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Vol. 59. Issue 6.
Pages 451-456 (January 2007)
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Vol. 59. Issue 6.
Pages 451-456 (January 2007)
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Embolismo paradójico: ¿una entidad infrecuente o poco diagnosticada?
Paradoxical embolism: is it a rare condition or is it underdiagnosed?
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M.T. Capilla-Montes
Corresponding author
mteresa.capilla@yahoo.es

Correspondencia: Paseo de las Ciencias, 10. E-02006 Albacete
, J. Gómez-Caravaca, C. Fernández-Catalán, M. Landaluce-Chaves, F. Mira-Sirvent, J.A. Masegosa-Medina
Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete. Albacete, España
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Resumen
Introducción

A pesar de que tanto la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETEV) como el foramen oval permeable son entidades frecuentes, la isquemia arterial secundaria a un embolismo paradójico constituye una rareza y se estima que se encuentra en la base de aproximadamente un 2% de éstas.

Caso clínico

Mujer de 83 años que acudió a urgencias por la isquemia arterial aguda del miembro inferior izquierdo, que se produjo tres meses después de una fractura subcapital del fémur derecho. Durante ese período había presentado un marcado deterioro cognitivo y funcional, y había acudido al servicio de urgencias en varias ocasiones por episodios de disnea. Tras la embolectomía realizada de urgencia, se realizaron otras exploraciones complementarias que confirmaron el diagnóstico de sospecha de embolismos paradójicos secundarios a una ETEV con tromboembolismo pulmonar).

Conclusiones

Aunque teóricamente más frecuente en los accidentes cerebrovasculares, el embolismo paradójico es una causa de isquemia arterial aguda probablemente infradiagnosticada. Un alto índice de sospecha clínica, junto con la utilización razonable de técnicas de cribado, permitiría un mayor número de diagnósticos que ayudarían a conocer mejor la historia natural de la ETEV y la relevancia del foramen oval permeable como una entidad que la ensombrece.

Palabras clave:
Embolismo paradójico
Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa
Foramen oval permeable
Isquemia arterialaguda
Tromboembolismo pulmonar
Summary
Introduction

Although both venous thromboembolic disease (VTED) and patent foramen ovale are frequent conditions, arterial ischaemia secondary to a paradoxical embolism is rare and is estimated to be at the root of 2% of all such cases.

Case report

We report the case of an 83-year-old female who visited the Emergency department because of an acute arterial ischaemia in the lower left limb that was produced three months after a subcapital fracture of the right femur. Throughout that period the patient experienced notable cognitive and functional deterioration and had to visit the Emergency department several times because of bouts of dyspnea. After a performing an emergency embolectomy, other complementary examinations were carried out that confirmed the suspected diagnosis of paradoxical embolisms secondary to VTED with pulmonary thromboembolism.

Conclusions

Although it is theoretically more frequent in cerebrovascular accidents, paradoxical embolism is a probably underdiagnosed cause of acute arterial ischaemia. A high degree of clinical suspicion, together with the reasonable utilisation of screening techniques, would make it possible to achieve a greater number of diagnoses that would help to gain a deeper understanding of the natural history of VTED and the importance of patent foramen ovale as a condition that makes it worse.

Key words:
Acute arterial ischaemia
Paradoxical embolism
Patent foramen ovale
Pulmonary thromboembolism
Venous thromboembolic disease
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Copyright © 2007. SEACV
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