each individual variable in the presence of the rest. ResultsInfants presenting eczema and attending nursery school, with a mother who has asthma, smoked during the third trimester of pregnancy, and did not consume a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy were found to have a probability of 79.7% of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life. In contrast, infants with none of these factors were seen to have a probability of only 4.1% of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life. These results in turn varied according to modifications in the risk or protective factors. ConclusionsThe mathematical model estimated the probability of developing recurrent wheezing in infants under one year of age in the province of Salamanca (Spain), according to the risk or protective factors associated to recurrent wheezing to which the infants are or have been exposed." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1910 "Ancho" => 1538 "Tamanyo" => 169529 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Classification tree with the different probabilities of developing recurrent wheezing during the first year of life, with the variables found to be significant in the multivariate analysis, for infants with asthmatic mothers. Abbreviations: AM: asthmatic mother, IE: infant eczema, SM: smoking mother, MD: Mediterranean diet, NS: attended nursery school." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1910 "Ancho" => 1538 "Tamanyo" => 165480 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Classification tree with the different probabilities of developing recurrent wheezing during the first year of life, with the variables found to be significant in the multivariate analysis, for infants with non-asthmatic mothers. Abbreviations: AM: asthmatic mother, IE: infant eczema, SM: smoking mother, MD: Mediterranean diet, NS: attended nursery school." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RW n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RW % \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95%CI OR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Infants studied \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1164 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">136 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Male sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">603 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.83–1.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Birth weight</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">2500–3499g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">648 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">68.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">≤2499g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.21–0.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">>3500g \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">289 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">25.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">22.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.50–1.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Personal history</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Exclusive breastfeeding ≤3 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">562 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.12–2.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Attended nursery school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">325 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.53–2.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">First flu episode ≤3 months \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">303 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.87–1.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Eczema in the infant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">151 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.93–3.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Family history of asthma</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Father \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mother \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.16–3.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Siblings \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Maternal educational level</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Basic or incomplete secondary (≤11 years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">130 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Complete secondary and higher (≥12 years) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">456 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">39.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.64–2.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">University \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">576 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">49.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.58–1.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Paracetamol use during pregnancy</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Never or less than once a month \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">979 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">111 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1–4 times a month \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">165 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.83–2.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">More than once a week \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Smoking</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No smoking during pregnancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">86.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">115 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking during pregnancy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">158 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.75–1.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking in first trimester \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">137 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.89–2.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking in second trimester \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.07–2.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking in third trimester \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.20–2.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">After birth (mother) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">228 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.04– 2.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">After birth (father) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">355 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.78–1.53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Fast food consumption during pregnancy</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Never/occasionally \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">681 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">58.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">54.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1–2 times a week \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">36.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.65–1.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">3 or more times a week \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.18–7.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Mediterranean diet during pregnancy</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">515 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">62.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">649 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">55.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.87–0.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Pets in the home at the time of birth</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">943 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">81.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">80.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rabbit/hamster \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.89–6.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Birds \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.26–3.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top">Pets in the home after birth</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">915 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">105 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">77.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Reference \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rabbit/hamster \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.25–5.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Birds \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.16–2.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1202108.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Association between risk and protective factors and recurrent wheezing (RW) during the first year of life. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95%CI for OR</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Lower \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Upper \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nursery school \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.480 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.686 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.647 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Eczema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.494 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.251 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.424 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Asthmatic mother \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.293 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.154 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.344 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Smoking in third trimester \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.179 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.545 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mediterranean diet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.436 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.297 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.640 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1202109.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variables showing statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. Estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI)." ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "p(x)=11+e−(β0+∑i=1rβiXi)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1694 "Alto" => 41 "Ancho" => 167 ] ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "p(X)=11+e−(−2.312+0.9086 NS+1251 IE+0.806 AM+0.715 SM−0.831MD)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3175 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 353 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:39 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "International prevalence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life: variability, treatment patterns and use of health resources" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "EISL Study Group" "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J. Mallol" 1 => "L. García-Marcos" 2 => "D. Solé" 3 => "P. Brand" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/thx.2009.115188" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thorax" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "1004" "paginaFinal" => "1009" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855440" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Role of emerging respiratory viruses in children with severe acute wheezing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.L. García-García" 1 => "C. Calvo" 2 => "A. Falcón" 3 => "F. Pozo" 4 => "P. Pérez-Breña" 5 => "J.M. 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J. Pellegrini-Belinchóna,b, F. Lorente-Toledanob, P. Galindo-Villardónc, I. González-Carvajala, J. Martín-Martína, J. Mallold, L. García-Marcose,

Corresponding author

lgmarcos@um.es
jpellegrini@wanadoo.es
jpellegrini@usal.es

Corresponding author.

a Primary Care Pediatrician, Salamanca, Spain

b Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Salamanca, Spain

c Department of Statistics, University of Salamanca, Spain

d Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, El Pino Hospital, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Chile

e Department of Pediatrics, University of Murcia, Spain

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wheezing&#44; because of its tendency to recur&#44; is one of the most common problems in the first months of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The lack of specificity of the clinical manifestations&#44; the variability of patient response to the existing treatments&#44; and the association between wheezing and viral infections in this age group<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> can have a significant impact upon the quality of life of both the infant and the family&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> with an increase in the use of healthcare resources&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and an important economic impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many studies have addressed wheezing in infants&#44; although most have focused on viral causes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> or on the influence of allergies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;10</span></a> In turn&#44; some authors have related wheezing to obstetric antecedents&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> early exposure to certain allergens&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> immune alterations caused by certain environmental exposures<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> or the administration of certain medications during pregnancy&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A group of Spanish coordinators of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood &#40;ISAAC&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> developed the International Study on Wheezing in Nursing Infants &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes</span> &#40;EISL&#41;&#41; to determine the prevalence of wheezing&#44; its severity and risk factors in the first 12 months of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> These and other previous as well as subsequent studies have indicated that there are other factors apart from viral infections that might interact and condition the presence of recurrent wheezing &#40;RW&#41; in the first months of life&#44; such as infant gender&#44; attending nursery school&#44; diet&#44; characteristics of the home&#44; pets&#44; maternal diet during pregnancy&#44; smoking&#44; the presence of siblings&#44; pneumonia&#44; etc&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18&#8211;21</span></a> The objective of the present study was to identify risk factors that may be acted upon in order to modify the evolution of recurrent wheezing in the first months of life&#46; In this respect&#44; a predictive model was developed&#44; based on certain risk or protective factors&#44; capable of predicting the probability of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life &#8211; with the evaluation of variations in probability according to changes in one or more factors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Study design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sample corresponding to one-year-old infants born in the province of Salamanca&#44; Spain between 1 June 2008 and 31 May 2010 was drawn from a cross-sectional&#44; multicentre&#44; descriptive epidemiological study based on the general population&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Study subjects</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The EISL questionnaire has been validated in Spain and Latin America&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and the results were found to be equivalent to those reported for other questionnaires developed for use in large studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> The questionnaire comprises 118 items with questions referring to demographic characteristics&#44; the home and surroundings of the infant&#44; the eating habits of the mother during pregnancy&#44; disease and medications used&#44; complications at delivery&#44; family antecedents of atopic disorders&#44; a history of eczema in the infant&#44; wheezing and its characteristics and severity&#44; and the treatments provided&#46; The questionnaire was distributed among the parents of infants visiting all the primary care centres &#40;urban and rural&#41; in the province of Salamanca for the regular scheduled visit at 12 months of age and for triple viral vaccination at 15 months of age&#46; However&#44; in the case of 15-month-old infants&#44; the parents were informed that the questions all referred to the first year of life only&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infants with incomplete or incorrectly completed questionnaires were excluded&#44; as were those in which the number of wheezing episodes was not known&#44; and those cases in which the parents failed to give consent&#46; A total of 1164 children were studied&#44; corresponding to a questionnaire response rate of 71&#37;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Definitions</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wheezing was considered to have occurred when the parents gave an affirmative answer to the following question&#58; &#8220;Has your child experienced wheezing or whistling sounds in the chest in the first 12 months of life&#63;&#8221; Recurrent wheezing &#40;RW&#41; in turn was defined as three or more wheezing episodes in the first year of life&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Childhood eczema was defined when the parents gave an affirmative answer to the following question&#58; &#8220;Has your child developed itchy red areas on the skin that come and go anywhere on the body except around the mouth&#44; nose and area covered by the diapers&#63;&#8221;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaire was not specifically designed to determine whether the mother had followed a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the diet was considered to have been followed when the mother gave affirmative answers to the following questions referring to eating habits&#58; &#8220;Do you eat olive oil and white or blue fish three or more times a week&#63; Fruit or fruit juice three or more times a week&#63; Fresh or cooked vegetables or salad three or more times a week&#63; Legumes or cereals &#40;bread&#41; or pasta three or more times a week&#63; Eggs two or more times a week&#63; Milk or yoghurt three or more times a week&#63;&#8221;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Study variables</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The primary study variable was the presence or absence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life&#44; and was used as the dependent variable in the statistical association analyses&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Data analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The questionnaires were scanned &#40;Fujitsu M4097D&#41; using Remark Office Optical Mark Recognition &#40;OMR&#41; v6 software &#40;Principia products&#44; Paoli&#44; PA&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Qualitative variables were reported as frequencies and percentages&#44; while the mean and standard error were calculated in the case of quantitative variables&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical significance of the association of qualitative variables was assessed using the chi-squared test and odds ratio &#40;OR&#41;&#44; with the corresponding 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37;CI&#41;&#46; Statistical significance was considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analyses were made with the SPSS version 18 statistical package&#46; Calculation of odds ratios and 95&#37; confidence intervals was carried out using a Microsoft Excel 2007 application&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following univariate logistic regression analysis to identify the variables significantly &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; related to the presence of recurrent wheezing&#44; a multiple logistic regression model was developed to establish the probability of recurrent wheezing and quantify the contribution of each variable in the presence of the rest&#46; The results were synthesized in the form of classification trees constructed from the probabilities estimated by the model&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informed consent was requested from the parents before including the patients in the study&#44; which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the area of Salamanca&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study included a total of 1164 infants&#44; and presented a response rate of 71&#37; &#40;603 males &#40;51&#46;8&#37;&#41; and 561 females &#40;48&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#41;&#46; The infant birth weight was 3030<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>770<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#44; with a height at birth of 49&#46;48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;46<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the results referring to the risk factors studied in the infants that suffered recurrent wheezing &#40;RW&#41; in the first year of life&#44; with the corresponding odds ratios and 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistical significance as risk factors for the development of RW in the first year of life was identified for&#58; a briefer duration of exclusive breastfeeding &#40;OR 1&#46;53 &#40;95&#37;CI 1&#46;12&#8211;2&#46;10&#41;&#41;&#44; nursery school attendance &#40;2&#46;09 &#40;1&#46;53&#8211;2&#46;86&#41;&#41;&#44; the presence of eczema in the infant &#40;2&#46;69 &#40;1&#46;93&#8211;3&#46;74&#41;&#41;&#44; a history of asthma in the mother &#40;1&#46;91 &#40;1&#46;16&#8211;3&#46;13&#41;&#41;&#44; the regular consumption of so-called fast foods during pregnancy &#40;3&#46;96 &#40;2&#46;18&#8211;7&#46;19&#41;&#41;&#44; and the presence of certain pets &#40;birds and rabbits&#47;hamsters&#41; both at birth and after birth &#40;1&#46;86 &#40;1&#46;16&#8211;2&#46;96&#41;&#41;&#46; Although no correlation to smoking was found throughout pregnancy &#40;1&#46;16 &#40;0&#46;75&#8211;1&#46;79&#41;&#41;&#44; on separately considering smoking in the different trimesters of pregnancy&#44; an association was identified when the mother smoked in the second and third trimesters &#40;1&#46;63 &#40;1&#46;07&#8211;2&#46;50&#41; and 1&#46;82 &#40;1&#46;20&#8211;2&#46;77&#41;&#44; respectively&#41;&#44; and after delivery &#40;1&#46;47 &#40;81&#46;04&#8211;2&#46;10&#41;&#41;&#46; In contrast&#44; a lower birth weight &#40;0&#46;41 &#40;0&#46;21&#8211;078&#41;&#41; and consumption of the Mediterranean diet during pregnancy &#40;0&#46;91 &#40;0&#46;87&#8211;0&#46;95&#41;&#41; were identified as protective factors&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking into account the above findings&#44; we developed the logistic regression model&#44; considering all the aforementioned significant variables&#44; as described in Material and methods&#46; The results are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following variables were excluded from the model&#58; exclusive breastfeeding &#8804;3 months &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;092&#41;&#59; smoking in the mother during the second trimester &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;863&#41;&#59; and current smoking in the mother &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;457&#41;&#46; This means that after considering the variable smoking during the third trimester&#44; the other two variables related to smoking did not contribute significant information&#44; in the same way as exclusive breastfeeding&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Attending nursery school&#44; presenting eczema&#44; an asthmatic mother&#44; and maternal smoking during the last three months of pregnancy were significant risk factors for RW&#46; Mediterranean diet during pregnancy in turn exerted a significant protective effect against RW &#40;see OR and 95&#37;CI values in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The model for estimating the probability of RW is expressed as follows&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>AM&#58; asthmatic mother&#44; IE&#58; infant eczema&#44; SM&#58; smoking mother&#44; MD&#58; Mediterranean diet&#44; NS&#58; attended nursery school&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a> show the results in the form of classification trees &#40;that of the first figure being based on whether the mother suffered asthma or not&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this regard&#44; infants presenting eczema and attending nursery school&#44; with a mother who has asthma&#44; smoked during the last trimester of pregnancy&#44; and did not follow a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy were found to have a 79&#46;7&#37; probability of suffering recurrent wheezing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast&#44; infants with mothers presenting none of these factors had a mere 4&#46;1&#37; probability of suffering recurrent wheezing &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mathematical model developed exhibited a true-positive rate of 81&#46;48&#37; and a specificity of 99&#46;5&#37;&#46; Overall&#44; the correct classification rate was 89&#46;7&#37; &#40;efficacy of the model&#41;&#46; Both the false-positive and false-negative rates were low &#40;10&#46;11&#37; and 18&#46;52&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood&#44; and wheezing is often detected in the first months of life&#46; This high prevalence suggests that there are different subgroups of infants exhibiting different inflammatory responses to a range of triggering factors&#44; and this has led to many studies on the subject in recent years&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this sense&#44; many authors have examined the presence of wheezing in nursing infants&#46; The recently published data of the EISL&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18&#44;20&#44;21&#44;24&#44;25</span></a> as well as those of our own group&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> have revealed great variability in the statistical significance of the risk factors for wheezing and RW in different parts of the countries and in different centres&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors have investigated the relationship between certain nutrients during pregnancy and the development of RW or asthma in the first months of life&#46; In this respect&#44; Miyake et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> found an increased intake of dairy products&#44; calcium&#44; vitamin D&#44; alpha-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid during pregnancy to be associated with a decrease in RW at 16 and 24 months of age&#46; Castro et al&#46; in turn observed an association between olive oil consumption during pregnancy and a lesser incidence of RW in infants under one year of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> In our study we found a statistically significant relationship between consumption of a Mediterranean diet on the part of the mother during pregnancy and the development of RW in the infant&#46; The association was strong enough to enter the predictive model&#46; Such an association has also been reported in older children&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> in some cases relating a Mediterranean diet and obesity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between RW in infants and a family history of atopy is known&#44; although our group only found an association between RW and maternal asthma &#8211; in coincidence with the observation of other authors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#44;31</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding breastfeeding&#44; and in concordance with other investigators&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;32&#8211;35</span></a> we observed a lesser proportion of RW among the infants exclusively breastfed for more than three months&#44; compared with those infants breastfed for three months or less &#8211; although the model suggests this protective effect against infections of exclusive breastfeeding during the first year of life to be partially cancelled when the infants attend nursery school&#44; since the latter factor prevails due to its strong influence in the final model&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A notable observation in our study was the association between low birth weight and a lesser incidence of RW&#46; These results must be viewed with caution&#44; however&#44; since only 11 infants with RW weighed less than 2500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g at birth&#44; and none weighed less than 2000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g at birth&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although many studies have described statistically significant correlations to different risk or protective factors&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0375"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36&#8211;39</span></a> our review of the literature yielded no studies relating multiple factors in the context of a predictive model of RW in infants according to exposure to risk or protective factors as was done in our study&#46;</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the proposed model&#44; our study in Salamanca has shown that infants with all the risk factors included in the model have a 79&#46;7&#37; probability of developing RW&#44; while those infants that present no such factors have a risk of only 4&#46;1&#37; of developing RW&#46; However&#44; the model also describes the probability of suffering RW with any other combination of risk factors&#46; The variables are represented in the model on a dichotomic basis&#58; 0 &#40;absent&#41; or 1 &#40;present&#41;&#46; As an example&#44; if the mother was asthmatic&#44; the infant suffered eczema&#44; the mother smoked during the third trimester of pregnancy&#44; the mother followed a Mediterranean diet&#44; and the infant did not attend nursing school&#44; the probability of suffering RW dropped to 40&#46;8&#37; &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; a reduction of 38&#46;9&#37;&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the possible alternatives&#44; with their respective probabilities&#44; according to whether the mother suffered asthma or not&#44; are reflected in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs&#46; 1 and 2</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As has been commented above&#44; the results published by the EISL show great variability&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;18&#8211;21&#44;24</span></a> The mathematical model is based on the assumption that the factors which may enter the model vary according to the centre&#44; country or geographical zone involved&#46; In this regard&#44; the proposed model must be adjusted to the results obtained in each zone&#44; and future genetic studies will probably afford more precise information capable of explaining the great variability of the results obtained in the different geographical settings in which the EISL has been carried out&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As possible limitations of our study&#44; mention must be made of the fact that the data were supplied by the parents on answering the EISL wheezing questionnaire&#44; rather than by the attending paediatricians &#8211; although the mentioned questionnaire has been duly validated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> On the other hand&#44; when there were doubts regarding some item of the questionnaire&#44; the parents were called by telephone or the reference paediatrician was consulted&#46; It must also be noted that this is a cross-sectional study&#44; and seasonal variations due to the relationship between RW and viral infection in this particular age group may have constituted a confounding factor &#8211; particularly in the winter months&#46; This limitation was minimized by including infants born in all seasons of the year during a period of two years&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lastly&#44; the main strong points of the study are its sample size based on the general population&#44; and the fact that infants from all primary care centres &#40;both urban and rural&#41; in the province of Salamanca were included&#44; with the inherent cultural and socioeconomic differences involved&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has allowed us to identify different risk or protective factors capable of interacting with each other&#44; and which can determine whether or not RW will develop during the first year of life in the population studied&#46; It would be important to conduct a prospective study based on the data of the EISL&#44; with a view to designing a model for calculating the probability of suffering RW in a given population depending on the risk or protective factors to which it is exposed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Patients&#8217; data protection</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Confidentiality of data</span>&#46; The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The author for correspondence is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Protection of human subjects and animals in research</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Financial support</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project has received financial support from the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Le&#243;n</span>&#44; Spain&#46; GRS 287BA&#47;08&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A grant was received from the Fundaci&#243;n Ernesto S&#225;nchez-Villares of the Sociedad de Pediatr&#237;a de Asturias&#44; Cantabria&#44; Castilla y Le&#243;n&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "identificador" => "sec0065"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0075"
          "titulo" => "Financial support"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0080"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        9 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-07-30"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-09-02"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec733389"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Wheezing"
            1 => "Asthma"
            2 => "Wheezing in infants"
            3 => "Recurrent wheezing"
            4 => "Mediterranean diet"
            5 => "EISL study"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objectives</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Wheezing is a very common problem in infants in the first months of life&#46; The objective of this study is to identify risk factors that may be acted upon in order to modify the evolution of recurrent wheezing in the first months of life&#44; and to develop a model based on certain factors associated to recurrent wheezing in nursing infants capable of predicting the probability of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The sample was drawn from a cross-sectional&#44; multicentre&#44; descriptive epidemiological study based on the general population&#46; A total of 1164 children were studied&#44; corresponding to a questionnaire response rate of 71&#37;&#46; The questionnaire of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Estudio Internacional de Sibilancias en Lactantes</span> &#40;EISL&#41; was used&#46; Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the probability of developing recurrent wheezing and to quantify the contribution of each individual variable in the presence of the rest&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Infants presenting eczema and attending nursery school&#44; with a mother who has asthma&#44; smoked during the third trimester of pregnancy&#44; and did not consume a Mediterranean diet during pregnancy were found to have a probability of 79&#46;7&#37; of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life&#46; In contrast&#44; infants with none of these factors were seen to have a probability of only 4&#46;1&#37; of developing recurrent wheezing in the first year of life&#46; These results in turn varied according to modifications in the risk or protective factors&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The mathematical model estimated the probability of developing recurrent wheezing in infants under one year of age in the province of Salamanca &#40;Spain&#41;&#44; according to the risk or protective factors associated to recurrent wheezing to which the infants are or have been exposed&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:6 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1910
            "Ancho" => 1538
            "Tamanyo" => 169529
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification tree with the different probabilities of developing recurrent wheezing during the first year of life&#44; with the variables found to be significant in the multivariate analysis&#44; for infants with asthmatic mothers&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AM&#58; asthmatic mother&#44; IE&#58; infant eczema&#44; SM&#58; smoking mother&#44; MD&#58; Mediterranean diet&#44; NS&#58; attended nursery school&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1910
            "Ancho" => 1538
            "Tamanyo" => 165480
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Classification tree with the different probabilities of developing recurrent wheezing during the first year of life&#44; with the variables found to be significant in the multivariate analysis&#44; for infants with non-asthmatic mothers&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Abbreviations</span>&#58; AM&#58; asthmatic mother&#44; IE&#58; infant eczema&#44; SM&#58; smoking mother&#44; MD&#58; Mediterranean diet&#44; NS&#58; attended nursery school&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RW<br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">RW<br>&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37;CI<br>OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Infants studied</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1164&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">136&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male sex</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">603&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;83&#8211;1&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Birth weight</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2500&#8211;3499<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">648&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">68&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;2499<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;41</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;21&#8211;0&#46;78</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;3500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">289&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;50&#8211;1&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Personal history</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Exclusive breastfeeding &#8804;3 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">562&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">48&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;53</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;12&#8211;2&#46;10</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Attended nursery school&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">325&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46;09</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;53&#8211;2&#46;86</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>First flu episode &#8804;3 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">303&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;87&#8211;1&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Eczema in the infant&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">151&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">28&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46;69</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;93&#8211;3&#46;74</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Family history of asthma</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Father&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mother&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;91</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;16&#8211;3&#46;13</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Siblings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Maternal educational level</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Basic or incomplete secondary &#40;&#8804;11 years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">130&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Complete secondary and higher &#40;&#8805;12 years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">456&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;64&#8211;2&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">576&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">49&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;58&#8211;1&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Paracetamol use during pregnancy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Never or less than once a month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">979&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">111&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;4 times a month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">165&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">17&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;83&#8211;2&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>More than once a week&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Smoking</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No smoking during pregnancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1006&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">86&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">115&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoking during pregnancy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">158&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;75&#8211;1&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoking in first trimester&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;89&#8211;2&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoking in second trimester&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">117&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;63</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;07&#8211;2&#46;50</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Smoking in third trimester&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;82</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;20&#8211;2&#46;77</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After birth &#40;mother&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">228&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">26&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;47</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;04&#8211; 2&#46;10</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>After birth &#40;father&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">355&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">30&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;78&#8211;1&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fast food consumption during pregnancy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Never&#47;occasionally&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2 times a week&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">424&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">36&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;65&#8211;1&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 or more times a week&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46;96</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46;18&#8211;7&#46;19</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mediterranean diet during pregnancy</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">62&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">649&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">55&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;91</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;87&#8211;0&#46;95</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pets in the home at the time of birth</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">943&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">80&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rabbit&#47;hamster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46;46</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Birds&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">4&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46;09</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;26&#8211;3&#46;46</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="7" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pets in the home after birth</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">915&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">77&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Reference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Rabbit&#47;hamster&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">2&#46;51</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;25&#8211;5&#46;03</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Birds&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;86</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;16&#8211;2&#46;96</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                0 => array:2 [
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "International prevalence of recurrent wheezing during the first year of life&#58; variability&#44; treatment patterns and use of health resources"
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                        0 => array:3 [
                          "colaboracion" => "EISL Study Group"
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Mallol"
                            1 => "L&#46; Garc&#237;a-Marcos"
                            2 => "D&#46; Sol&#233;"
                            3 => "P&#46; Brand"
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                      "doi" => "10.1136/thx.2009.115188"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Thorax"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1004"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1009"
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20855440"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Role of emerging respiratory viruses in children with severe acute wheezing"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;L&#46; Garc&#237;a-Garc&#237;a"
                            1 => "C&#46; Calvo"
                            2 => "A&#46; Falc&#243;n"
                            3 => "F&#46; Pozo"
                            4 => "P&#46; P&#233;rez-Bre&#241;a"
                            5 => "J&#46;M&#46; De Cea"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ppul.21225"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Pulmonol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "585"
                        "paginaFinal" => "591"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503284"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
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                      ]
                    ]
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                ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Health-related quality of life of pre-school children with wheezing illness"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Oostenbrink"
                            1 => "E&#46; Jansingh-Piepers"
                            2 => "H&#46; Raat"
                            3 => "M&#46; Nuijsink"
                            4 => "J&#46;M&#46; Landgraf"
                            5 => "M&#46;L&#46; Essink-Bot"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ppul.20486"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Pulmonol"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "993"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1000"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16871636"
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                          "issn" => "07351097"
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              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Determinants of health care utilization for respiratory symptoms in the first year of life"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46;M&#46; de Jong"
                            1 => "C&#46;K&#46; van der Ent"
                            2 => "N&#46; van Putte Katier"
                            3 => "M&#46;M&#46; van der Zalm"
                            4 => "T&#46;J&#46; Verheij"
                            5 => "J&#46;L&#46; Kimpen"
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                      "doi" => "10.1097/MLR.0b013e3180546879"
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Med Care"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "746"
                        "paginaFinal" => "752"
                        "link" => array:1 [
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                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17667308"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The economic impact of preschool asthma and wheeze"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46;A&#46; Stevens"
                            1 => "D&#46; Turner"
                            2 => "C&#46;E&#46; Kuehni"
                            3 => "J&#46;M&#46; Couriel"
                            4 => "M&#46; Silverman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1000"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1006"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12797495"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized infants in Spain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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Article information

ISSN: 03010546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.aller.2015.09.001

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	2	0	2
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2022 April	22	10	32
2022 March	19	7	26
2022 February	25	8	33
2022 January	47	6	53
2021 December	70	5	75
2021 November	38	7	45
2021 October	22	8	30
2021 September	22	11	33
2021 August	11	6	17
2021 July	15	9	24
2021 June	21	9	30
2021 May	25	6	31
2021 April	27	9	36
2021 March	13	13	26
2021 February	24	9	33
2021 January	16	6	22
2020 December	2	0	2
2020 October	1	0	1
2020 July	0	1	1
2019 December	2	2	4
2019 April	3	2	5
2018 February	2	3	5
2018 January	5	2	7
2017 December	3	2	5
2017 November	11	1	12
2017 October	6	5	11
2017 September	3	3	6
2017 August	20	3	23
2017 July	10	3	13
2017 January	2	0	2
2016 December	0	1	1
2016 November	2	0	2
2016 October	1	0	1
2016 September	6	3	9

Show all

Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

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Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

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