Prenatal and postnatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and allergy symptoms in city children

array:23 ["pii" => "S0301054616301124" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2016.07.006" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "796" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "copyrightAnyo" => "2016" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2017;45:18-24" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 95 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 2 "HTML" => 78 "PDF" => 15 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0301054616300623" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2016.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "760" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2017;45:25-32" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 53 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 2 "HTML" => 36 "PDF" => 15 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Allergic rhinitis and allergy are risk factors for otitis media with effusion: A meta-analysis" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "25" "paginaFinal" => "32" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Figure 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 2360 "Ancho" => 1642 "Tamanyo" => 101055 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Evaluation of a potential publication bias. (a) AR vs. OME. Funnel plots evaluating publication bias in three studies. (b) Allergy vs. OME. Funnel plots evaluating publication bias in six studies. Both groups are of normal intensity and relatively symmetrical. SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "X. Cheng, H. Sheng, R. Ma, Z. Gao, Z. Han, F. Chi, N. Cong, J. Wang, X. Liu, X. Luo, J. Yu, Y. Ra" "autores" => array:12 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Cheng" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H." "apellidos" => "Sheng" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Ma" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Z." "apellidos" => "Gao" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Z." "apellidos" => "Han" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Chi" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Cong" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Wang" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Liu" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "X." "apellidos" => "Luo" ] 10 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Yu" ] 11 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Y." "apellidos" => "Ra" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616300623?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616300623/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0301054616301513" "issn" => "03010546" "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2016.09.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01" "aid" => "813" "copyright" => "SEICAP" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2017;45:11-7" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 36 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 5 "HTML" => 26 "PDF" => 5 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: Changes in sensitisation in the past 11 years and comparison with other centres in Mexico" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "11" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1318 "Ancho" => 2264 "Tamanyo" => 185235 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of positive skin tests to Dermatophagoides in children under and over 6 years of age in different years. Note: For this analysis we only included patients with at least one positive SPT." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "E.M. Navarrete-Rodríguez, J.R. Fernández-Soto, B.E. Del Rio-Navarro, O.J. Saucedo-Ramírez, J.J.L. Sienra-Monge" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E.M." "apellidos" => "Navarrete-Rodríguez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.R." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Soto" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B.E." "apellidos" => "Del Rio-Navarro" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "O.J." "apellidos" => "Saucedo-Ramírez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.J.L." "apellidos" => "Sienra-Monge" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616301513?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616301513/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original Article" "titulo" => "Prenatal and postnatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and allergy symptoms in city children" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "18" "paginaFinal" => "24" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Jerzynska, D. Podlecka, K. Polanska, W. Hanke, I. Stelmach, W. Stelmach" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Jerzynska" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Podlecka" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "K." "apellidos" => "Polanska" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "W." "apellidos" => "Hanke" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Stelmach" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 5 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "W." "apellidos" => "Stelmach" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "alergol@kopernik.lodz.pl" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, Poland" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2339 "Ancho" => 2314 "Tamanyo" => 231493 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP (mcg/g)) in urine (mother and child); comparison of 1-HP concentration in urine between children with frequent (>1/last year) vs. infrequent (≤1/last year) infection and between children with vs. without food allergy; Mann–Whitney test was used." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a well-known class of environmental pollutants that usually occur as complex mixtures of more than 300 compounds composed of fused aromatic rings. The source of PAH includes emissions from car fumes, coal-fired power plants, residential heating (e.g. coal or wood stoves, fireplaces) unvented gas appliances, environmental tobacco smoke and domestic cooking procedures such as grilling and roasting.Exposure to PAH may impair the immune function of the foetus and, subsequently, be responsible for an increased susceptibility of children to respiratory diseases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145">1–3</a> For some symptoms the effect of PAH exposure is partly modified by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). The study by Miller et al. has shown that prenatal PAH exposure in the presence of postnatal ETS exposure was associated with increased cough and wheeze at 12 months of age and breathing problems and reports of probable asthma at two years of age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">1</a> Another study has shown an increased risk of various respiratory symptoms (including barking cough, wheezing, sore throat) and ear infections associated with PAH exposure. In addition, in this study the impact of PAH exposure on duration of respiratory symptoms has been observed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">2</a> It has also been demonstrated that combined prenatal exposure to PAH and ETS was associated with asthma but not atopy at age 5–6.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">3</a> It is important to remember that many PAH are powerful carcinogens and that prenatal exposure to many air pollutants besides PAH is linked to allergic diseases in children such as asthma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">4,5</a>The measurement of urinary PAH metabolites provides a valuable tool to assess the individual level of internal PAH exposure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">6,7</a>Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) – the main pyrene metabolite, have been used as representative indicators of PAH exposure. Our previous analysis based on Polish Mother and Child Cohort (REPRO_PL) indicated that non-smoking pregnant women suffer from a higher PAH exposure (based on nine PAH metabolites) than those from other western countries.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">8</a> 1-HP was highly correlated with other PAH metabolites.In our previous report, associations between different factors affecting pregnant women and young children and children's health status were found.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">9–12</a> In the present study, we hypothesised that maternal prenatal urine metabolite concentration of PAH would be associated with wheezing, food allergy, early eczema and infections among city children. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between mother's exposure to PAH during pregnancy and respiratory infections and allergic diseases in their infants. We also assessed the above associations using measured PAH exposure in children's urine during the first two years of life.Materials and methodsStudy areaLodz voivodeship (highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland corresponding to a district or province) is situated in Central Poland. At the end of 2013 Lodz voivodeship had a population of 2,607,380 with 622,290 inhabitants below 19 years (<5 years: 139,613; 6–13 years: 246,861; 14–19 years: 235,816). Lodz district is the centre of the textile and chemical industry with many power stations. Air dust pollution in Lodz district is one of the highest in Poland. In 2013 mean dust concentration in the city centre of Lodz was 38mcg/m2 and emission of sulphur dioxide per 1km2 in total was 23.1.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">13</a> Data presented by the WHO indicate that cities and towns in Poland are the most polluted in the EU (based on the annual average PM2.5 level mcg/m3; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/4j82zs/most_polluted_cities_and_towns_in_the_eu/?">https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/4j82zs/most_polluted_cities_and_towns_in_the_eu/?</a>). Of 154 cities in Poland, Lodz was located on the 69th position of the highest PM2.5 levels (with the annual PM2.5 level in 2013 equal 27mcg/m3; comparing to the highest 43mcg/m3 in Zywiec and the lowest 8mcg/m3 in Inowroclaw) (<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/">http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/</a>). Our previous analysis performed on the population of pregnant women from Lodz district has also confirmed high levels of PAH metabolites.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">8</a>There are some major sources of PAH in Lodz district such as: industry, motor vehicles and trucks, coal burning, and burning of biomass such as trash. However, there is limited data on airborne levels of PAH in the Lodz district. The epidemiological situation in the city centre of Lodz is far worse with a percentage of adult asthma of 13.2 and children asthma of 18.4.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210">14,15</a>Study design and populationThe present study was based on the data from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort (REPRO_PL) – a multicentre prospective cohort study established in 2007.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">9–12</a> The mothers’ recruitment and follow-up procedures and complete description of the methodological assumptions has been published elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220">16,17</a> The women were recruited from the general population during the first trimester of pregnancy at maternity units or clinics if they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: single pregnancy up to 12 weeks of gestation, no assisted conception, no pregnancy complications (including possible spontaneous abortion or child malformations), and no chronic diseases as specified in the study protocol (including pre-pregnancy diabetes, hypertension, cancer, heart diseases).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">16</a> Maternal asthma and allergy did not constitute an exclusion criterion for the study. The current analysis was restricted to 455 mothers and their children from Lodz district.The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Łódź, Poland (Decision Nos. 7/2007 and 3/2008) and a written consent was obtained from all the subjects (pregnant women and patents of the children) before the study.Mother health assessmentThe women were interviewed three times during the pregnancy (once in each trimester) in order to collect and update demographic and socio-economic data, medical and reproductive history, and information about environmental and occupational exposures.Child health assessmentChildren's health status was assessed at around one (range, 10–18 months) and repeated at two years of age (range, 23–30 months). For the appropriate recognition of children's health status, an interview was performed with mothers and supplemented (verified) with information from the medical chart of each child.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185">9–12,17</a> In addition, current child health status assessment was performed by a paediatrician/allergist. At that time, information concerning socio-demographic, environmental and lifestyle factors has also been updated by conducting interviews with mothers.The first part of the questionnaire covers certain sociodemographic information (i.e., family size, material status of the family, and parental educational level). Material status of the family has been measured during pregnancy and after child birth based on the following question: ‘What is the financial status of your family?’ Women who declared that they have sufficient money for current expenses and that it was possible for them to put a substantial sum aside were allocated into the high income category. Those who indicated sufficient money for current expenses, with possibility to put aside some money were allocated into the medium category, and those who declared insufficient money for current expenses were defined as those with the worst financial situation. The occurrence of allergy among family members was noted. The second part of the questionnaire (developed by an allergist, based on recommendations from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) investigated the child's health and condition. The respiratory outcomes were analysed for the following symptoms: wheezing, cough, dyspnoea. The incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs) were counted, wheezing, dyspnoea or cough were noted if child ever wheezed or had dyspnoea or cough off infection, and any symptoms of allergy to food and inhalant allergens were noted. The duration and course of each infection and disease, medications taken, and hospitalisations, if any, were identified. Patients were defined as having food allergy or atopic dermatitis if they had ever been diagnosed by a physician. In addition, the occurrence of allergy among family members was defined by questionnaire.Assessment of mother's and children's exposure to PAHThe urine samples were collected from the pregnant women at the time of their second (between 20th and 24th weeks of gestation) and third (between 30th and 34th weeks of gestation) prenatal clinic visit scheduled within the study and from their children at 1 or 2 years of age into polypropylene cups. The child urine collection was performed by the mother at home. Taking into account the child's age, in the situation when it was not possible to collect the urine into the cups, the urine sample collection bags appropriate for child age (U-bag 100ml) were used. The mothers were trained how to collect the urine from their children. The samples were stored at −20°C before the analysis. Assessment of prenatal and postnatal exposure to PAH was based on measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in urine using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis was performed at NIOM laboratory based on the method described elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230">18,19</a>ETS exposure assessmentPrenatal exposure to tobacco constituents was assessed based on questionnaire data. Full description of assessment of children's exposure to tobacco smoke was published elsewhere.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">17</a>Statistical analysisThe associations between dependent dichotomous variables and urine 1-HP concentrations were analysed using logistic regression. Histograms of continuous variables revealed that all 1-HP concentrations were positively skewed and, therefore, were log10-transformed before analysis. Next, for all outcomes, we fitted logistic regression models with 1-HP levels as continuous variables and we adjusted each model for the effect of a different set of cofounders (given in the footnotes of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>) defined in a previous study from the same cohort. The Wald testing was done to determine the final model. We modelled each of the individual 1-HP concentrations separately. Spearman's test was used to assess correlations between different measurements of 1-HP. All of the statistical analyses were performed using STATISTICA v8.0 (StatSoft, Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). The null hypothesis was rejected if p<0.05.ResultsData from 455 participants were included in the analysis. A description of the study cohort is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Median values and the distribution of the concentration in urine (mother and child) of 1-HP are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>. In our study, we showed that higher urine concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20–24 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of more frequent (>median: >1/year) respiratory infections in children during their first year of life (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). Higher 1-HP concentrations in children's urine increased the risk of food allergy in children during their first two years of life (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>). The above associations were adjusted for the effect of previously defined (in the same cohort) statistical predictors of study outcomes.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>We did not find any other associations, also when assessing 1-HP concentrations at 30–34 weeks of pregnancy.We followed the correlation analysis between different measurements of 1-HP concentration. We showed significant correlation between concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20–24 weeks of pregnancy and 1-HP concentrations in children's urine (Spearman's correlation coefficient: 0.418; p=0.017). There were no other linear or non-linear correlations between 1-HP concentration measurements.DiscussionIn the literature there is little evidence for the association between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy and prevalence of respiratory symptoms during the first year of life. In our study we found a significant association between mothers’ exposure to PAH during pregnancy and an increased risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections in infants. This association was especially strong for women exposed to PAH in the second trimester of pregnancy with a 70% increase in the risk of respiratory tract infections. The second interesting finding in our study was the association between high PAH metabolites concentrations measurement in infant's urine (by the age of 1 or 2 years) and an increased risk of food allergy.Jedrychowski et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">2</a> have shown that in Poland the mean concentration of PAH exposure is 26.1ng/m3, which is much higher than respective data coming from other urban populations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150">2,20</a> They have shown an increased risk of various respiratory symptoms (including barking cough, wheezing, sore throat) and ear infections associated with PAH exposure. They have also shown a significant association between prenatal PAH exposure and the occurrence of respiratory outcomes observed in infants. The highest risk of respiratory episodes related to PAH exposure in that study were noted for barking cough (RR=4.8; 95% CI: 2.7–8.4) and wheezing without cold (RR=3.8; 95% CI: 1.2– 12.4).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">2</a> Our findings are consistent with Jedrychowski et al., the recurrent respiratory tract infections in infants were more frequent in the infants with higher prenatal PAH exposure, compared to those with a lower urinary PAH concentration. It might be interesting to correlate airborne levels of PAH to urinary PAH levels in the pregnant women. Unfortunately, there are no data on airborne PAH levels in the Lodz area.Moreover, in a study by Miller et al., a significant association between PAH prenatal exposure and increased cough and wheezing at age of 12 months, and breathing problems and reports of probable asthma at age of 24 months have been shown.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">1</a> In a recently published study by Jedrychowski et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">21</a> the association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to airborne PAH and severity of wheeze and recurrent wheeze has been found. The authors conclude that prenatal PAH may precipitate and intensify an early onset of wheezing symptoms in childhood, resulting from the postnatal exposure and suggest that success in reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases in children would depend on reducing both foetal and childhood exposure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245">21</a> However, in different research by Miller et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250">22</a> the authors have not found an association between PAH metabolite levels and asthma or respiratory symptoms, but they have found a positive association between PAH concentrations and higher anti-mouse IgE and anti-cat IgE. This may be due to several ethnic differences in the levels of PAH concentrations in that research.Multiple epidemiological studies have suggested that asthma risk is determined by early life exposure to pollutants and allergens, which can later modify lung function and T helper cells to allergic phenotype. A study performed in adults has demonstrated an association between PAH concentrations and decreased FEV1, increased asthma severity and suppression of T-cell function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255">23</a> What is more, the suppression of T-cells was also significantly associated with enhancement of the Th-2 phenotype that is linked to allergic asthma. Recurrent respiratory tract infections, especially associated with wheezing in young children, are often classified as asthma symptoms. Asthma is the most common chronic disease and its risk may be strongly influenced by prenatal events.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260">24,25</a> High levels of PAH are thought to cause aberrant DNA methylation changes, leading to dysregulation of gene expression and perhaps asthma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260">24</a> In a follow-up FACES study performed in children 6–11 years of age the authors have also found a significant correlation between PAH exposure and increased wheeze among asthmatics.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270">26</a> In our study, we did not assess asthma symptoms; however, we found higher prevalence of respiratory tract infections in the children exposed to PAH, which can be a predictor of later asthma.The second interesting finding in our study is the association between high PAH metabolites concentrations measured in infant's urine (by the age of 1 or 2 years) and an increased risk of food allergy. There is no evidence in the literature about this association. Brauer et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">27</a> observed in their study a positive association between other traffic-related air pollutants and sensitisation to food allergy at the age of two years. However, the assessments were not performed separately for PAH exposure and there are no data about mothers’ exposure to PAH during pregnancy. In our study, we showed that higher 1-HP concentrations in children's urine increased the risk of food allergy in children during the two first years of life. Studies have shown that for some respiratory symptoms (such as barking cough, wheezing, sore throat, ear infections) the effect of PAH exposure is partly modified by simultaneous exposure to ETS. The study by Miller et al. indicated that prenatal PAH exposure in the presence of postnatal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was associated with increased cough and wheeze at 12 months of age (PAH x ETS interaction OR=1.4; p<0.01 and OR=1.3; p<0.05, respectively) and breathing problems, and reports of probable asthma at two years of age (PAH×ETS interaction OR=1.5 and OR=1.6; p<0.05, respectively) (1). A study by Rosa et al. has demonstrated that combined prenatal exposure to PAH and ETS was associated with asthma but not atopy at the age 5–6.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">3</a> The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has shown that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been associated with allergic sensitisation and asthma in children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280">28</a>In our study we did not find a significant association between PAH levels in maternal urine and wheezing and atopic dermatitis in children.The main limitation of the present study is the fact that we were not able to clearly distinguish the effect of prenatal from postnatal PAH and whether prenatal exposure to PAHs would explain the findings versus increased PAH exposure postnatally. Taking into account the child's age (1 or 2 years), neither skin prick testing nor pulmonary function testing were performed. However, the children from REPRO_PL cohort are currently followed up at the age of seven with these tests included in the child health status examination. This will allow for a better (more objective) outcome evaluation in future assessments. Another limitation is that the current analysis was restricted to 455 mothers recruited from the general population, and they were not compared with mothers not in the study to assess the level of bias in the sample.Our data support the hypothesis that early childhood exposure to air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determines respiratory conditions, and is linked to allergic diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms still need further exploration.The strength of our study is the use of a urinary biomarker of PAH exposure in mothers and their offspring, as this method has been shown to have a good reproducibility. In our study, we showed that higher urine concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20–24 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of more frequent respiratory infections and food allergy in children during their first year of life. Our study suggests awareness of environmental factors, which may affect children's health since PAH were shown to be risk factors for airway infections and food allergy in children after adjustment for other risk factors. For pregnant women living in highly developed environments, like ours, with very high exposure to PAH, controlling the environment may be necessary. Also, other studies are needed to assign a critical value in urine for harmful PAH effect.Authors’ contributionsDaniela Podlecka – Literature search; Kinga Polańska – Data collection; Iwona Stelmach – Study design; Wlodzimierz Stelmach – Analysis of data; Joanna Jerzynska – Manuscript preparation; Review of manuscript – Wojciech Hanke.Ethical disclosuresConfidentiality of dataThe authors declare that no patient data appears in this article.Right to privacy and informed consentThe authors declare that no patient data appears in this article.Protection of human subjects and animals in researchThe authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the responsible Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with those of the World Medical Association and the Helsinki Declaration.Conflict of interestAll authors state no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres783823" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec782710" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study area" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Study design and population" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Mother health assessment" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Child health assessment" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Assessment of mother's and children's exposure to PAH" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "ETS exposure assessment" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Authors’ contributions" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack262383" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-03-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-07-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec782710" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" 1 => "Prenatal exposure" 2 => "Allergy" 3 => "Children" 4 => "Infections" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundStudies indicate that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) is associated with adverse respiratory and allergy outcomes. Exposure to PAH may impair the immune function of the foetus and, subsequently, be responsible for an increased susceptibility of children to allergic diseases. ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to assess the association between mother's exposure to PAH during pregnancy and allergy diseases in their infants. We also assessed the above associations using measured PAH exposure in children's urine during the first two years of life. MethodsThe current analysis was restricted to 455 mothers and their children from Lodz district. The women were interviewed three times during the pregnancy in order to collect demographic, socio-economic and medical history data. Children's health status was assessed at the age of 10–18 months and repeated at two years of age. The associations between dependent dichotomous variables and urine concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) were analysed using logistic regression. ResultsWe showed that higher urine concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20–24 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of more frequent respiratory infections (p=0.02) in children during their first year of life. Higher 1-HP concentrations in children's urine increased the risk of food allergy (p=0.002) in children during their first two years of life. ConclusionsThis study suggests awareness of environmental factors, which may affect children's health since PAH showed to be a risk factor for airway infections and food allergy in children after adjustment for other risk factors." "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2339 "Ancho" => 2314 "Tamanyo" => 231493 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP (mcg/g)) in urine (mother and child); comparison of 1-HP concentration in urine between children with frequent (>1/last year) vs. infrequent (≤1/last year) infection and between children with vs. without food allergy; Mann–Whitney test was used." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">N=455 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Clinical profile, n (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Atopic dermatitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">50 (11.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Food allergy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">100 (29.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Wheezing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">36 (12.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">More than one infection/year \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">170 (41.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Family status</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Parental atopy, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">184 (42.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Mother's age [years] mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29.4±4.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maternal education: primary, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">42 (19.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Secondary, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">146 (32.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">University, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">263 (58.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Father's age [years] mean±SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">31.4±5.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Paternal education: primary, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">83 (18.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Secondary, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">184 (41.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">University, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">181 (40.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Worse financial situation, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">62 (14.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Housing condition</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Pets at home, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">104 (22.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Frequency of cleaning/month, median (quartile range) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 (3–4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Maternal smoking, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">89 (19.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Paternal smoking, n (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">157 (34.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1302725.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Clinical characteristics of the participants." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "a Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of atopic dermatitis in this cohort: atopy in family, father's education, frequency of cleaning, breastfeeding.b Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of food allergy in this cohort: pets at home during pregnancy, breastfeeding.c Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of wheezing in this cohort: number of infections and paternal smoking.d Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of more frequent infection in this cohort: paternal smoking." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dependent variable: 1-HP urine level (log-transformed) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95% CI</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">P-level \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">AD (a)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20–24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.443 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30–34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.06 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">7.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.955 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.616 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Food allergy (b)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20–24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.568 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30–34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">2.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.309 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">17.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Wheezing (c)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20–24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.714 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30–34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.433 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">5.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">51.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.107 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top">Infections (d)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20–24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.025 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30–34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.44 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">3.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.759 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">1.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0.686 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1302726.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Corrected for creatinine level." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Associations between presence of: (i) atopic dermatitis (AD), (ii) food allergy, (iii) at least 1 episode of wheezing (wheezing), (iv) >1 episode of respiratory infections/last year and 1-HP urine level in mother during pregnancy and in children (in the first or second year of life) (included in the model as log-transformed continues variables)." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, and respiratory symptoms in an inner-city birth cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.L. Miller" 1 => "R. Garfinkel" 2 => "M. Horton" 3 => "D. Camann" 4 => "F.P. Perera" 5 => "R.M. Whyatt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1378/chest.126.4.1071" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Chest" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "1071" "paginaFinal" => "1078" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486366" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prenatal ambient air exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms over the first year of life" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "W. Jedrychowski" 1 => "A. Galas" 2 => "A. Pac" 3 => "E. Flak" 4 => "D. Camman" 5 => "V. Rauh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s10654-005-1048-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Epidemiol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "775" "paginaFinal" => "782" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16170661" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke and asthma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.J. Rosa" 1 => "K.H. Jung" 2 => "M.S. Perzanowski" 3 => "E.A. Kelvin" 4 => "K.W. Darling" 5 => "D.E. Camann" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2010.11.022" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "105" "paginaInicial" => "869" "paginaFinal" => "876" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163637" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N.A. Clark" 1 => "P.A. Demers" 2 => "C.J. Karr" 3 => "M. Koehoorn" 4 => "C. Lencar" 5 => "L. Tamburic" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1289/ehp.0900916" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "118" "paginaInicial" => "284" "paginaFinal" => "290" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123607" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Boffetta" 1 => "N. Jourenkova" 2 => "P. Gustavsson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cancer Causes Control" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "444" "paginaFinal" => "472" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9498904" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Jacob" 1 => "A. Seidel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "778" "paginaInicial" => "31" "paginaFinal" => "47" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376115" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as determinants of various anthropometric measures of birth outcome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I. Al-Saleh" 1 => "A. Alsabbahen" 2 => "N. Shinwari" 3 => "G. Billedo" 4 => "A. Mashhour" 5 => "Y. Al-Sarraj" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.021" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "444" "paginaInicial" => "565" "paginaFinal" => "578" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314068" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine of non-smoking Polish pregnant women" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Polańska" 1 => "W. Hanke" 2 => "G. Dettbarn" 3 => "W. Sobala" 4 => "J. Gromadzińska" 5 => "P. Magnus" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "487" "paginaInicial" => "102" "paginaFinal" => "109" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784734" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The role of zinc, copper, plasma glutathione peroxidase enzyme, and vitamins in the development of allergic diseases in early childhood: the Polish mother and child cohort study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I. Stelmach" 1 => "T. Grzelewski" 2 => "M. Bobrowska-Korzeniowska" 3 => "M. Kopka" 4 => "P. Majak" 5 => "J. Jerzynska" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2014.35.3748" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "227" "paginaFinal" => "232" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801465" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis and early wheeze" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I. Stelmach" 1 => "M. Bobrowska-Korzeniowska" 2 => "K. Smejda" 3 => "P. Majak" 4 => "J. Jerzynska" 5 => "W. Stelmach" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2014.35.3786" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "382" "paginaFinal" => "389" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295805" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlates with early childhood viral-induced wheezing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I. Stelmach" 1 => "P. Majak" 2 => "J. Jerzynska" 3 => "D. Podlecka" 4 => "W. Stelmach" 5 => "K. Polańska" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2014.10.016" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "109" "paginaInicial" => "38" "paginaFinal" => "43" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25468413" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on food allergy and early eczema in inner-city children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I. Stelmach" 1 => "P. Majak" 2 => "J. Jerzynska" 3 => "D. Podlecka" 4 => "W. Stelmach" 5 => "K. Polańska" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2015.36.3867" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "72" "paginaFinal" => "78" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26108074" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="http://stat.gov.pl/en/sit-en/about-the-journal/editorial-board-and-associate-editors/">http://stat.gov.pl/en/sit-en/about-the-journal/editorial-board-and-associate-editors/</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial Board of Statistical Office in Łódź" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Central Statistics Office (GUS)" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early effects of Asthma Prevention Program on asthma diagnosis and hospitalization in urban population of Poland" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "W. Stelmach" 1 => "P. Majak" 2 => "J. Jerzynska" 3 => "I. Stelmach" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00773.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Allergy" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "60" "paginaInicial" => "606" "paginaFinal" => "610" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15813804" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthma in general population of the Lodz Province (Poland)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "I. Kupryś-Lipińska" 1 => "A. Elgalal" 2 => "P. Kuna" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pneumonol Alergol Pol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "78" "paginaInicial" => "21" "paginaFinal" => "27" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162515" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polish mother and child cohort study – defining the problem, the aim of the study and methodological assumption" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Polańska" 1 => "W. Hanke" 2 => "J. Gromadzińska" 3 => "D. Ligocka" 4 => "E. Gulczyńska" 5 => "W. Sobala" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2478/v10001-009-0037-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Occup Med Environ Health" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "383" "paginaFinal" => "391" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053622" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polish mother and child cohort study (REPRO_PL) – methodology of follow-up of the children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Polańska" 1 => "W. Hanke" 2 => "J. Jurewicz" 3 => "W. Sobala" 4 => "C. Madsen" 5 => "P. Nafstad" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2478/s13382-011-0026-y" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Occup Med Environ Health" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "391" "paginaFinal" => "398" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086452" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Jongeneelen" 1 => "R.B.M. Anzion" 2 => "P.T. Henderson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Chromatogr" "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "413" "paginaInicial" => "227" "paginaFinal" => "232" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558672" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Predictors of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among pregnant women – prospective cohort study in Poland" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "K. Polanska" 1 => "W. Hanke" 2 => "W. Sobala" 3 => "S. Brzeznicki" 4 => "D. Ligocka" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2478/s13382-011-0003-5" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Occup Med Environ Health" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "8" "paginaFinal" => "17" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468898" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The challenge of preventing environmentally related disease in young children: community-based research in New York City" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F.P. Perera" 1 => "S.M. Illman" 2 => "P.L. Kinney" 3 => "R.M. Whyatt" 4 => "E.A. Kelvin" 5 => "P. Shepard" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "110" "paginaInicial" => "197" "paginaFinal" => "204" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11836150" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Separate and joint effects of tranplacental and postnatal inhalatory exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: prospective birth cohort study on wheezing events" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "W.A. Jedrychowski" 1 => "F.P. Perera" 2 => "R. Majewska" 3 => "D. Mrozek-Budzyn" 4 => "E. Mroz" 5 => "E.L. Roen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/ppul.22923" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Pulmonol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "162" "paginaFinal" => "172" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155203" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite levels and pediatric allergy and asthma in an inner-city cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.L. Miller" 1 => "R. Garfinkel" 2 => "C. Lendor" 3 => "L. Hoepner" 4 => "Z. Li" 5 => "L. Romanoff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00980.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Allergy Immunol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "21" "numero" => "2 Pt 1" "paginaInicial" => "260" "paginaFinal" => "267" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003063" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K. Nadeau" 1 => "C. McDonald-Hyman" 2 => "E.M. Noth" 3 => "B. Pratt" 4 => "S.K. Hammond" 5 => "J. Balmes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "126" "paginaInicial" => "845" "paginaFinal" => "852" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920773" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Induction of asthma and the environment: what we know and need to know" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.K. Selgrade" 1 => "R.F. Lemanske Jr." 2 => "M.I. Gilmour" 3 => "L.M. Neas" 4 => "M.D. Ward" 5 => "P.K. Henneberger" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "114" "paginaInicial" => "615" "paginaFinal" => "619" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581555" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relation of DNA methylation of 5′-CpG island of ACSL3 to transplacental exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F. Perera" 1 => "W.Y. Tang" 2 => "J. Herbstman" 3 => "D. Tang" 4 => "L. Levin" 5 => "R. Miller" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0004488" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "e4488" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221603" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and wheeze in a cohort of children with asthma in Fresno, CA" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.L. Gale" 1 => "E.M. Noth" 2 => "J. Mann" 3 => "J. Balmes" 4 => "S.K. Hammond" 5 => "I.B. Tager" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "386" "paginaFinal" => "392" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Brauer" 1 => "G. Hoek" 2 => "H.A. Smit" 3 => "J.C. de Jongste" 4 => "J. Gerritsen" 5 => "D.S. Postma" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00083406" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "879" "paginaFinal" => "888" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17251230" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite levels and pediatric allergy and asthma in an inner-city cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "R.L. Miller" 1 => "R. Garfinkel" 2 => "C. Lendor" 3 => "L. Hoepner" 4 => "Z. Li" 5 => "L. Romanoff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00980.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Allergy Immunol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "260" "paginaFinal" => "267" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003063" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack262383" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "The study was supported by the DEC-2014/15/B/NZ7/00998 grant from the National Science Centre." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616301124/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5554" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616301124/v1_201612300037/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616301124?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Original Article

J. Jerzynskaa, D. Podleckaa, K. Polanskab, W. Hankeb, I. Stelmacha, W. Stelmachc,

Corresponding author

alergol@kopernik.lodz.pl

Corresponding author.

a Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz, Poland

b Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland

c Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland

Read

2312

Times
was read the article

527

Total PDF

1785

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:23 [
  "pii" => "S0301054616301124"
  "issn" => "03010546"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2016.07.006"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01"
  "aid" => "796"
  "copyright" => "SEICAP"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2016"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Allergol  Immunopathol &#40;Madr&#41;. 2017;45:18-24"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 95
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 2
      "HTML" => 78
      "PDF" => 15
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0301054616300623"
    "issn" => "03010546"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2016.03.004"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01"
    "aid" => "760"
    "copyright" => "SEICAP"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Allergol  Immunopathol &#40;Madr&#41;. 2017;45:25-32"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 53
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 2
        "HTML" => 36
        "PDF" => 15
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Allergic rhinitis and allergy are risk factors for otitis media with effusion&#58; A meta-analysis"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "25"
          "paginaFinal" => "32"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0015"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 3"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2360
              "Ancho" => 1642
              "Tamanyo" => 101055
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluation of a potential publication bias&#46; &#40;a&#41; AR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> OME&#46; Funnel plots evaluating publication bias in three studies&#46; &#40;b&#41; Allergy <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">vs&#46;</span> OME&#46; Funnel plots evaluating publication bias in six studies&#46; Both groups are of normal intensity and relatively symmetrical&#46; SE&#44; standard error&#59; OR&#44; odds ratio&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "X&#46; Cheng, H&#46; Sheng, R&#46; Ma, Z&#46; Gao, Z&#46; Han, F&#46; Chi, N&#46; Cong, J&#46; Wang, X&#46; Liu, X&#46; Luo, J&#46; Yu, Y&#46; Ra"
          "autores" => array:12 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "X&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Cheng"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "H&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Sheng"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Ma"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Z&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Gao"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Z&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Han"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Chi"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "N&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Cong"
            ]
            7 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Wang"
            ]
            8 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "X&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Liu"
            ]
            9 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "X&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Luo"
            ]
            10 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Yu"
            ]
            11 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Y&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Ra"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616300623?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616300623/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:18 [
    "pii" => "S0301054616301513"
    "issn" => "03010546"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.aller.2016.09.002"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-01-01"
    "aid" => "813"
    "copyright" => "SEICAP"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Allergol  Immunopathol &#40;Madr&#41;. 2017;45:11-7"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 36
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 5
        "HTML" => 26
        "PDF" => 5
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
      "titulo" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</span>&#58; Changes in sensitisation in the past 11 years and comparison with other centres in Mexico"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "11"
          "paginaFinal" => "17"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1318
              "Ancho" => 2264
              "Tamanyo" => 185235
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of positive skin tests to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dermatophagoides</span> in children under and over 6 years of age in different years&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Note</span>&#58; For this analysis we only included patients with at least one positive SPT&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "E&#46;M&#46; Navarrete-Rodr&#237;guez, J&#46;R&#46; Fern&#225;ndez-Soto, B&#46;E&#46; Del Rio-Navarro, O&#46;J&#46; Saucedo-Ram&#237;rez, J&#46;J&#46;L&#46; Sienra-Monge"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "E&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Navarrete-Rodr&#237;guez"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;R&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez-Soto"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "B&#46;E&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Del Rio-Navarro"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "O&#46;J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Saucedo-Ram&#237;rez"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;J&#46;L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Sienra-Monge"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616301513?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616301513/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:19 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original Article</span>"
    "titulo" => "Prenatal and postnatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and allergy symptoms in city children"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "18"
        "paginaFinal" => "24"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "J&#46; Jerzynska, D&#46; Podlecka, K&#46; Polanska, W&#46; Hanke, I&#46; Stelmach, W&#46; Stelmach"
        "autores" => array:6 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Jerzynska"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "D&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Podlecka"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "K&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Polanska"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "W&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Hanke"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "I&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Stelmach"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "W&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Stelmach"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "alergol&#64;kopernik&#46;lodz&#46;pl"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Pediatrics and Allergy&#44; Medical University of Lodz&#44; Copernicus Memorial Hospital in Lodz&#44; Poland"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Environmental Epidemiology&#44; Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine&#44; Lodz&#44; Poland"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Social and Preventive Medicine&#44; Medical University of Lodz&#44; Lodz&#44; Poland"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2339
            "Ancho" => 2314
            "Tamanyo" => 231493
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene &#40;1-HP &#40;mcg&#47;g&#41;&#41; in urine &#40;mother and child&#41;&#59; comparison of 1-HP concentration in urine between children with frequent &#40;&#62;1&#47;last year&#41; vs&#46; infrequent &#40;&#8804;1&#47;last year&#41; infection and between children with vs&#46; without food allergy&#59; Mann&#8211;Whitney test was used&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#40;PAH&#41; are a well-known class of environmental pollutants that usually occur as complex mixtures of more than 300 compounds composed of fused aromatic rings&#46; The source of PAH includes emissions from car fumes&#44; coal-fired power plants&#44; residential heating &#40;e&#46;g&#46; coal or wood stoves&#44; fireplaces&#41; unvented gas appliances&#44; environmental tobacco smoke and domestic cooking procedures such as grilling and roasting&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exposure to PAH may impair the immune function of the foetus and&#44; subsequently&#44; be responsible for an increased susceptibility of children to respiratory diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> For some symptoms the effect of PAH exposure is partly modified by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke &#40;ETS&#41;&#46; The study by Miller et al&#46; has shown that prenatal PAH exposure in the presence of postnatal ETS exposure was associated with increased cough and wheeze at 12 months of age and breathing problems and reports of probable asthma at two years of age&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Another study has shown an increased risk of various respiratory symptoms &#40;including barking cough&#44; wheezing&#44; sore throat&#41; and ear infections associated with PAH exposure&#46; In addition&#44; in this study the impact of PAH exposure on duration of respiratory symptoms has been observed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> It has also been demonstrated that combined prenatal exposure to PAH and ETS was associated with asthma but not atopy at age 5&#8211;6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> It is important to remember that many PAH are powerful carcinogens and that prenatal exposure to many air pollutants besides PAH is linked to allergic diseases in children such as asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The measurement of urinary PAH metabolites provides a valuable tool to assess the individual level of internal PAH exposure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene &#40;1-HP&#41; &#8211; the main pyrene metabolite&#44; have been used as representative indicators of PAH exposure&#46; Our previous analysis based on Polish Mother and Child Cohort &#40;REPRO&#95;PL&#41; indicated that non-smoking pregnant women suffer from a higher PAH exposure &#40;based on nine PAH metabolites&#41; than those from other western countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 1-HP was highly correlated with other PAH metabolites&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our previous report&#44; associations between different factors affecting pregnant women and young children and children&#39;s health status were found&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a> In the present study&#44; we hypothesised that maternal prenatal urine metabolite concentration of PAH would be associated with wheezing&#44; food allergy&#44; early eczema and infections among city children&#46; The aim of the present study was to assess the association between mother&#39;s exposure to PAH during pregnancy and respiratory infections and allergic diseases in their infants&#46; We also assessed the above associations using measured PAH exposure in children&#39;s urine during the first two years of life&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Materials and methods</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Study area</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lodz voivodeship &#40;highest-level administrative subdivision of Poland corresponding to a district or province&#41; is situated in Central Poland&#46; At the end of 2013 Lodz voivodeship had a population of 2&#44;607&#44;380 with 622&#44;290 inhabitants below 19 years &#40;&#60;5 years&#58; 139&#44;613&#59; 6&#8211;13 years&#58; 246&#44;861&#59; 14&#8211;19 years&#58; 235&#44;816&#41;&#46; Lodz district is the centre of the textile and chemical industry with many power stations&#46; Air dust pollution in Lodz district is one of the highest in Poland&#46; In 2013 mean dust concentration in the city centre of Lodz was 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and emission of sulphur dioxide per 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> in total was 23&#46;1&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Data presented by the WHO indicate that cities and towns in Poland are the most polluted in the EU &#40;based on the annual average PM2&#46;5 level mcg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; <a id="intr0005" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="https://www.reddit.com/r/europe/comments/4j82zs/most_polluted_cities_and_towns_in_the_eu/?">https&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;reddit&#46;com&#47;r&#47;europe&#47;comments&#47;4j82zs&#47;most&#95;polluted&#95;cities&#95;and&#95;towns&#95;in&#95;the&#95;eu&#47;&#63;</a>&#41;&#46; Of 154 cities in Poland&#44; Lodz was located on the 69th position of the highest PM2&#46;5 levels &#40;with the annual PM2&#46;5 level in 2013 equal 27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#59; comparing to the highest 43<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> in Zywiec and the lowest 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mcg&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> in Inowroclaw&#41; &#40;<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;who&#46;int&#47;phe&#47;health&#95;topics&#47;outdoorair&#47;databases&#47;cities&#47;en&#47;</a>&#41;&#46; Our previous analysis performed on the population of pregnant women from Lodz district has also confirmed high levels of PAH metabolites&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are some major sources of PAH in Lodz district such as&#58; industry&#44; motor vehicles and trucks&#44; coal burning&#44; and burning of biomass such as trash&#46; However&#44; there is limited data on airborne levels of PAH in the Lodz district&#46; The epidemiological situation in the city centre of Lodz is far worse with a percentage of adult asthma of 13&#46;2 and children asthma of 18&#46;4&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14&#44;15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Study design and population</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study was based on the data from the Polish Mother and Child Cohort &#40;REPRO&#95;PL&#41; &#8211; a multicentre prospective cohort study established in 2007&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12</span></a> The mothers&#8217; recruitment and follow-up procedures and complete description of the methodological assumptions has been published elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;17</span></a> The women were recruited from the general population during the first trimester of pregnancy at maternity units or clinics if they fulfilled the following inclusion criteria&#58; single pregnancy up to 12 weeks of gestation&#44; no assisted conception&#44; no pregnancy complications &#40;including possible spontaneous abortion or child malformations&#41;&#44; and no chronic diseases as specified in the study protocol &#40;including pre-pregnancy diabetes&#44; hypertension&#44; cancer&#44; heart diseases&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Maternal asthma and allergy did not constitute an exclusion criterion for the study&#46; The current analysis was restricted to 455 mothers and their children from Lodz district&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine&#44; &#321;&#243;d&#378;&#44; Poland &#40;Decision Nos&#46; 7&#47;2007 and 3&#47;2008&#41; and a written consent was obtained from all the subjects &#40;pregnant women and patents of the children&#41; before the study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Mother health assessment</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The women were interviewed three times during the pregnancy &#40;once in each trimester&#41; in order to collect and update demographic and socio-economic data&#44; medical and reproductive history&#44; and information about environmental and occupational exposures&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Child health assessment</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children&#39;s health status was assessed at around one &#40;range&#44; 10&#8211;18 months&#41; and repeated at two years of age &#40;range&#44; 23&#8211;30 months&#41;&#46; For the appropriate recognition of children&#39;s health status&#44; an interview was performed with mothers and supplemented &#40;verified&#41; with information from the medical chart of each child&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#8211;12&#44;17</span></a> In addition&#44; current child health status assessment was performed by a paediatrician&#47;allergist&#46; At that time&#44; information concerning socio-demographic&#44; environmental and lifestyle factors has also been updated by conducting interviews with mothers&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The first part of the questionnaire covers certain sociodemographic information &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; family size&#44; material status of the family&#44; and parental educational level&#41;&#46; Material status of the family has been measured during pregnancy and after child birth based on the following question&#58; &#8216;What is the financial status of your family&#63;&#8217; Women who declared that they have sufficient money for current expenses and that it was possible for them to put a substantial sum aside were allocated into the high income category&#46; Those who indicated sufficient money for current expenses&#44; with possibility to put aside some money were allocated into the medium category&#44; and those who declared insufficient money for current expenses were defined as those with the worst financial situation&#46; The occurrence of allergy among family members was noted&#46; The second part of the questionnaire &#40;developed by an allergist&#44; based on recommendations from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood&#41; investigated the child&#39;s health and condition&#46; The respiratory outcomes were analysed for the following symptoms&#58; wheezing&#44; cough&#44; dyspnoea&#46; The incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections &#40;RTIs&#41; were counted&#44; wheezing&#44; dyspnoea or cough were noted if child ever wheezed or had dyspnoea or cough off infection&#44; and any symptoms of allergy to food and inhalant allergens were noted&#46; The duration and course of each infection and disease&#44; medications taken&#44; and hospitalisations&#44; if any&#44; were identified&#46; Patients were defined as having food allergy or atopic dermatitis if they had ever been diagnosed by a physician&#46; In addition&#44; the occurrence of allergy among family members was defined by questionnaire&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Assessment of mother&#39;s and children&#39;s exposure to PAH</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The urine samples were collected from the pregnant women at the time of their second &#40;between 20th and 24th weeks of gestation&#41; and third &#40;between 30th and 34th weeks of gestation&#41; prenatal clinic visit scheduled within the study and from their children at 1 or 2 years of age into polypropylene cups&#46; The child urine collection was performed by the mother at home&#46; Taking into account the child&#39;s age&#44; in the situation when it was not possible to collect the urine into the cups&#44; the urine sample collection bags appropriate for child age &#40;U-bag 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; were used&#46; The mothers were trained how to collect the urine from their children&#46; The samples were stored at &#8722;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C before the analysis&#46; Assessment of prenatal and postnatal exposure to PAH was based on measurement of 1-hydroxypyrene &#40;1-HP&#41; in urine using high performance liquid chromatography &#40;HPLC&#41;&#46; The analysis was performed at NIOM laboratory based on the method described elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">ETS exposure assessment</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prenatal exposure to tobacco constituents was assessed based on questionnaire data&#46; Full description of assessment of children&#39;s exposure to tobacco smoke was published elsewhere&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The associations between dependent dichotomous variables and urine 1-HP concentrations were analysed using logistic regression&#46; Histograms of continuous variables revealed that all 1-HP concentrations were positively skewed and&#44; therefore&#44; were log10-transformed before analysis&#46; Next&#44; for all outcomes&#44; we fitted logistic regression models with 1-HP levels as continuous variables and we adjusted each model for the effect of a different set of cofounders &#40;given in the footnotes of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41; defined in a previous study from the same cohort&#46; The Wald testing was done to determine the final model&#46; We modelled each of the individual 1-HP concentrations separately&#46; Spearman&#39;s test was used to assess correlations between different measurements of 1-HP&#46; All of the statistical analyses were performed using STATISTICA v8&#46;0 &#40;StatSoft&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Tulsa&#44; OK&#44; USA&#41;&#46; The null hypothesis was rejected if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data from 455 participants were included in the analysis&#46; A description of the study cohort is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Median values and the distribution of the concentration in urine &#40;mother and child&#41; of 1-HP are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46; In our study&#44; we showed that higher urine concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of more frequent &#40;&#62;median&#58; &#62;1&#47;year&#41; respiratory infections in children during their first year of life &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; Higher 1-HP concentrations in children&#39;s urine increased the risk of food allergy in children during their first two years of life &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46; The above associations were adjusted for the effect of previously defined &#40;in the same cohort&#41; statistical predictors of study outcomes&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We did not find any other associations&#44; also when assessing 1-HP concentrations at 30&#8211;34 weeks of pregnancy&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We followed the correlation analysis between different measurements of 1-HP concentration&#46; We showed significant correlation between concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy and 1-HP concentrations in children&#39;s urine &#40;Spearman&#39;s correlation coefficient&#58; 0&#46;418&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;017&#41;&#46; There were no other linear or non-linear correlations between 1-HP concentration measurements&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the literature there is little evidence for the association between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during pregnancy and prevalence of respiratory symptoms during the first year of life&#46; In our study we found a significant association between mothers&#8217; exposure to PAH during pregnancy and an increased risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections in infants&#46; This association was especially strong for women exposed to PAH in the second trimester of pregnancy with a 70&#37; increase in the risk of respiratory tract infections&#46; The second interesting finding in our study was the association between high PAH metabolites concentrations measurement in infant&#39;s urine &#40;by the age of 1 or 2 years&#41; and an increased risk of food allergy&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jedrychowski et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> have shown that in Poland the mean concentration of PAH exposure is 26&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; which is much higher than respective data coming from other urban populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;20</span></a> They have shown an increased risk of various respiratory symptoms &#40;including barking cough&#44; wheezing&#44; sore throat&#41; and ear infections associated with PAH exposure&#46; They have also shown a significant association between prenatal PAH exposure and the occurrence of respiratory outcomes observed in infants&#46; The highest risk of respiratory episodes related to PAH exposure in that study were noted for barking cough &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 2&#46;7&#8211;8&#46;4&#41; and wheezing without cold &#40;RR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;8&#59; 95&#37; CI&#58; 1&#46;2&#8211; 12&#46;4&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Our findings are consistent with Jedrychowski et al&#46;&#44; the recurrent respiratory tract infections in infants were more frequent in the infants with higher prenatal PAH exposure&#44; compared to those with a lower urinary PAH concentration&#46; It might be interesting to correlate airborne levels of PAH to urinary PAH levels in the pregnant women&#46; Unfortunately&#44; there are no data on airborne PAH levels in the Lodz area&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Moreover&#44; in a study by Miller et al&#46;&#44; a significant association between PAH prenatal exposure and increased cough and wheezing at age of 12 months&#44; and breathing problems and reports of probable asthma at age of 24 months have been shown&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In a recently published study by Jedrychowski et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> the association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to airborne PAH and severity of wheeze and recurrent wheeze has been found&#46; The authors conclude that prenatal PAH may precipitate and intensify an early onset of wheezing symptoms in childhood&#44; resulting from the postnatal exposure and suggest that success in reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases in children would depend on reducing both foetal and childhood exposure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> However&#44; in different research by Miller et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> the authors have not found an association between PAH metabolite levels and asthma or respiratory symptoms&#44; but they have found a positive association between PAH concentrations and higher anti-mouse IgE and anti-cat IgE&#46; This may be due to several ethnic differences in the levels of PAH concentrations in that research&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple epidemiological studies have suggested that asthma risk is determined by early life exposure to pollutants and allergens&#44; which can later modify lung function and T helper cells to allergic phenotype&#46; A study performed in adults has demonstrated an association between PAH concentrations and decreased FEV1&#44; increased asthma severity and suppression of T-cell function&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> What is more&#44; the suppression of T-cells was also significantly associated with enhancement of the Th-2 phenotype that is linked to allergic asthma&#46; Recurrent respiratory tract infections&#44; especially associated with wheezing in young children&#44; are often classified as asthma symptoms&#46; Asthma is the most common chronic disease and its risk may be strongly influenced by prenatal events&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24&#44;25</span></a> High levels of PAH are thought to cause aberrant DNA methylation changes&#44; leading to dysregulation of gene expression and perhaps asthma&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> In a follow-up FACES study performed in children 6&#8211;11 years of age the authors have also found a significant correlation between PAH exposure and increased wheeze among asthmatics&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In our study&#44; we did not assess asthma symptoms&#59; however&#44; we found higher prevalence of respiratory tract infections in the children exposed to PAH&#44; which can be a predictor of later asthma&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second interesting finding in our study is the association between high PAH metabolites concentrations measured in infant&#39;s urine &#40;by the age of 1 or 2 years&#41; and an increased risk of food allergy&#46; There is no evidence in the literature about this association&#46; Brauer et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> observed in their study a positive association between other traffic-related air pollutants and sensitisation to food allergy at the age of two years&#46; However&#44; the assessments were not performed separately for PAH exposure and there are no data about mothers&#8217; exposure to PAH during pregnancy&#46; In our study&#44; we showed that higher 1-HP concentrations in children&#39;s urine increased the risk of food allergy in children during the two first years of life&#46; Studies have shown that for some respiratory symptoms &#40;such as barking cough&#44; wheezing&#44; sore throat&#44; ear infections&#41; the effect of PAH exposure is partly modified by simultaneous exposure to ETS&#46; The study by Miller et al&#46; indicated that prenatal PAH exposure in the presence of postnatal environmental tobacco smoke &#40;ETS&#41; exposure was associated with increased cough and wheeze at 12 months of age &#40;PAH x ETS interaction OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;4&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01 and OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;3&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; respectively&#41; and breathing problems&#44; and reports of probable asthma at two years of age &#40;PAH<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ETS interaction OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5 and OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;6&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#44; respectively&#41; &#40;1&#41;&#46; A study by Rosa et al&#46; has demonstrated that combined prenatal exposure to PAH and ETS was associated with asthma but not atopy at the age 5&#8211;6&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey &#40;NHANES&#41; has shown that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been associated with allergic sensitisation and asthma in children&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study we did not find a significant association between PAH levels in maternal urine and wheezing and atopic dermatitis in children&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of the present study is the fact that we were not able to clearly distinguish the effect of prenatal from postnatal PAH and whether prenatal exposure to PAHs would explain the findings versus increased PAH exposure postnatally&#46; Taking into account the child&#39;s age &#40;1 or 2 years&#41;&#44; neither skin prick testing nor pulmonary function testing were performed&#46; However&#44; the children from REPRO&#95;PL cohort are currently followed up at the age of seven with these tests included in the child health status examination&#46; This will allow for a better &#40;more objective&#41; outcome evaluation in future assessments&#46; Another limitation is that the current analysis was restricted to 455 mothers recruited from the general population&#44; and they were not compared with mothers not in the study to assess the level of bias in the sample&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data support the hypothesis that early childhood exposure to air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determines respiratory conditions&#44; and is linked to allergic diseases&#46; However&#44; the underlying mechanisms still need further exploration&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The strength of our study is the use of a urinary biomarker of PAH exposure in mothers and their offspring&#44; as this method has been shown to have a good reproducibility&#46; In our study&#44; we showed that higher urine concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of more frequent respiratory infections and food allergy in children during their first year of life&#46; Our study suggests awareness of environmental factors&#44; which may affect children&#39;s health since PAH were shown to be risk factors for airway infections and food allergy in children after adjustment for other risk factors&#46; For pregnant women living in highly developed environments&#44; like ours&#44; with very high exposure to PAH&#44; controlling the environment may be necessary&#46; Also&#44; other studies are needed to assign a critical value in urine for harmful PAH effect&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Authors&#8217; contributions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Daniela Podlecka &#8211; Literature search&#59; Kinga Pola&#324;ska &#8211; Data collection&#59; Iwona Stelmach &#8211; Study design&#59; Wlodzimierz Stelmach &#8211; Analysis of data&#59; Joanna Jerzynska &#8211; Manuscript preparation&#59; Review of manuscript &#8211; Wojciech Hanke&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical disclosures</span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Confidentiality of data</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Right to privacy and informed consent</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that no patient data appears in this article&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Protection of human subjects and animals in research</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the responsible Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in accordance with those of the World Medical Association and the Helsinki Declaration&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors state no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:11 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres783823"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
              "titulo" => "Background"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
              "titulo" => "Objectives"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0015"
              "titulo" => "Methods"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0020"
              "titulo" => "Results"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "abst0025"
              "titulo" => "Conclusions"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec782710"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
          "secciones" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study area"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Study design and population"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Mother health assessment"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Child health assessment"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Assessment of mother&#39;s and children&#39;s exposure to PAH"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0040"
              "titulo" => "ETS exposure assessment"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Statistical analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0050"
          "titulo" => "Results"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0055"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0060"
          "titulo" => "Authors&#8217; contributions"
        ]
        7 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Ethical disclosures"
          "secciones" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0070"
              "titulo" => "Confidentiality of data"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0075"
              "titulo" => "Right to privacy and informed consent"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0080"
              "titulo" => "Protection of human subjects and animals in research"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0085"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack262383"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        10 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-03-18"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-07-13"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec782710"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"
            1 => "Prenatal exposure"
            2 => "Allergy"
            3 => "Children"
            4 => "Infections"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies indicate that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#40;PAH&#41; is associated with adverse respiratory and allergy outcomes&#46; Exposure to PAH may impair the immune function of the foetus and&#44; subsequently&#44; be responsible for an increased susceptibility of children to allergic diseases&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The aim of the present study was to assess the association between mother&#39;s exposure to PAH during pregnancy and allergy diseases in their infants&#46; We also assessed the above associations using measured PAH exposure in children&#39;s urine during the first two years of life&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The current analysis was restricted to 455 mothers and their children from Lodz district&#46; The women were interviewed three times during the pregnancy in order to collect demographic&#44; socio-economic and medical history data&#46; Children&#39;s health status was assessed at the age of 10&#8211;18 months and repeated at two years of age&#46; The associations between dependent dichotomous variables and urine concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene &#40;1-HP&#41; were analysed using logistic regression&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">We showed that higher urine concentrations of 1-HP in mothers at 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk of more frequent respiratory infections &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;02&#41; in children during their first year of life&#46; Higher 1-HP concentrations in children&#39;s urine increased the risk of food allergy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;002&#41; in children during their first two years of life&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study suggests awareness of environmental factors&#44; which may affect children&#39;s health since PAH showed to be a risk factor for airway infections and food allergy in children after adjustment for other risk factors&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:5 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Background"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Objectives"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Methods"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          4 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 2339
            "Ancho" => 2314
            "Tamanyo" => 231493
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene &#40;1-HP &#40;mcg&#47;g&#41;&#41; in urine &#40;mother and child&#41;&#59; comparison of 1-HP concentration in urine between children with frequent &#40;&#62;1&#47;last year&#41; vs&#46; infrequent &#40;&#8804;1&#47;last year&#41; infection and between children with vs&#46; without food allergy&#59; Mann&#8211;Whitney test was used&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at1"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">N</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>455&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Clinical profile&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Atopic dermatitis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">50 &#40;11&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Food allergy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">100 &#40;29&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Wheezing&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">36 &#40;12&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>More than one infection&#47;year&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">170 &#40;41&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Family status</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Parental atopy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">184 &#40;42&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Mother&#39;s age &#91;years&#93; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Maternal education&#58; primary&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">42 &#40;19&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Secondary&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">146 &#40;32&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">263 &#40;58&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Father&#39;s age &#91;years&#93; mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paternal education&#58; primary&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">83 &#40;18&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Secondary&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">184 &#40;41&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>University&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">181 &#40;40&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Worse financial situation&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;14&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">Housing condition</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Pets at home&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104 &#40;22&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Frequency of cleaning&#47;month&#44; median &#40;quartile range&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">4 &#40;3&#8211;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Maternal smoking&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">89 &#40;19&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Paternal smoking&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">157 &#40;34&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1302725.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical characteristics of the participants&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span> Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of atopic dermatitis in this cohort&#58; atopy in family&#44; father&#39;s education&#44; frequency of cleaning&#44; breastfeeding&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span> Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of food allergy in this cohort&#58; pets at home during pregnancy&#44; breastfeeding&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of wheezing in this cohort&#58; number of infections and paternal smoking&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span> Associations are corrected for other independent risk factors of more frequent infection in this cohort&#58; paternal smoking&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dependent variable&#58;</span> 1-HP urine level &#40;log-transformed&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>-level&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AD &#40;a&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;443&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30&#8211;34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">7&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;955&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;616&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Food allergy &#40;b</span>&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;568&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30&#8211;34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">2&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">11&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;309&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">5&#46;74</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;87</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">17&#46;61</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;002</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Wheezing &#40;c&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;714&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30&#8211;34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;433&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">51&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Infections &#40;d&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 20&#8211;24 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;92</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">1&#46;09</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">3&#46;38</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">0&#46;025</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP 30&#8211;34 weeks of pregnancy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span></a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">3&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;759&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">1-HP children&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">1&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;686&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1302726.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "tblfn0005"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Corrected for creatinine level&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Associations between presence of&#58; &#40;i&#41; atopic dermatitis &#40;AD&#41;&#44; &#40;ii&#41; food allergy&#44; &#40;iii&#41; at least 1 episode of wheezing &#40;wheezing&#41;&#44; &#40;iv&#41; &#62;1 episode of respiratory infections&#47;last year and 1-HP urine level in mother during pregnancy and in children &#40;in the first or second year of life&#41; &#40;included in the model as log-transformed continues variables&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons&#44; environmental tobacco smoke&#44; and respiratory symptoms in an inner-city birth cohort"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;L&#46; Miller"
                            1 => "R&#46; Garfinkel"
                            2 => "M&#46; Horton"
                            3 => "D&#46; Camann"
                            4 => "F&#46;P&#46; Perera"
                            5 => "R&#46;M&#46; Whyatt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1378/chest.126.4.1071"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Chest"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "126"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1071"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1078"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486366"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prenatal ambient air exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms over the first year of life"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "W&#46; Jedrychowski"
                            1 => "A&#46; Galas"
                            2 => "A&#46; Pac"
                            3 => "E&#46; Flak"
                            4 => "D&#46; Camman"
                            5 => "V&#46; Rauh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s10654-005-1048-1"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "775"
                        "paginaFinal" => "782"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16170661"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons&#44; environmental tobacco smoke and asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;J&#46; Rosa"
                            1 => "K&#46;H&#46; Jung"
                            2 => "M&#46;S&#46; Perzanowski"
                            3 => "E&#46;A&#46; Kelvin"
                            4 => "K&#46;W&#46; Darling"
                            5 => "D&#46;E&#46; Camann"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2010.11.022"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "105"
                        "paginaInicial" => "869"
                        "paginaFinal" => "876"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21163637"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of early life exposure to air pollution on development of childhood asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46;A&#46; Clark"
                            1 => "P&#46;A&#46; Demers"
                            2 => "C&#46;J&#46; Karr"
                            3 => "M&#46; Koehoorn"
                            4 => "C&#46; Lencar"
                            5 => "L&#46; Tamburic"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1289/ehp.0900916"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "118"
                        "paginaInicial" => "284"
                        "paginaFinal" => "290"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20123607"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cancer risk from occupational and environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Boffetta"
                            1 => "N&#46; Jourenkova"
                            2 => "P&#46; Gustavsson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cancer Causes Control"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "444"
                        "paginaFinal" => "472"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9498904"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human urine"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Jacob"
                            1 => "A&#46; Seidel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "778"
                        "paginaInicial" => "31"
                        "paginaFinal" => "47"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376115"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons &#40;PAHs&#41; as determinants of various anthropometric measures of birth outcome"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Al-Saleh"
                            1 => "A&#46; Alsabbahen"
                            2 => "N&#46; Shinwari"
                            3 => "G&#46; Billedo"
                            4 => "A&#46; Mashhour"
                            5 => "Y&#46; Al-Sarraj"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.021"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "444"
                        "paginaInicial" => "565"
                        "paginaFinal" => "578"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314068"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urine of non-smoking Polish pregnant women"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Pola&#324;ska"
                            1 => "W&#46; Hanke"
                            2 => "G&#46; Dettbarn"
                            3 => "W&#46; Sobala"
                            4 => "J&#46; Gromadzi&#324;ska"
                            5 => "P&#46; Magnus"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.006"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sci Total Environ"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "487"
                        "paginaInicial" => "102"
                        "paginaFinal" => "109"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784734"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The role of zinc&#44; copper&#44; plasma glutathione peroxidase enzyme&#44; and vitamins in the development of allergic diseases in early childhood&#58; the Polish mother and child cohort study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Stelmach"
                            1 => "T&#46; Grzelewski"
                            2 => "M&#46; Bobrowska-Korzeniowska"
                            3 => "M&#46; Kopka"
                            4 => "P&#46; Majak"
                            5 => "J&#46; Jerzynska"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2014.35.3748"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "227"
                        "paginaFinal" => "232"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24801465"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Risk factors for the development of atopic dermatitis and early wheeze"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Stelmach"
                            1 => "M&#46; Bobrowska-Korzeniowska"
                            2 => "K&#46; Smejda"
                            3 => "P&#46; Majak"
                            4 => "J&#46; Jerzynska"
                            5 => "W&#46; Stelmach"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2014.35.3786"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "paginaInicial" => "382"
                        "paginaFinal" => "389"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25295805"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlates with early childhood viral-induced wheezing"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Stelmach"
                            1 => "P&#46; Majak"
                            2 => "J&#46; Jerzynska"
                            3 => "D&#46; Podlecka"
                            4 => "W&#46; Stelmach"
                            5 => "K&#46; Pola&#324;ska"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rmed.2014.10.016"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Respir Med"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "109"
                        "paginaInicial" => "38"
                        "paginaFinal" => "43"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25468413"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of prenatal exposure to phthalates on food allergy and early eczema in inner-city children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Stelmach"
                            1 => "P&#46; Majak"
                            2 => "J&#46; Jerzynska"
                            3 => "D&#46; Podlecka"
                            4 => "W&#46; Stelmach"
                            5 => "K&#46; Pola&#324;ska"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2500/aap.2015.36.3867"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy Asthma Proc"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "72"
                        "paginaFinal" => "78"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26108074"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "<a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0015" href="http://stat.gov.pl/en/sit-en/about-the-journal/editorial-board-and-associate-editors/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;stat&#46;gov&#46;pl&#47;en&#47;sit-en&#47;about-the-journal&#47;editorial-board-and-associate-editors&#47;</a>"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Editorial Board of Statistical Office in &#321;&#243;d&#378;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Central Statistics Office &#40;GUS&#41;"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:1 [
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early effects of Asthma Prevention Program on asthma diagnosis and hospitalization in urban population of Poland"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "W&#46; Stelmach"
                            1 => "P&#46; Majak"
                            2 => "J&#46; Jerzynska"
                            3 => "I&#46; Stelmach"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00773.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Allergy"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "606"
                        "paginaFinal" => "610"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15813804"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The underdiagnosis and undertreatment of asthma in general population of the Lodz Province &#40;Poland&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Kupry&#347;-Lipi&#324;ska"
                            1 => "A&#46; Elgalal"
                            2 => "P&#46; Kuna"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pneumonol Alergol Pol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "78"
                        "paginaInicial" => "21"
                        "paginaFinal" => "27"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20162515"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polish mother and child cohort study &#8211; defining the problem&#44; the aim of the study and methodological assumption"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Pola&#324;ska"
                            1 => "W&#46; Hanke"
                            2 => "J&#46; Gromadzi&#324;ska"
                            3 => "D&#46; Ligocka"
                            4 => "E&#46; Gulczy&#324;ska"
                            5 => "W&#46; Sobala"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2478/v10001-009-0037-0"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Occup Med Environ Health"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "383"
                        "paginaFinal" => "391"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20053622"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0225"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polish mother and child cohort study &#40;REPRO&#95;PL&#41; &#8211; methodology of follow-up of the children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Pola&#324;ska"
                            1 => "W&#46; Hanke"
                            2 => "J&#46; Jurewicz"
                            3 => "W&#46; Sobala"
                            4 => "C&#46; Madsen"
                            5 => "P&#46; Nafstad"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2478/s13382-011-0026-y"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Occup Med Environ Health"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "391"
                        "paginaFinal" => "398"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22086452"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0230"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Determination of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urine"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Jongeneelen"
                            1 => "R&#46;B&#46;M&#46; Anzion"
                            2 => "P&#46;T&#46; Henderson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Chromatogr"
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "volumen" => "413"
                        "paginaInicial" => "227"
                        "paginaFinal" => "232"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558672"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0235"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predictors of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons among pregnant women &#8211; prospective cohort study in Poland"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Polanska"
                            1 => "W&#46; Hanke"
                            2 => "W&#46; Sobala"
                            3 => "S&#46; Brzeznicki"
                            4 => "D&#46; Ligocka"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.2478/s13382-011-0003-5"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Int J Occup Med Environ Health"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "paginaInicial" => "8"
                        "paginaFinal" => "17"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21468898"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0240"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The challenge of preventing environmentally related disease in young children&#58; community-based research in New York City"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46;P&#46; Perera"
                            1 => "S&#46;M&#46; Illman"
                            2 => "P&#46;L&#46; Kinney"
                            3 => "R&#46;M&#46; Whyatt"
                            4 => "E&#46;A&#46; Kelvin"
                            5 => "P&#46; Shepard"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "110"
                        "paginaInicial" => "197"
                        "paginaFinal" => "204"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11836150"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0245"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Separate and joint effects of tranplacental and postnatal inhalatory exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons&#58; prospective birth cohort study on wheezing events"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "W&#46;A&#46; Jedrychowski"
                            1 => "F&#46;P&#46; Perera"
                            2 => "R&#46; Majewska"
                            3 => "D&#46; Mrozek-Budzyn"
                            4 => "E&#46; Mroz"
                            5 => "E&#46;L&#46; Roen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/ppul.22923"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Pulmonol"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "162"
                        "paginaFinal" => "172"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24155203"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0250"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite levels and pediatric allergy and asthma in an inner-city cohort"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;L&#46; Miller"
                            1 => "R&#46; Garfinkel"
                            2 => "C&#46; Lendor"
                            3 => "L&#46; Hoepner"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Li"
                            5 => "L&#46; Romanoff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00980.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Allergy Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "numero" => "2 Pt 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "260"
                        "paginaFinal" => "267"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003063"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0255"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Nadeau"
                            1 => "C&#46; McDonald-Hyman"
                            2 => "E&#46;M&#46; Noth"
                            3 => "B&#46; Pratt"
                            4 => "S&#46;K&#46; Hammond"
                            5 => "J&#46; Balmes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Allergy Clin Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "126"
                        "paginaInicial" => "845"
                        "paginaFinal" => "852"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920773"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0260"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Induction of asthma and the environment&#58; what we know and need to know"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46;K&#46; Selgrade"
                            1 => "R&#46;F&#46; Lemanske Jr&#46;"
                            2 => "M&#46;I&#46; Gilmour"
                            3 => "L&#46;M&#46; Neas"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Ward"
                            5 => "P&#46;K&#46; Henneberger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Environ Health Perspect"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "114"
                        "paginaInicial" => "615"
                        "paginaFinal" => "619"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581555"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0265"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Relation of DNA methylation of 5&#8242;-CpG island of ACSL3 to transplacental exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Perera"
                            1 => "W&#46;Y&#46; Tang"
                            2 => "J&#46; Herbstman"
                            3 => "D&#46; Tang"
                            4 => "L&#46; Levin"
                            5 => "R&#46; Miller"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0004488"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e4488"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19221603"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0270"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and wheeze in a cohort of children with asthma in Fresno&#44; CA"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;L&#46; Gale"
                            1 => "E&#46;M&#46; Noth"
                            2 => "J&#46; Mann"
                            3 => "J&#46; Balmes"
                            4 => "S&#46;K&#46; Hammond"
                            5 => "I&#46;B&#46; Tager"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "paginaInicial" => "386"
                        "paginaFinal" => "392"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0275"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Air pollution and development of asthma&#44; allergy and infections in a birth cohort"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Brauer"
                            1 => "G&#46; Hoek"
                            2 => "H&#46;A&#46; Smit"
                            3 => "J&#46;C&#46; de Jongste"
                            4 => "J&#46; Gerritsen"
                            5 => "D&#46;S&#46; Postma"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1183/09031936.00083406"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur Respir J"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "879"
                        "paginaFinal" => "888"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17251230"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0280"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolite levels and pediatric allergy and asthma in an inner-city cohort"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "R&#46;L&#46; Miller"
                            1 => "R&#46; Garfinkel"
                            2 => "C&#46; Lendor"
                            3 => "L&#46; Hoepner"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Li"
                            5 => "L&#46; Romanoff"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00980.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Allergy Immunol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "21"
                        "paginaInicial" => "260"
                        "paginaFinal" => "267"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20003063"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack262383"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">DEC-2014&#47;15&#47;B&#47;NZ7&#47;00998</span> grant from the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">National Science Centre</span>&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616301124/v1_201612300037/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "5554"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Original articles"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03010546/0000004500000001/v1_201612300037/S0301054616301124/v1_201612300037/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0301054616301124?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 03010546
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.aller.2016.07.006

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	4	2	6
2024 October	29	17	46
2024 September	43	14	57
2024 August	27	12	39
2024 July	19	9	28
2024 June	21	6	27
2024 May	22	6	28
2024 April	33	10	43
2024 March	41	8	49
2024 February	38	11	49
2024 January	25	7	32
2023 December	25	9	34
2023 November	24	17	41
2023 October	26	20	46
2023 September	27	11	38
2023 August	24	8	32
2023 July	25	5	30
2023 June	24	16	40
2023 May	47	9	56
2023 April	30	4	34
2023 March	38	1	39
2023 February	30	1	31
2023 January	33	8	41
2022 December	30	15	45
2022 November	38	12	50
2022 October	34	13	47
2022 September	27	14	41
2022 August	31	22	53
2022 July	43	9	52
2022 June	30	9	39
2022 May	32	11	43
2022 April	43	10	53
2022 March	87	13	100
2022 February	123	8	131
2022 January	86	13	99
2021 December	62	15	77
2021 November	67	17	84
2021 October	30	15	45
2021 September	52	9	61
2021 August	38	14	52
2021 July	17	11	28
2021 June	23	14	37
2021 May	20	13	33
2021 April	53	15	68
2021 March	16	12	28
2021 February	45	12	57
2021 January	21	4	25
2020 December	3	0	3
2020 October	1	0	1
2020 July	0	1	1
2018 March	1	0	1
2018 February	20	5	25
2018 January	15	4	19
2017 December	19	5	24
2017 November	20	0	20
2017 February	1	0	1
2017 January	2	0	2
2016 December	0	1	1

Show all

Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Allergologia et Immunopathologia is no longer published on Elsevier since the 2021 year.Transferred to Codon Publications

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter