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(Tomado de http://www.thelivingmoon.com/47brotherthebig/03files Pa" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Daniel José Piñeiro" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Daniel José" "apellidos" => "Piñeiro" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/X1405994010493733?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/14059940/0000008000000001/v0_201307091134/X1405994010493733/v0_201307091135/es/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:16 [ "pii" => "X1405994010493717" "issn" => "14059940" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2010-01-01" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Cardiol Mex. 2010;80:41-3" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 3327 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 31 "HTML" => 2704 "PDF" => 592 ] ] "es" => array:9 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Certificación en ecocardiografía: ¿por qué es importante?" 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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "44" "paginaFinal" => "47" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Robert C. Atkins, Paul Zimmet" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Robert C." "apellidos" => "Atkins" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Paul" "apellidos" => "Zimmet" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Director of Nephrology. Monash Medical School. Alfred Hospital Dept. Epidemiology & Preventive Med. Victoria Australia." "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Foundation Director of the International Diabetes Institute. Co-Chair of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention. " "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "affb" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Nefropatía diabética: ''actúa ahora o paga después''" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara"> For the 2010 International Society of Nephrology/International Federation of Kidney Foundations World Kidney Day Steering Committee* (RA) and the International Diabetes Federation (PZ). </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">World Kidney Day 11 March 2010: we must act on diabetic kidney disease</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In 2003, the International Society of Nephrology and the International Diabetes Federation launched the booklet "Diabetes in the Kidney: Time to act".<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1 </span>The booklet highlighted the type 2 diabetes and diabetic kidney disease global pandemic. It aimed to alert governments and health organizations, as well as providers, physicians, and patients to the increasing health and socioeconomic problems due to diabetic kidney disease and its sequelae: end stage kidney disease requiring dialysis and cardiovascular death. Seven years later, this warning has become even more urgent. World Kidney Day 2010, under the auspices of the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) and the International Federation of Kidney Foundations (IFKF), together with the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), provides yet another chance to underline the importance of diabetic kidney disease, stressing the lack of awareness of the problem at both public and government levels, and emphasizing that its management involves prevention, detection and treatment of its complications. Primary prevention of type 2 diabetes will require massive lifestyle changes in developing and developed countries supported by strong governmental commitment to promote lifestyle and societal change.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">The Global Threat of Type 2 Diabetes</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The 21st century has the most diabetogenic environment in human history.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2, 3</span> Over the past 25 years or so, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in USA has almost doubled, with three-to five-fold increases in India, Indonesia, China, Korea and Thailand.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span> In 2007, there were 246 million diabetic people in the world, but the number is estimated to reach 380 million people by 2025.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5 </span>People with impaired glucose tolerance, a "prediabetic state", numbered 308 million in 2007 and they will be 418 million by 2025.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">5 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The increasing prevalence of diabetes will be worse in developing countries. In Mexico, for example, 18% of its adult population will have with type 2 diabetes by 2025. According to WHO, in China and India there will be about 130 million diabetics by 2025; these countries will spend about 40% of their national healthcare budget; also, they will suffer reduced productivity and trouble to achieve economic growth.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The United Nations General Assembly, on December 21<span class="elsevierStyleSup">st</span> 2006, addressed this situation and, unanimously, passed Resolution 61/225 declaring diabetes an international public health issue and setting World Diabetes Day as a United Nations Day, so this is the second disease, only after HIV/AIDS, to attain that status. For the first time, governments have acknowledged that a non-infectious disease poses as serious a threat to world health as infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Now, diabetes is considered as a major global public health concern, especially in developing countries with fewer resources to afford it. The first step to act on diabetic kidney disease must involve public health campaigns aimed to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Diabetic Kidney Disease</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Diabetes is now the major world cause of end stage kidney failure, both in developing and developed nations.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">6 </span>It is the primary diagnosis causing kidney disease in 20-40% of patients starting treatment for end stage renal disease worldwide.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span> In Australia, new type 2 diabetes patients starting dialysis increased 5-fold from 1993 to 2007.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">8 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Between 1983 and 2005, there was a 7-fold increase in new diabetic patients starting renal replacement therapy in Japan, accounting for 40% of all new cases.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">9 </span>Thus, approximately 30% of the predicted 1.1 trillion dollar medical costs of dialysis world-wide during this decade will result from diabetic nephropathy.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) reported progression rates of 2-3% per year for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in the stages of normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria and renal failure.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">11 </span>Over a median of 15 years of follow-up of 4000 participants, almost 40% developed microalbuminuria.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12 </span>In the DEMAND study with 32 208 patients from 33 countries having known type 2 diabetes attending their family doctor, 39% had microalbuminuria and prevalence increased with age, duration of diabetes and presence of hypertension.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span> About 30% of the UKPDS cohort developed renal impairment, and almost 50% of them did not have preceding albuminuria.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span> Reduced glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria caused by diabetic nephropathy are independent risk factors for cardiovascular events and death.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span> Therefore, detection of early diabetic kidney disease by screening for albuminuria and reduced glomerular filtration rate is the second step in acting on diabetic kidney disease.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">An added difficulty to overcome is the remarkable lack of awareness among patients about their condition. Population-based surveys have found that for every known diabetic patient, there is at least one more not diagnosed,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span> and only 8.7% in the general population were able to identify diabetes as a risk factor for kidney disease.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">16 </span>Very few patients with diabetic kidney disease are aware of their condition, with some community surveys revealing a patient awareness of the disease as low as 9.4%, particularly in those with milder impairment.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17 </span>Thus, public educa tion is the third step required for acting on diabetic kidney disease in the community. An IFKF world-wide long-term goal is to have all kidney patients not only aware of their disease, but actively knowing, for example, their blood pressure and the treatment objectives. </p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Management of Diabetic Kidney Disease</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">There is little use in screening populations or "at risk" groups, unless follow-up is established and effective treatment is begun and assessed.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">18 </span>Fortunately, there is evidence that early therapeutic intervention in patients with chronic kidney disease or diabetes can delay onset of complications and improve outcomes. For example, UKPDS,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span> STENO-2,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span> and ADVANCE studies<span class="elsevierStyleSup">22-24</span> have all demonstrated that a tight control of blood glucose levels, blood pressure (and lipids in STENO-2) significantly reduced incidence and progression of diabetic kidney disease. In patients with type 2 diabetes, inhibition of the renin-angiotensinaldosterone system using an ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor or an ARB (angiotensin II receptor blocker) decreased the progression from normoalbuminuria to microalbuminuria,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span> reduced the progression from micro albuminuria to macroalbuminuria,<span class="elsevierStyleSup">26 </span>and slowed the development of ESRD <span class="elsevierStyleBold">(</span>End-stage Renal Disease<span class="elsevierStyleBold">)</span>.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">27 </span>Thus the use of an ACE inhibitor or ARB is now the standard therapy for patients with diabetic nephropathy as well as glucose, lipid and blood pressure control. Effective management using evidence-based therapies is the fourth step in tackling diabetic kidney disease. </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The fifth step is the development of new therapies. Many new agents are now in clinical trials on reducing renal damage and fibrosis, including blockade of formation of advanced glycation end products and other signaling pathways. Other novel agents may potentially show to be effective in large randomized double-blind clinical trials.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">28 </span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">How can we Act Now?</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The steps to be taken are clear: campaigns aimed at (1) prevention of type 2 diabetes; (2) screening for early diabetic kidney disease; (3) increasing patient awareness of kidney disease; (4) using effective medication strategies and, finally, (5) researching and trialing new therapies. The ultimate challenge is to get everybody action, from primary health providers to higher levels physicians, from the diabetic patients to those at risk, in various health care areas, in all countries, despite of different economic status and priorities. The problem is a global one and yet requires local actions, preventive screening and treatment strategies, education -including increasing awareness both in diabetic patients and those at risk of developing diabetes- as well as health priorities and authorities. Basic research and clinical trials searching for a new understanding of this disease and therapies must be supported. </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">United Nations, as noted earlier, accepted the importance of diabetes in 2006 establishing a World Diabetes Day. Both the ISN and the International Diabetes Federation are working in close cooperation with WHO to provide increasing understanding of the challenge that diabetic kidney disease represents to world health and health care budgets. However, World Kidney Day also provides a focus for other international agencies, government ministries of health, non-government organizations, private foundations and academic institutions to come together with national kidney foundations to be involved in the effort to prevent and manage diabetic kidney disease.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The ISN, through its COMGAN Research and Prevention Committee, has developed a web program, the KHDC (for detection and management of chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease in developing countries [http://www.nature.com/isn/ education/guidelines/isn/pdf/ed_051027_2x1.pdf]) as a global basic schedule involving a detection, management and data assessment program which has already screened approximately 42 000 people in 25 developing countries; the data are stored and analyzed in the Kidney Disease Data Center at the Headquarters Committee of the Mario Negri Institute, in Bergamo, Italy. This program can be tailored to any individual country's needs and resources. The IFKF also has developed a program, first created by the National Kidney Foundation, in USA; this is the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP), a screening program for detection of people at high risk of kidney disease. At present, KEEP has been implemented in many countries and, also, it's intended to screen and manage patients with diabetic kidney disease.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The World Kidney Day 2010 focuses on diabetic kidney disease to increase awareness on the magnitude of the problem and provides alternatives for global health care of people with diabetes and kidney disease. Therefore, it's time to act, to act urgently. It is time to develop strategies for prevention of diabetes and its sequelae. It is time to create programs that help health care workers to diagnose and manage people with diabetic kidney disease. It is time for governments to pass legislation enabling the diabetes pandemic to be controlled. After all, diabetic kidney disease, like epidemics of infectious diseases that have long dominated public health agendas agencies programs, is potentially preventable. Indeed, March 11, 2010 is a time to start actions against diabetic kidney disease, actions to be sustained for a long time after the World Kidney Day.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">ISN/IFKF 2010 World Kidney Day Steering Committee</span>: William G Couser, MD, Miguel Riella MD, Co-chairpersons. Georgi Abraham MD, Paul Beerkens, John Feehally MD, Guillermo Garcia-Garcia MD, Dan Larson, Philip KT Li MD, Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe, MD</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> The authors thank to Dr. Anne Reutens for her contributions to the manuscript. </p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author:</span><br></br> Robert Atkins.<br></br> Monash Medical School. Alfred Hospital Dept. Epidemiology & Preventive Med. Victoria Australia.<br></br> Phone: 61 39903 0555 Fax: 61 39903 0050.<br></br><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E mail:</span> bob.atkins@med.monash.edu.au, <a href="mailto:pzimmet@idi.org.au" class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs"> pzimmet@idi.org.au</a></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Received: January 12, 2009;<br></br> accepted: December 16, 2009.</p>" "pdfFichero" => "293v80n01a13149372pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:28 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Diabetes and kidney disease: Time to act 2003." 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Original language: English
Year/Month | Html | Total | |
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2024 November | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2024 October | 14 | 3 | 17 |
2024 September | 22 | 2 | 24 |
2024 August | 15 | 4 | 19 |
2024 July | 10 | 4 | 14 |
2024 June | 6 | 2 | 8 |
2024 May | 7 | 4 | 11 |
2024 April | 16 | 5 | 21 |
2024 March | 16 | 5 | 21 |
2024 February | 15 | 6 | 21 |
2024 January | 25 | 5 | 30 |
2023 December | 7 | 2 | 9 |
2023 November | 16 | 2 | 18 |
2023 October | 24 | 13 | 37 |
2023 September | 10 | 4 | 14 |
2023 August | 8 | 6 | 14 |
2023 July | 4 | 3 | 7 |
2023 June | 13 | 2 | 15 |
2023 May | 37 | 8 | 45 |
2023 April | 40 | 6 | 46 |
2023 March | 9 | 4 | 13 |
2023 February | 12 | 5 | 17 |
2023 January | 4 | 4 | 8 |
2022 December | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2022 November | 9 | 7 | 16 |
2022 October | 10 | 17 | 27 |
2022 September | 11 | 5 | 16 |
2022 August | 15 | 17 | 32 |
2022 July | 12 | 8 | 20 |
2022 June | 11 | 6 | 17 |
2022 May | 8 | 7 | 15 |
2022 April | 13 | 14 | 27 |
2022 March | 38 | 9 | 47 |
2022 February | 13 | 8 | 21 |
2022 January | 6 | 6 | 12 |
2021 December | 10 | 17 | 27 |
2021 November | 9 | 4 | 13 |
2021 October | 6 | 11 | 17 |
2021 September | 5 | 8 | 13 |
2021 August | 7 | 4 | 11 |
2021 July | 11 | 6 | 17 |
2021 June | 5 | 8 | 13 |
2021 May | 8 | 9 | 17 |
2021 April | 20 | 9 | 29 |
2021 March | 10 | 5 | 15 |
2021 February | 6 | 6 | 12 |
2021 January | 5 | 8 | 13 |
2020 December | 5 | 2 | 7 |
2020 November | 5 | 3 | 8 |
2020 October | 6 | 0 | 6 |
2020 September | 12 | 1 | 13 |
2020 August | 7 | 2 | 9 |
2020 July | 2 | 3 | 5 |
2020 June | 5 | 5 | 10 |
2020 May | 6 | 4 | 10 |
2020 April | 5 | 1 | 6 |
2020 March | 7 | 3 | 10 |
2020 February | 0 | 1 | 1 |
2020 January | 3 | 5 | 8 |
2019 December | 10 | 2 | 12 |
2019 November | 5 | 3 | 8 |
2019 October | 2 | 2 | 4 |
2019 September | 3 | 1 | 4 |
2019 July | 2 | 4 | 6 |
2019 June | 12 | 15 | 27 |
2019 May | 75 | 30 | 105 |
2019 April | 16 | 8 | 24 |
2019 March | 4 | 1 | 5 |
2019 February | 6 | 3 | 9 |
2019 January | 3 | 2 | 5 |
2018 December | 0 | 2 | 2 |
2018 November | 2 | 4 | 6 |
2018 October | 6 | 15 | 21 |
2018 September | 5 | 1 | 6 |
2018 August | 4 | 1 | 5 |
2018 July | 9 | 0 | 9 |
2018 June | 3 | 1 | 4 |
2018 May | 2 | 0 | 2 |
2018 April | 10 | 1 | 11 |
2018 March | 7 | 0 | 7 |
2018 February | 9 | 0 | 9 |
2018 January | 3 | 1 | 4 |
2017 December | 11 | 0 | 11 |
2017 November | 3 | 1 | 4 |
2017 October | 6 | 1 | 7 |
2017 September | 6 | 0 | 6 |
2017 August | 7 | 1 | 8 |
2017 July | 5 | 1 | 6 |
2017 June | 6 | 0 | 6 |
2017 May | 15 | 1 | 16 |
2017 April | 18 | 1 | 19 |
2017 March | 39 | 1 | 40 |
2017 February | 33 | 0 | 33 |
2017 January | 32 | 0 | 32 |
2016 December | 39 | 2 | 41 |
2016 November | 23 | 3 | 26 |
2016 October | 26 | 3 | 29 |
2016 September | 13 | 2 | 15 |
2016 August | 13 | 2 | 15 |
2016 July | 20 | 2 | 22 |
2016 June | 57 | 7 | 64 |
2016 May | 56 | 9 | 65 |
2016 April | 52 | 6 | 58 |
2016 March | 47 | 6 | 53 |
2016 February | 41 | 11 | 52 |
2016 January | 50 | 8 | 58 |
2015 December | 41 | 7 | 48 |
2015 November | 38 | 6 | 44 |
2015 October | 48 | 4 | 52 |
2015 September | 48 | 4 | 52 |
2015 August | 38 | 4 | 42 |
2015 July | 39 | 3 | 42 |
2015 June | 30 | 0 | 30 |
2015 May | 43 | 5 | 48 |
2015 April | 39 | 9 | 48 |
2015 March | 45 | 3 | 48 |
2015 February | 36 | 1 | 37 |
2015 January | 33 | 5 | 38 |
2014 December | 26 | 5 | 31 |
2014 November | 35 | 4 | 39 |
2014 October | 49 | 4 | 53 |
2014 September | 43 | 4 | 47 |
2014 August | 36 | 5 | 41 |
2014 July | 32 | 1 | 33 |
2014 June | 29 | 6 | 35 |
2014 May | 27 | 0 | 27 |
2014 April | 14 | 3 | 17 |
2014 March | 52 | 8 | 60 |
2014 February | 34 | 5 | 39 |
2014 January | 25 | 9 | 34 |
2013 December | 28 | 7 | 35 |
2013 November | 31 | 7 | 38 |
2013 October | 30 | 6 | 36 |
2013 September | 31 | 8 | 39 |
2013 August | 33 | 7 | 40 |
2013 July | 37 | 5 | 42 |
2013 June | 15 | 3 | 18 |
2013 May | 11 | 4 | 15 |
2013 April | 18 | 10 | 28 |
2013 March | 13 | 5 | 18 |
2013 February | 6 | 5 | 11 |
2013 January | 4 | 2 | 6 |
2012 December | 4 | 1 | 5 |
2012 November | 2 | 1 | 3 |
2012 October | 3 | 1 | 4 |
2010 January | 459 | 0 | 459 |