Food allergy in Catalonia: Clinical manifestations and its association with airborne allergens

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Simão-Gurge, B.T. Costa-Carvalho, F.A. Nobre, I.G.S. Gonzalez, M.I. de Moraes-Pinto" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R.M." "apellidos" => "Simão-Gurge" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B.T." "apellidos" => "Costa-Carvalho" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F.A." "apellidos" => "Nobre" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I.G.S." "apellidos" => "Gonzalez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.I." 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DPT – drug provocation test." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "C. Alves, A.M. Romeira, C. Abreu, P. Carreiro-Martins, E. Gomes, P. Leiria-Pinto" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Alves" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "Romeira" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Abreu" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Carreiro-Martins" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Gomes" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." 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"apellidos" => "Sánchez-López" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Gázquez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Rubira" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Valdesoiro" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Guilarte" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Garcia-Moral" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "N." 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"apellidos" => "Basagaña" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "maria.basagana.torrento@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unitat d’Al·lèrgia, Institut Clínic del Tòrax (ICT), Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Allergy Department, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Allergy Department, Hospital Platón, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pediatric Allergy Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Allergy Section, Medicine Department, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servei de Pneumologia i Al·lèrgia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Allergy Unit, Hospital General de l’Hospitalet, Consorci Sanitari Integral, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Allergy Unit, Medicine Department, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2191 "Ancho" => 1571 "Tamanyo" => 173317 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical manifestations of the main food/food groups elicitors of allergic reactions. GIS: Gastrointestinal symptoms; OAS: oral allergy syndrome." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionFood allergy affects around 6% of the European population<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">1</a> and regarding some recent studies, its prevalence worldwide has increased in the last decades.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">2,3</a> It has a great impact upon the patient's quality of life<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">4,5</a> and represents a high economic burden to public health systems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">6</a>Some risk factors have been identified, such as vitamin D deficiency, increased hygiene, or the age of exposure to foods, but the implication of other environmental factors still remains unclear.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">7</a> What seems evident is that the profile of food allergy appears to be different depending on the age and the geographical location, probably due to aeroallergen exposure and food habits.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">8</a>The main elicitors of food allergy worldwide are suggested to be cow's milk, egg, wheat, soy, peanut, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155">1,9</a> but we must take into account that studies focused on investigating food allergy epidemiology in Europe are lacking and there is limited information on the prevalence and distribution of sensitisation to foods. Recent studies and reviews of the literature have provided very heterogeneous results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">10–12</a>The number of consultations in Allergy Units in Catalonia for food allergy has increased over the last years. According to data obtained from Alergológica-1992 and 2005, the consultations in Allergy Units in Catalonia and Balearic Islands for food allergy increased from 3.6% in 1992 to 6.05% in 2005.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215">13,14</a> Thus, the “Cibus project” (Cibus is the Latin word for “food”) was created to register the main culprit foods in our region and their clinical manifestations in order to outline the characteristics of our population.Material and methodsStudy designA cross-sectional study was carried out in eight allergy outpatient clinics in Catalonia, Spain. Approval from the corresponding Ethics Committees was obtained. The recruitment period was from March 2008 to March 2010.Patients included were those newly diagnosed of food allergy who agreed and signed the informed consent document (in the case of children the consent was obtained from their representatives). A website was created to report the data. Data collection included demographics, familiar and personal history of atopy (defined as having specific IgE (sIgE) to any common antigen as well as respiratory and/or skin disorders associated with IgE-mediated allergy), presence of other allergic diseases, food allergy manifestations, skin prick test (SPT) to food and respiratory allergens and results of sIgE measurements and/or oral food challenge (OFC) when available.Diagnosis of food allergyFood allergy diagnosis was established based on a detailed clinical history and a positive SPT and/or sIgE to the food/foods involved in the reaction/s. Clinical symptoms of the reported food allergies were classified as: oral allergy syndrome (OAS, defined as local itching and/or angio-oedema of lips, tongue, palate and/or throat), urticaria and/or angio-oedema, anaphylaxis, dermatitis/eczema and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS, including functional dyspepsia, crampy abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhoea) occurring minutes to few hours after the food intake. Patients showing positive SPT and/or elevated food sIgE in the absence of any reported adverse reaction to that food were considered asymptomatic sensitisations.Food allergy classificationFor ease of interpretation of the results, foods reported were grouped as follows: egg, milk, wheat, other cereals (rice, oatmeal, rye, barley, maize), seeds (sesame, mustard, sunflower), legumes (lentil, chickpea, bean, soybean, pea, lupine), peanut, tree nuts (almond, hazelnut, walnut, chestnut, pinion, pistachio), vegetables (celery, onion, asparagus, green bean, lettuce, tomato, carrot, zucchini, spinach), fruits (peach, apple, pear, cherry, plum, pineapple, strawberry, fig, kiwi, avocado, banana, grape, melon, watermelon, orange, tangerine), meat (pork, beef, chicken), Anisakis, fish (hake, monkfish, sole, megrim, cod, tuna, salmon, sardine) and seafood (shrimp, mussel, clam, oyster, cuttlefish, squid).In vivo and in vitro testsSkin prick tests to standard panels of commercial airborne and food allergens were carried out. The standard airborne allergens panel included Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium herbarum, Platanus acerifolia, Artemisia vulgaris, Lolium perenne (Laboratorios LETI, Barcelona, Spain), dog and cat dander, Cupressus arizonica, Olea europea, Parietaria Judaica (Bial-Aristegui, Bilbao, Spain), Penicillium sp (Stallergenes, Antony, France). The standard food panel included milk, egg, peanut, hazelnut, walnut, soy, maize, wheat, shrimp, lettuce, tomato, green bean, kiwi, pineapple, banana, peach, mustard, hake, tuna (Laboratorios LETI) and Anisakis simplex (ALK-Abelló, Madrid, Spain). When food allergy was suspected to a food not included in the standard series, commercial extracts and/or fresh foods were used for skin testing. Fresh foods were tested by the prick–prick technique (P×P). All SPT were carried out on the volar side of the forearm using disposable prick lancets. SPT with saline and histamine 10mg/mL were used as negative and positive control. A mean wheal diameter of 3mm or greater obtained 15minutes after puncture was considered a positive response.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">15</a>Food hypersensitivity was confirmed by sIgE measurements (UniCAP, Thermofisher, Uppsala, Sweden) in some centres. In these cases, sIgE levels >0.35kU/L were regarded as positive.Statistical analysisSPSS software (version 18.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. For qualitative variables the frequency (percent) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was estimated. For quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. Median, minimum and maximum values are given in those quantitative variables with large dispersion and atypical distribution. Qualitative variables were compared using the χ2 test. Quantitative variables were compared using Student-t test.P values<0.05 were considered significant.ResultsPatients618 food allergic patients (mean age 30.51 years old (y.o.), SD 18.45) were included. Among them 155 were 14 years old or under. Full demographic data is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. In the population studied, frequency of familiar atopy, atopic dermatitis and asthma was higher in children (≤14 y.o.) compared to the >14y.o. group (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P=0.004, respectively) while rhinitis was significantly higher in the >14 y.o. group (P<0.001). Regarding sensitisation to aeroallergens, the main sensitisers were house dust mites. Frequency of sensitisation to dog and cat dander, grass pollen, mugwort, olive tree and plane tree were significantly higher in the >14 y.o group compared to the ≤14 y.o. group (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Food allergyAmong the study population, a total of 1517 different food allergies were reported (2.45±2.2 food allergies/patient), without statistical differences between the ≤14 y.o. and >14 y.o. groups.In general, food allergies were markedly different between ≤14 y.o. and >14 y.o. groups. A full list of all food/food-group allergy frequencies is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. Egg and milk were the main elicitors in the younger group, while fruits and tree nuts were the most frequent in the older group. Frequency of fish allergy was higher in the ≤14 y.o. group compared to the >14 y.o. group (P=0.005). On the contrary, frequency of seafood and Anisakis allergy were higher in the >14 y.o. group compared to the ≤14 y.o. group (P=0.003 and P<0.001, respectively).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>A stratification of the food allergies in the ≤14 y.o. group was carried out, grouping them as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. Milk and egg relevance moved from 46% and 38% respectively in the youngest group (≤2 y.o.) to 1.3% and 2.8% in the >14 y.o. group.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>On the contrary, fruits, peanut and tree nuts allergies increased progressively over the years. Other foods like seafood or Anisakis also underwent a moderate increase.Regarding the food groups, the main elicitors were wheat (24%) for cereals, peanut (61%) for legumes, walnut (29%) for tree nuts, peach (35%) for fruits, lettuce (30%) for vegetables, hake (25%) for fish and shrimp (68%) for seafood. Overall, peach was the most prevalent food eliciting an allergic reaction (10%).A specific analysis of nut allergy prevalence (including peanut, almond, hazelnut, walnut, chestnut, pinion, pistachio) showed that 92 subjects (43%) were allergic to only one nut, 51 (24%) to two different nuts, 34 (16%) to three different nuts and 35 (17%) were allergic to four or more different nuts. Peanut, walnut and hazelnut was the most frequent association.Diagnostic toolsSPT was the principal diagnostic tool used by the investigators. Food allergy diagnosis was reached using compatible clinical history and positive SPT to the involved food in the 98% of cases. SPT were negative in 24 cases (six milk, six cuttlefish, four clam, three shrimp, two banana, two watermelon, one salmon) and the diagnosis was obtained using other methods (P×P, sIgE and/or OFC).Also remarkable was that 33% of the positive SPTs were not associated with allergic symptoms. This percentage varied greatly depending on the food: For instance, egg, fish and Anisakis asymptomatic sensitisations were below 15%. On the contrary, cereals and seeds sensitisations had no clinical relevance at the time of the study in 77% and 68% respectively. sIgE was used to complement the diagnosis in 43% of cases, P×P in the 22%.OFC was used to confirm the food elicitor in 33 allergic reactions (2%), 20 in the ≤14 y.o. group (milk, six; egg, five; lentil, chickpea, bean, pea, hazelnut, walnut, pinion, peach and melon, one) and 13 in the >14 y.o. group (almond and peach, two; egg, milk, soy, peanut, hazelnut, pistachio, onion, pineapple and hake, one).Clinical manifestationsGlobally, urticaria was the most frequently reported manifestation in our population (48.2%), followed by OAS (25.6%) and anaphylaxis (24.8%). Other symptoms like GIS, respiratory and eczema/dermatitis were scarcely reported (6.6%, 2.4% and 2.2% respectively).The analysis of the four main symptoms (urticaria, OAS, anaphylaxis, GIS) by age groups (≤14 and >14 y.o.) showed that OAS and anaphylaxis frequency were significantly higher in the >14 y.o. group compared to the ≤14 y.o. group (P=0.016 and P<0.001 respectively). The comparison of symptoms by age groups and food/food-groups showed that the higher frequency of anaphylaxis in the group of age >14 y.o. was because of tree nuts (P<0.001) and fruits (P=0.043). Although frequency of urticaria was not different between age groups, a separate analysis for foods showed that urticaria was more frequent in the ≤14 y.o. group for peanut (P<0.001), tree nuts (P=0.006) and seafood (P=0.029) groups compared to the >14 y.o. group. No differences were detected for egg, milk, Anisakis or fish allergy. The full distribution of symptoms by food/food-group and age group is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>A and B.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionPrevalence of food allergies varies worldwide and geographical location is one of the main influencing factors, probably affected by aeroallergen exposure and food habits.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">11,16</a> Different sensitisation profiles can be possible even between the north and south regions of the same country.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">10</a> In Spain, the most recent epidemiological study in food allergy, Alergológica-2005,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">14</a> gives an overview of food allergies across the country, but there is little information about particularities of the different regions. The present study is, to our knowledge, the first epidemiological study on food allergies in Catalonia and the biggest one in terms of recruitment and number of reactions that has ever been described in Spain.Regarding food/food groups involved in allergic reactions in our study, egg and milk are by far the main elicitors of food allergy in children, while fruits and tree nuts are the most frequent in the group >14 y.o. Other remarkable differences between both age groups are fish, seafood and Anisakis, being the first more frequent in children, unlike the other two. These data are consistent with those obtained from the study Alergológica-2005<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">14</a> and other studies performed in our geographical area<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235">17–19</a> as well as the data on the Spanish population obtained in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) and Europrevall,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205">11,20</a> but completely different from the food allergy patterns from the United States or United Kingdom, where peanut is by far the leading food.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">21</a> Differences in dietary habits might explain this difference. In fact, the most frequently involved nut in the allergic reactions of the studied population is walnut, which is usually associated with the Mediterranean diet. The individual food that triggered the largest number of reactions in the >14 y.o. group was peach. Peach is described as the main cause of food allergy in the adult population in countries like Spain or Italy, mainly due to its lipid transfer protein (Pru p 3).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200">10,14</a> This protein is also responsible for multiple plant food-sensitisations and different clinical expressions, conforming the so-called LTP syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">22,23</a> Unfortunately, data about LTP sensitisation was not available in the present study, since at the time it was conducted (2008–2010) this diagnostic tool was not available in our allergy clinics.The ECRHS study reported an unexpected no-correlation between a high sensitisation to foods and a high sensitisation to aeroallergens.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">20</a> In our population, significant differences between aeroallergens sensitisation by age groups were detected for pollens. Grass, mugwort, olive and plane tree pollen sensitisations were more frequent in the older group. This finding correlates with a higher prevalence of allergy to plant foods in adulthood compared to childhood. In fact, mugwort and plane tree pollen sensitisations are clearly related to patients with plant food allergy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">24</a> and specifically to LTP sensitisation and might have a role in the development of plant food allergies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">25</a> Another point to remark is that the presence of mugwort pollen in Catalonia is scarce, so the high proportion of patients sensitised to this pollen might respond to a cross-reactive phenomenon related to LTPs, which does not exclude that they may have symptoms if exposed to higher concentrations of this pollen.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">26</a> Even so, the main aeroallergen sensitisers in our population were the house dust mites, regardless of the age.With regard to clinical manifestations of food allergy, the most frequently described in the literature are cutaneous reactions, followed by OAS, digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">14</a> Similar results were found in our population; urticaria was the most frequently reported manifestation, followed by OAS and anaphylaxis. Only significant differences by age groups were detected for OAS and anaphylaxis, both more frequent in the >14 y.o. group. The increased frequency of anaphylaxis depended on peanut, nuts and seafood. These data are similar to those obtained in other epidemiological studies in patients from the Mediterranean area where milk and egg were the main responsible foods for anaphylaxis in children, while peach, vegetables and crustaceans were in adults.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285">27</a>In the majority of our patients, diagnosis was based on a positive case history and a positive SPT to the involved food. Clinical assessment is mandatory at all times, as positive SPTs alone can overestimate food allergy prevalence. In this study, 1/3 of the positive SPTs were not associated to an allergic reaction. Other methods of diagnosis (PxP, specific IgE and/or OFC) were used when the SPT to the elicitor food was negative or as complementary diagnostic tools. Although OFC is the only conclusive tool in food allergy diagnosis, in the present study it was only carried out in a very low percentage of patients. Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge, the gold standard in food allergy, is a complex and hardly used technique that was not used by our clinicians. This aspect has already been reported in other studies, reflecting the distance between the usual methods of clinical practice and the general accepted scientific recommendations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290">28–30</a> Even so, the lack of OFC in this study should be considered a limitation itself.In conclusion, the Cibus project provides one of the most extensive collections of newly diagnosed food allergy cases, with a complete evaluation of aeroallergens sensitisation that gives a full overview of the profile of food allergic patients in Catalonia. Given the similarity with other European and Spanish epidemiologic studies, it reinforces the predominance of plant food allergies in the Mediterranean area.Sources of fundingA grant from SCAIC was obtained for the design and maintenance of the online database.Conflict of interestNone of the authors have any conflict of interest regarding this paper.Ethical disclosuresConfidentiality of dataPatients’ data protection. The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and/or subjects mentioned in the article. The author for correspondence is in possession of this document.Protection of human subjects and animals in researchThe authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres783843" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec782731" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Diagnosis of food allergy" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Food allergy classification" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "In vivo and in vitro tests" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Patients" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Food allergy" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Diagnostic tools" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Clinical manifestations" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Sources of funding" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research" ] ] ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack262387" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-01-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-06-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec782731" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Allergy diagnosis" 1 => "Cross-sectional study" 2 => "Food allergy" 3 => "Food epidemiology" 4 => "Online database" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundFood allergy affects around 6% of the European population and its prevalence worldwide has been increasing in the last decades, but studies focused on investigating food allergy epidemiology in Europe are lacking. ObjectiveThe Cibus project was created to register the main culprit foods and their clinical manifestations in food allergic patients in Catalonia. MethodsA specific online database was designed. Allergists from eight different Catalan hospitals registered the new diagnoses of food allergy. Results618 food allergic patients were included. Egg and milk were the main elicitors in the early ages, while fruits and nuts were the most frequent in patients >14 years old. Fish was more frequent in children, while seafood and Anisakis allergy were more frequent in the >14-year-old group. Overall, peach was the most prevalent food eliciting an allergic reaction (10%). Food allergy diagnosis was reached using compatible clinical history and positive skin prick test to the involved food in 98% of cases. Globally, urticaria was the most frequently reported manifestation in our population (48.2%), followed by oral allergy syndrome (25.6%) and anaphylaxis (24.8%). ConclusionsThe Cibus project gives a full overview of the profile of food allergic patients in Catalonia and reinforces the predominance of plant food allergies in the Mediterranean area." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1344 "Ancho" => 1639 "Tamanyo" => 114532 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Frequency of sensitisation to aeroallergens. Statistical differences between groups are marked with *(P<0.05) and **(P<0.01)." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1430 "Ancho" => 2889 "Tamanyo" => 208407 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Food allergy frequency variation by age groups." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2191 "Ancho" => 1571 "Tamanyo" => 173317 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical manifestations of the main food/food groups elicitors of allergic reactions. GIS: Gastrointestinal symptoms; OAS: oral allergy syndrome." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "P values correspond to differences between both age groups. Significant differences are marked in bold." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">≤14-year-old group (n=155) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">>14-year-old group (n=463) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mean age (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.95 (3.55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">38.4 (14.21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sex female (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">73 (47.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">264 (57%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.033 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Familiar atopy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">82 (52.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">124 (26.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Asthma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 (34.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">102 (22%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rhinitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 (34.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">247 (53.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">84 (54.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">46 (9.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1302780.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Demographic characteristics." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "Data is expressed as number of subjects allergic to a food or allergic to at least one of the foods within the corresponding food group. P values correspond to differences between both age groups: significant differences are marked in bold." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="table-head ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Food/food-group allergy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">≤14-year-old group</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">>14-year-old group</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">P \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Milk \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">30.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Egg \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">32.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wheat \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Other cereals \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Legumes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Peanut \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.037 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tree nuts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">172 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">37.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fruits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">208 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">44.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Vegetables \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fish \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Seafood \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.003 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Anisakis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">53 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1302781.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Food allergy frequency clustered age groups." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:30 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B.I. 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"vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616300970/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5554" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616300970/v1_201612300037/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616300970?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Original Article

J. Sánchez-Lópeza, V. Gázquezb, N. Rubirac, L. Valdesoirod, M. Guilartee, A. Garcia-Morala, N. Depreuxf, L. Soto-Retesg, M. De Molinah, O. Luengoi, R. Lleonarti, M. Basagañaf,

Corresponding author

maria.basagana.torrento@gmail.com

Corresponding author.

a Unitat d’Al·lèrgia, Institut Clínic del Tòrax (ICT), Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

b Allergy Department, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain

c Allergy Department, Hospital Platón, Barcelona, Spain

d Pediatric Allergy Department, Corporació Sanitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain

e Allergy Section, Medicine Department, Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

f Allergy Unit, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain

g Servei de Pneumologia i Al·lèrgia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

h Allergy Unit, Hospital General de l’Hospitalet, Consorci Sanitari Integral, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

i Allergy Unit, Medicine Department, IDIBELL, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain

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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical manifestations of the main food&#47;food groups elicitors of allergic reactions&#46; GIS&#58; Gastrointestinal symptoms&#59; OAS&#58; oral allergy syndrome&#46;</p>"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food allergy affects around 6&#37; of the European population<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> and regarding some recent studies&#44; its prevalence worldwide has increased in the last decades&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> It has a great impact upon the patient&#39;s quality of life<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> and represents a high economic burden to public health systems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some risk factors have been identified&#44; such as vitamin D deficiency&#44; increased hygiene&#44; or the age of exposure to foods&#44; but the implication of other environmental factors still remains unclear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> What seems evident is that the profile of food allergy appears to be different depending on the age and the geographical location&#44; probably due to aeroallergen exposure and food habits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main elicitors of food allergy worldwide are suggested to be cow&#39;s milk&#44; egg&#44; wheat&#44; soy&#44; peanut&#44; tree nuts&#44; fish&#44; and shellfish<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9</span></a> but we must take into account that studies focused on investigating food allergy epidemiology in Europe are lacking and there is limited information on the prevalence and distribution of sensitisation to foods&#46; Recent studies and reviews of the literature have provided very heterogeneous results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#8211;12</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The number of consultations in Allergy Units in Catalonia for food allergy has increased over the last years&#46; According to data obtained from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alergol&#243;gica-1992 and 2005</span>&#44; the consultations in Allergy Units in Catalonia and Balearic Islands for food allergy increased from 3&#46;6&#37; in 1992 to 6&#46;05&#37; in 2005&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13&#44;14</span></a> Thus&#44; the &#8220;Cibus project&#8221; &#40;Cibus is the Latin word for &#8220;food&#8221;&#41; was created to register the main culprit foods in our region and their clinical manifestations in order to outline the characteristics of our population&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Material and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Study design</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A cross-sectional study was carried out in eight allergy outpatient clinics in Catalonia&#44; Spain&#46; Approval from the corresponding Ethics Committees was obtained&#46; The recruitment period was from March 2008 to March 2010&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients included were those newly diagnosed of food allergy who agreed and signed the informed consent document &#40;in the case of children the consent was obtained from their representatives&#41;&#46; A website was created to report the data&#46; Data collection included demographics&#44; familiar and personal history of atopy &#40;defined as having specific IgE &#40;sIgE&#41; to any common antigen as well as respiratory and&#47;or skin disorders associated with IgE-mediated allergy&#41;&#44; presence of other allergic diseases&#44; food allergy manifestations&#44; skin prick test &#40;SPT&#41; to food and respiratory allergens and results of sIgE measurements and&#47;or oral food challenge &#40;OFC&#41; when available&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Diagnosis of food allergy</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food allergy diagnosis was established based on a detailed clinical history and a positive SPT and&#47;or sIgE to the food&#47;foods involved in the reaction&#47;s&#46; Clinical symptoms of the reported food allergies were classified as&#58; oral allergy syndrome &#40;OAS&#44; defined as local itching and&#47;or angio-oedema of lips&#44; tongue&#44; palate and&#47;or throat&#41;&#44; urticaria and&#47;or angio-oedema&#44; anaphylaxis&#44; dermatitis&#47;eczema and&#47;or gastrointestinal symptoms &#40;GIS&#44; including functional dyspepsia&#44; crampy abdominal pain&#44; nausea&#44; vomiting and&#47;or diarrhoea&#41; occurring minutes to few hours after the food intake&#46; Patients showing positive SPT and&#47;or elevated food sIgE in the absence of any reported adverse reaction to that food were considered asymptomatic sensitisations&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Food allergy classification</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For ease of interpretation of the results&#44; foods reported were grouped as follows&#58; egg&#44; milk&#44; wheat&#44; other cereals &#40;rice&#44; oatmeal&#44; rye&#44; barley&#44; maize&#41;&#44; seeds &#40;sesame&#44; mustard&#44; sunflower&#41;&#44; legumes &#40;lentil&#44; chickpea&#44; bean&#44; soybean&#44; pea&#44; lupine&#41;&#44; peanut&#44; tree nuts &#40;almond&#44; hazelnut&#44; walnut&#44; chestnut&#44; pinion&#44; pistachio&#41;&#44; vegetables &#40;celery&#44; onion&#44; asparagus&#44; green bean&#44; lettuce&#44; tomato&#44; carrot&#44; zucchini&#44; spinach&#41;&#44; fruits &#40;peach&#44; apple&#44; pear&#44; cherry&#44; plum&#44; pineapple&#44; strawberry&#44; fig&#44; kiwi&#44; avocado&#44; banana&#44; grape&#44; melon&#44; watermelon&#44; orange&#44; tangerine&#41;&#44; meat &#40;pork&#44; beef&#44; chicken&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span>&#44; fish &#40;hake&#44; monkfish&#44; sole&#44; megrim&#44; cod&#44; tuna&#44; salmon&#44; sardine&#41; and seafood &#40;shrimp&#44; mussel&#44; clam&#44; oyster&#44; cuttlefish&#44; squid&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">In vivo and in vitro tests</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Skin prick tests to standard panels of commercial airborne and food allergens were carried out&#46; The standard airborne allergens panel included <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus&#44; Dermatophagoides farinae&#44; Alternaria alternata&#44; Cladosporium herbarum&#44; Platanus acerifolia&#44; Artemisia vulgaris&#44; Lolium perenne</span> &#40;Laboratorios LETI&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain&#41;&#44; dog and cat dander&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cupressus arizonica&#44; Olea europea&#44; Parietaria Judaica</span> &#40;Bial-Aristegui&#44; Bilbao&#44; Spain&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Penicillium sp</span> &#40;Stallergenes&#44; Antony&#44; France&#41;&#46; The standard food panel included milk&#44; egg&#44; peanut&#44; hazelnut&#44; walnut&#44; soy&#44; maize&#44; wheat&#44; shrimp&#44; lettuce&#44; tomato&#44; green bean&#44; kiwi&#44; pineapple&#44; banana&#44; peach&#44; mustard&#44; hake&#44; tuna &#40;Laboratorios LETI&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis simplex</span> &#40;ALK-Abell&#243;&#44; Madrid&#44; Spain&#41;&#46; When food allergy was suspected to a food not included in the standard series&#44; commercial extracts and&#47;or fresh foods were used for skin testing&#46; Fresh foods were tested by the prick&#8211;prick technique &#40;P&#215;P&#41;&#46; All SPT were carried out on the volar side of the forearm using disposable prick lancets&#46; SPT with saline and histamine 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;mL were used as negative and positive control&#46; A mean wheal diameter of 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm or greater obtained 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>minutes after puncture was considered a positive response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Food hypersensitivity was confirmed by sIgE measurements &#40;UniCAP&#44; Thermofisher&#44; Uppsala&#44; Sweden&#41; in some centres&#46; In these cases&#44; sIgE levels &#62;0&#46;35<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kU&#47;L were regarded as positive&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SPSS software &#40;version 18&#46;0&#59; SPSS&#44; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41; was used for statistical analysis&#46; For qualitative variables the frequency &#40;percent&#41; and its 95&#37; confidence interval &#40;95&#37; CI&#41; was estimated&#46; For quantitative variables&#44; mean and standard deviation &#40;SD&#41; were calculated&#46; Median&#44; minimum and maximum values are given in those quantitative variables with large dispersion and atypical distribution&#46; Qualitative variables were compared using the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#967;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> test&#46; Quantitative variables were compared using Student-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> test&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 were considered significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Patients</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">618 food allergic patients &#40;mean age 30&#46;51 years old &#40;y&#46;o&#46;&#41;&#44; SD 18&#46;45&#41; were included&#46; Among them 155 were 14 years old or under&#46; Full demographic data is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; In the population studied&#44; frequency of familiar atopy&#44; atopic dermatitis and asthma was higher in children &#40;&#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46;&#41; compared to the &#62;14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;004&#44; respectively&#41; while rhinitis was significantly higher in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; Regarding sensitisation to aeroallergens&#44; the main sensitisers were house dust mites&#46; Frequency of sensitisation to dog and cat dander&#44; grass pollen&#44; mugwort&#44; olive tree and plane tree were significantly higher in the &#62;14 y&#46;o group compared to the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Food allergy</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the study population&#44; a total of 1517 different food allergies were reported &#40;2&#46;45<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;2 food allergies&#47;patient&#41;&#44; without statistical differences between the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; and &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; groups&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; food allergies were markedly different between &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; and &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; groups&#46; A full list of all food&#47;food-group allergy frequencies is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; Egg and milk were the main elicitors in the younger group&#44; while fruits and tree nuts were the most frequent in the older group&#46; Frequency of fish allergy was higher in the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group compared to the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#46; On the contrary&#44; frequency of seafood and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span> allergy were higher in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group compared to the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;003 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#44; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A stratification of the food allergies in the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group was carried out&#44; grouping them as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46; Milk and egg relevance moved from 46&#37; and 38&#37; respectively in the youngest group &#40;&#8804;2 y&#46;o&#46;&#41; to 1&#46;3&#37; and 2&#46;8&#37; in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the contrary&#44; fruits&#44; peanut and tree nuts allergies increased progressively over the years&#46; Other foods like seafood or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span> also underwent a moderate increase&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding the food groups&#44; the main elicitors were wheat &#40;24&#37;&#41; for cereals&#44; peanut &#40;61&#37;&#41; for legumes&#44; walnut &#40;29&#37;&#41; for tree nuts&#44; peach &#40;35&#37;&#41; for fruits&#44; lettuce &#40;30&#37;&#41; for vegetables&#44; hake &#40;25&#37;&#41; for fish and shrimp &#40;68&#37;&#41; for seafood&#46; Overall&#44; peach was the most prevalent food eliciting an allergic reaction &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A specific analysis of nut allergy prevalence &#40;including peanut&#44; almond&#44; hazelnut&#44; walnut&#44; chestnut&#44; pinion&#44; pistachio&#41; showed that 92 subjects &#40;43&#37;&#41; were allergic to only one nut&#44; 51 &#40;24&#37;&#41; to two different nuts&#44; 34 &#40;16&#37;&#41; to three different nuts and 35 &#40;17&#37;&#41; were allergic to four or more different nuts&#46; Peanut&#44; walnut and hazelnut was the most frequent association&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Diagnostic tools</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">SPT was the principal diagnostic tool used by the investigators&#46; Food allergy diagnosis was reached using compatible clinical history and positive SPT to the involved food in the 98&#37; of cases&#46; SPT were negative in 24 cases &#40;six milk&#44; six cuttlefish&#44; four clam&#44; three shrimp&#44; two banana&#44; two watermelon&#44; one salmon&#41; and the diagnosis was obtained using other methods &#40;P&#215;P&#44; sIgE and&#47;or OFC&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Also remarkable was that 33&#37; of the positive SPTs were not associated with allergic symptoms&#46; This percentage varied greatly depending on the food&#58; For instance&#44; egg&#44; fish and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span> asymptomatic sensitisations were below 15&#37;&#46; On the contrary&#44; cereals and seeds sensitisations had no clinical relevance at the time of the study in 77&#37; and 68&#37; respectively&#46; sIgE was used to complement the diagnosis in 43&#37; of cases&#44; P&#215;P in the 22&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">OFC was used to confirm the food elicitor in 33 allergic reactions &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#44; 20 in the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;milk&#44; six&#59; egg&#44; five&#59; lentil&#44; chickpea&#44; bean&#44; pea&#44; hazelnut&#44; walnut&#44; pinion&#44; peach and melon&#44; one&#41; and 13 in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;almond and peach&#44; two&#59; egg&#44; milk&#44; soy&#44; peanut&#44; hazelnut&#44; pistachio&#44; onion&#44; pineapple and hake&#44; one&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Clinical manifestations</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Globally&#44; urticaria was the most frequently reported manifestation in our population &#40;48&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by OAS &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41; and anaphylaxis &#40;24&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46; Other symptoms like GIS&#44; respiratory and eczema&#47;dermatitis were scarcely reported &#40;6&#46;6&#37;&#44; 2&#46;4&#37; and 2&#46;2&#37; respectively&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of the four main symptoms &#40;urticaria&#44; OAS&#44; anaphylaxis&#44; GIS&#41; by age groups &#40;&#8804;14 and &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46;&#41; showed that OAS and anaphylaxis frequency were significantly higher in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group compared to the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;016 and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001 respectively&#41;&#46; The comparison of symptoms by age groups and food&#47;food-groups showed that the higher frequency of anaphylaxis in the group of age &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; was because of tree nuts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and fruits &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;043&#41;&#46; Although frequency of urticaria was not different between age groups&#44; a separate analysis for foods showed that urticaria was more frequent in the &#8804;14 y&#46;o&#46; group for peanut &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#44; tree nuts &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;006&#41; and seafood &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;029&#41; groups compared to the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group&#46; No differences were detected for egg&#44; milk&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span> or fish allergy&#46; The full distribution of symptoms by food&#47;food-group and age group is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>A and B&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Discussion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of food allergies varies worldwide and geographical location is one of the main influencing factors&#44; probably affected by aeroallergen exposure and food habits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;16</span></a> Different sensitisation profiles can be possible even between the north and south regions of the same country&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In Spain&#44; the most recent epidemiological study in food allergy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alergol&#243;gica-2005</span>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> gives an overview of food allergies across the country&#44; but there is little information about particularities of the different regions&#46; The present study is&#44; to our knowledge&#44; the first epidemiological study on food allergies in Catalonia and the biggest one in terms of recruitment and number of reactions that has ever been described in Spain&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding food&#47;food groups involved in allergic reactions in our study&#44; egg and milk are by far the main elicitors of food allergy in children&#44; while fruits and tree nuts are the most frequent in the group &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; Other remarkable differences between both age groups are fish&#44; seafood and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span>&#44; being the first more frequent in children&#44; unlike the other two&#46; These data are consistent with those obtained from the study <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Alergol&#243;gica</span>-<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2005</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and other studies performed in our geographical area<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17&#8211;19</span></a> as well as the data on the Spanish population obtained in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey &#40;ECRHS&#41; and Europrevall&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;20</span></a> but completely different from the food allergy patterns from the United States or United Kingdom&#44; where peanut is by far the leading food&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Differences in dietary habits might explain this difference&#46; In fact&#44; the most frequently involved nut in the allergic reactions of the studied population is walnut&#44; which is usually associated with the Mediterranean diet&#46; The individual food that triggered the largest number of reactions in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group was peach&#46; Peach is described as the main cause of food allergy in the adult population in countries like Spain or Italy&#44; mainly due to its lipid transfer protein &#40;Pru p 3&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;14</span></a> This protein is also responsible for multiple plant food-sensitisations and different clinical expressions&#44; conforming the so-called LTP syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a> Unfortunately&#44; data about LTP sensitisation was not available in the present study&#44; since at the time it was conducted &#40;2008&#8211;2010&#41; this diagnostic tool was not available in our allergy clinics&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ECRHS study reported an unexpected no-correlation between a high sensitisation to foods and a high sensitisation to aeroallergens&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> In our population&#44; significant differences between aeroallergens sensitisation by age groups were detected for pollens&#46; Grass&#44; mugwort&#44; olive and plane tree pollen sensitisations were more frequent in the older group&#46; This finding correlates with a higher prevalence of allergy to plant foods in adulthood compared to childhood&#46; In fact&#44; mugwort and plane tree pollen sensitisations are clearly related to patients with plant food allergy&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> and specifically to LTP sensitisation and might have a role in the development of plant food allergies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Another point to remark is that the presence of mugwort pollen in Catalonia is scarce&#44; so the high proportion of patients sensitised to this pollen might respond to a cross-reactive phenomenon related to LTPs&#44; which does not exclude that they may have symptoms if exposed to higher concentrations of this pollen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> Even so&#44; the main aeroallergen sensitisers in our population were the house dust mites&#44; regardless of the age&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With regard to clinical manifestations of food allergy&#44; the most frequently described in the literature are cutaneous reactions&#44; followed by OAS&#44; digestive symptoms and anaphylaxis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> Similar results were found in our population&#59; urticaria was the most frequently reported manifestation&#44; followed by OAS and anaphylaxis&#46; Only significant differences by age groups were detected for OAS and anaphylaxis&#44; both more frequent in the &#62;14 y&#46;o&#46; group&#46; The increased frequency of anaphylaxis depended on peanut&#44; nuts and seafood&#46; These data are similar to those obtained in other epidemiological studies in patients from the Mediterranean area where milk and egg were the main responsible foods for anaphylaxis in children&#44; while peach&#44; vegetables and crustaceans were in adults&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the majority of our patients&#44; diagnosis was based on a positive case history and a positive SPT to the involved food&#46; Clinical assessment is mandatory at all times&#44; as positive SPTs alone can overestimate food allergy prevalence&#46; In this study&#44; 1&#47;3 of the positive SPTs were not associated to an allergic reaction&#46; Other methods of diagnosis &#40;PxP&#44; specific IgE and&#47;or OFC&#41; were used when the SPT to the elicitor food was negative or as complementary diagnostic tools&#46; Although OFC is the only conclusive tool in food allergy diagnosis&#44; in the present study it was only carried out in a very low percentage of patients&#46; Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge&#44; the gold standard in food allergy&#44; is a complex and hardly used technique that was not used by our clinicians&#46; This aspect has already been reported in other studies&#44; reflecting the distance between the usual methods of clinical practice and the general accepted scientific recommendations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28&#8211;30</span></a> Even so&#44; the lack of OFC in this study should be considered a limitation itself&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; the Cibus project provides one of the most extensive collections of newly diagnosed food allergy cases&#44; with a complete evaluation of aeroallergens sensitisation that gives a full overview of the profile of food allergic patients in Catalonia&#46; Given the similarity with other European and Spanish epidemiologic studies&#44; it reinforces the predominance of plant food allergies in the Mediterranean area&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Sources of funding</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A grant from SCAIC was obtained for the design and maintenance of the online database&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None of the authors have any conflict of interest regarding this paper&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients&#8217; data protection&#46; The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work centre on the publication of patient data and that all the patients included in the study have received sufficient information and have given their informed consent in writing to participate in that study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have obtained the informed consent of the patients and&#47;or subjects mentioned in the article&#46; The author for correspondence is in possession of this document&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0130">Protection of human subjects and animals in research</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this investigation&#46;</p></span></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Food allergy affects around 6&#37; of the European population and its prevalence worldwide has been increasing in the last decades&#44; but studies focused on investigating food allergy epidemiology in Europe are lacking&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Cibus project was created to register the main culprit foods and their clinical manifestations in food allergic patients in Catalonia&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A specific online database was designed&#46; Allergists from eight different Catalan hospitals registered the new diagnoses of food allergy&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">618 food allergic patients were included&#46; Egg and milk were the main elicitors in the early ages&#44; while fruits and nuts were the most frequent in patients &#62;14 years old&#46; Fish was more frequent in children&#44; while seafood and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span> allergy were more frequent in the &#62;14-year-old group&#46; Overall&#44; peach was the most prevalent food eliciting an allergic reaction &#40;10&#37;&#41;&#46; Food allergy diagnosis was reached using compatible clinical history and positive skin prick test to the involved food in 98&#37; of cases&#46; Globally&#44; urticaria was the most frequently reported manifestation in our population &#40;48&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by oral allergy syndrome &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41; and anaphylaxis &#40;24&#46;8&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Cibus project gives a full overview of the profile of food allergic patients in Catalonia and reinforces the predominance of plant food allergies in the Mediterranean area&#46;</p></span>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#8804;14-year-old group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>155&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mean age &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6&#46;95 &#40;3&#46;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">38&#46;4 &#40;14&#46;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="" valign="top">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Sex female &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">73 &#40;47&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">264 &#40;57&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;033</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Familiar atopy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">124 &#40;26&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Asthma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;34&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">102 &#40;22&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;004</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Rhinitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53 &#40;34&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">247 &#40;53&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">84 &#40;54&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wheat&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#62;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#62;0&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">19&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;037</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Tree nuts&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">20&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">172&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">37&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">208&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">44&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Fish&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">8&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;005</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">5&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">14&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;003</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Anisakis</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;001</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Food allergy frequency clustered age groups&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
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            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prevalence of common food allergies in Europe&#58; a systematic review and meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46;I&#46; Nwaru"
                            1 => "L&#46; Hickstein"
                            2 => "S&#46;S&#46; Panesar"
                            3 => "G&#46; Roberts"
                            4 => "A&#46; Muraro"
                            5 => "A&#46; Sheikh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/all.12423"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "69"
                        "paginaInicial" => "992"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1007"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24816523"
                            "web" => "Medline"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Food allergy&#58; temporal trends and determinants"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Ben-Shoshan"
                            1 => "E&#46; Turnbull"
                            2 => "A&#46; Clarke"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11882-012-0274-3"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "346"
                        "paginaFinal" => "372"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723032"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester&#44; Minnesota&#58; a report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "W&#46;W&#46; Decker"
                            1 => "R&#46;L&#46; Campbell"
                            2 => "V&#46; Manivannan"
                            3 => "A&#46; Luke"
                            4 => "J&#46;L&#46; St Sauver"
                            5 => "A&#46; Weaver"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.043"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "122"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1161"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1165"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18992928"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of quality of life in children with peanut allergy"
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                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "N&#46;J&#46; Avery"
                            1 => "R&#46;M&#46; King"
                            2 => "S&#46; Knight"
                            3 => "J&#46;O&#46; Hourihane"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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        "texto" => "<p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors are grateful to SCAIC members who have voluntarily entered new cases of food allergy&#59; we also thank Andr&#233;s Hidalgo for designing the online support for the database and the SCAIC Board for trusting in the project and funding the creation of the database&#46;</p>"
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Article information

ISSN: 03010546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.aller.2016.06.004

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	0	5
2024 October	36	10	46
2024 September	30	9	39
2024 August	27	5	32
2024 July	22	6	28
2024 June	22	3	25
2024 May	36	9	45
2024 April	25	5	30
2024 March	32	4	36
2024 February	18	2	20
2024 January	19	3	22
2023 December	27	14	41
2023 November	26	16	42
2023 October	50	19	69
2023 September	36	1	37
2023 August	29	7	36
2023 July	26	8	34
2023 June	36	6	42
2023 May	69	24	93
2023 April	62	4	66
2023 March	39	5	44
2023 February	23	3	26
2023 January	32	14	46
2022 December	26	3	29
2022 November	44	6	50
2022 October	23	8	31
2022 September	32	24	56
2022 August	27	10	37
2022 July	18	13	31
2022 June	11	6	17
2022 May	25	9	34
2022 April	17	20	37
2022 March	23	32	55
2022 February	15	20	35
2022 January	26	23	49
2021 December	25	24	49
2021 November	28	28	56
2021 October	40	30	70
2021 September	32	14	46
2021 August	15	16	31
2021 July	16	14	30
2021 June	16	14	30
2021 May	25	5	30
2021 April	32	63	95
2021 March	24	28	52
2021 February	15	30	45
2021 January	17	22	39
2020 December	0	2	2
2020 October	1	0	1
2020 July	0	1	1
2018 March	1	0	1
2018 February	5	2	7
2018 January	12	5	17
2017 December	4	1	5
2017 November	3	1	4
2017 March	2	0	2
2017 January	4	0	4

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Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

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Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

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