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Vol. 57. Issue 3.
Pages 253-258 (January 2005)
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Vol. 57. Issue 3.
Pages 253-258 (January 2005)
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Óxido nítrico: puesta al día
Nitric oxide: an update
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C. López-Espada
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cle@valnet.es

Canadá, 11. E-18198 Huétor-Vega (Granada).
Servicio de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular. Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves. Granada, España.
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Resumen

Objetivo. Ofrecer una visión global de las cuestiones más importantes que se conocen con relación al papel del óxido nítrico (NO) en la patología vascular actual. Desarrollo. El NO es una pequeña molécula altamente reactiva y lipofílica que puede difundir fácilmente a través de las membranas sin la necesidad de receptores activos. Su importancia radica en sus cuatro propiedades fisiológicas: su capacidad de producir vasodilatación, su actividad anti-agregante/antiadhesión plaquetaria, inhibidora de la proliferación y migración de células musculares lisas e inhibidora de la activación leucocitaria. La disfunción endotelial presente en diversas patologías vasculares hace que la producción de NO por el organismo se altere, de lo que se deriva la pérdida de sus propiedades fisiológicas y la aparición de enfermedades como: hipertensión, arteriosclerosis, vasoespasmo y trombosis. Muchos de los procedimientos terapéuticos vasculares (bypass, angioplastias, stent, endarterectomías, etc.) provocan un daño endotelial que repercute en los niveles de producción del NO. Estos tratamientos promueven la capacidad trombogénica del organismo e inducen la expresión de moléculas vasoactivas, citocinas y factores de crecimiento que pueden llevar al fracaso del procedimiento. La aplicación terapéutica del NO en este contexto puede disminuir la hiperplasia intimal, evitar la trombosis y aumentar la permeabilidad de la reparación. La investigación desarrollada actualmente en este campo aplica donantes de NO, L-arginina, técnicas de transferencia genética y revestimientos protésicos con NO, para aprovechar las magníficas propiedades fisiológicas del NO y, en un futuro, conseguir que el NO entre a formar parte del arsenal terapéutico habitual del cirujano vascular. Conclusiones. El NO es una molécula esencial para una correcta actividad vascular. Sus futuras aplicaciones terapéuticas para contribuir a la reparación endotelial tras angioplastias, endoprótesis, bypass o en la hiper-plasia intimal, es un campo abierto a la investigación. [ANGIOLOGÍA 2005; 57: 253-8]

Keywords:
Arteriosclerosis
Disfunción endotelial
EDRF
L-arginina
Óxido nítrico
Óxido nítrico sintasa
Summary

Aim. To present an overall view of the most important issues concerning the role of nitric oxide (NO) in vascular pathology today. Development. NO is a small molecule with highly reactive and lipophilic properties that can extend quickly across membranes without the need for active receptors. Its importance lies in its four physiological properties, namely, its capacity to produce vasodilatation, its activity as a platelet antiaggregating/antiadherence agent, as an inhibitor of smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and as an inhibitor of leukocyte activation. The endothelial dysfunction present in diverse vascular pathologies leads to alterations in the production of NO by the organism, which in turn gives rise to a loss of its physiological properties and the appearance of diseases such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, vasospasm and thrombosis. Many of the vascular therapeutic procedures used today (bypasses, angioplasties, stents, endarterectomies, etc.) cause endothelial damage that affects the levels of NO production. These forms of treatment boost the thrombogenic capacity of the organism and induce the expression of vasoactive molecules, cytosines and growth factors, which can lead to failure of the procedure. The therapeutic application of NO in this context can reduce intimal hyperplasia, prevent thrombosis and increase the patency of the repair. Research presently being carried out in this field involves the application of NO donors, L-arginine, genetic transfer techniques and prosthetic linings with NO so as to take full advantage of the magnificent physiological properties of NO and, in the future, allow NO to become a commonplace part of the therapeutic arsenal available to the vascular surgeon. Conclusions. NO is a molecule that plays an essential role in proper vascular activity. Its future therapeutic applications as an aid in endothelial repair after angioplasties, stents, bypasses or in intimal hyperplasia constitute a rich field of research. [ANGIOLOGÍA 2005; 57: 253-8]

Keywords:
Arteriosclerosis
EDRF
Endothelial dysfunction
L-arginine
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide synthase
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Copyright © 2005. SEACV
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