Functional impact of treatment with ranibizumab under a reactive strategy in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration | Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition)

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Age-related macular degeneration &#40;AMD&#41; is the most frequent cause of legal blindness in patients over 50 in the Western world&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The global prevalence is estimated at 1&#37; in subjects between 65 and 74 years of age&#44; 5&#37; between 75 and 84 and 13&#37; in subjects over 85&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> The first prevalence study in Spain was carried out in a population over 65&#44; finding a prevalence of 3&#46;4&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The incidence of AMD increases exponentially with age and accordingly a significant increase is estimated in the next few years due to progressive population aging&#46; For this reason&#44; early and adequate AMD diagnostic will become a social and health challenge that must be taken up by retinologists and ophthalmologists&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor &#40;VEGF&#41; inhibitors injections are the treatment of choice for visual compromise caused by neovascular AMD&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Pivotal phase 3 studies with ranibizumab administered in monthly injections during 2 years &#40;ANCHOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and MARINA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#41; demonstrated significant visual acuity &#40;VA&#41; improvements&#46; However&#44; this long follow-up with monthly treatments involves a difficult to cover cost in daily clinical practice and could involve increased risk at the ocular<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> and systemic level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In response to these problems&#44; alternative dosage strategies have been considered for said treatments to produce the same efficacy but with a lower number of visits and injections&#46; The first was the injection on-demand regime or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pro re nata</span> &#40;PRN&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a> according to which&#44; after an initial dosage during the first 3 months&#44; strictly monthly visits are prescribed to administer retreatments on the basis of VA or changes in optical coherence tomography &#40;OCT&#41;&#46; However&#44; this strategy does not diminish the number of visits as patients must undergo an examination every 4 weeks to detect relapses at an early stage&#44; and accordingly the burden on health services remains high&#46; The Comparison made by the Age-Related macular Degeneration Treatment Trials &#40;CATT&#41; study demonstrated that the PRN strategy is inferior in efficacy to monthly treatment and that&#44; even after one year of monthly treatment&#44; efficacy diminishes when changing the regimen to reactive treatment in the second year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Inhibit VEGF in Age-Related Choroidal Neovascularisation &#40;IVAN&#41; study analyzed a different retreatment strategy consisting in injections during 3 consecutive months after a relapse&#46; Even so&#44; diminished VA could not be recovered after the reactivation and the VA results with this PRN regimen did not demonstrate to be equal to those obtained with a fixed treatment regimen&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The irreversible deterioration of vision&#44; which is apparently intrinsic to the PRN treatment regimen&#44; entails the impossibility of strict monthly follow-ups in daily clinical practice&#46; Accordingly&#44; the effectiveness of the on-demand prescription is even lower despite experiencing initial VA improvements because these cannot be maintained due to longer periods between visits and to diminished treatment dosages throughout the follow-up period&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A further follow-up strategy proposes that treatment should not be made when recurrences are detected&#59; instead&#44; the treatment should be administrated previously&#46; This is known as &#8220;treat and extend&#8221; treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors have observed that eventual visual losses associated to the reactivation of the neovascular lesion during a PRN follow-up do not recover completely even when treatment is administrated&#44; and indicate 53&#8211;67&#37; of restoration of vision in the subgroup of patients who lost over 5 letters&#46; Accordingly&#44; treatment should be proactive in order to avoid or stretch out in time relapses of existing lesions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> It can be seen that the strategy for treating and following up patients with neovascular AMD remains an open debate in a search to achieve more efficient management of antiangiogenic medicaments in daily practice&#44; which is generally burdened with excessive workloads&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In-depth knowledge about the evolution of the disease and its response to on-demand or reactive treatment &#40;the most widely utilized at present&#41; is essential to optimize the approach to this disease&#46; The objective of the present study is to assess the functional recovery percentage after visual loss in a PRN follow-up with ranibizumab in patients with neovascular AMD followed up in a single hospital specialized in this disease by a single retina specialist&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methods</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An observational&#44; retrospective and single center study &#40;EPA-RE&#41; in patients fulfilling the following criteria&#58; &#40;1&#41; new neovascular AMD diagnostic and at least 18 months of follow-up in the hospital&#59; &#40;2&#41; treatment with ranibizumab with on-demand regimen with frequent checkups and retreatments in the presence of any intra-or subretinal fluid in OCT and VA loss of at least one decimal fraction&#59; &#40;3&#41; patients with medical records and information since AMD was diagnosed at the hospital&#46; Clinic record reviews were carried out in the Macula Unit of the University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe of Valencia&#44; and included the records of patients in consecutive order from diagnostic date to avoid selection bias&#46; The retrospective observation period was 18 months&#46; The eye of the study was the one which had at least 18 months treatment with ranibizumab and&#44; in case of bilateral involvement&#44; the first diagnosed eye or the one with better VA if both had been diagnosed at the same time&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was approved by the Medicaments Agency of Spain and the Ethical Committee of the University Hospital La Fe of Valencia&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sociodemographic data were collected &#40;age&#44; sex&#44; race&#44; color of eyes and tobacco smoking&#41; as well as clinical data &#40;diagnostic date&#44; affected eye&#44; lesion size&#44; retinal and foveal thickness&#41; of the patients included in the study through the clinic records or other source documents&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The analysis of the main objective was focused on estimating the VA &#40;recovery percentage assessed by means of the Snellen test&#41; after retreatments&#46; Two different methods were applied in order to calculate VA after retreatments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#58;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Method 1&#58; VA recovery percentage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#40;VA recovered after treatment&#47;VA lost prior to treatment&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44; where&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA recovered after treatment</span> was defined as the difference between the best VA achieved during the 3 months after retreatment and that recorded at the visit that gave rise to the retreatment&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA lost prior to treatment</span> was defined as the difference between the VA achieved in the previous visit that gave rise to the retreatment and the VA recorded at the retreatment visit&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Method 2&#58; VA recovery percentage&#58; &#40;VA recovered after treatment&#47;VA lost prior to treatment&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100&#44; where&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA recovered after treatment</span> was defined as the difference between the best VA achieved during the 3 months after retreatment and that recorded at the visit that gave rise to the retreatment&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA lost prior to retreatment</span> was defined as the difference between the best VA achieved during follow-up between the previous dose and that of retreatment&#44; and VA achieved at the retreatment visit&#46;</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The clinic and sociodemographic data were submitted to a descriptive analysis&#44; analyzing the evolution of clinical variables &#40;retinal thickness&#44; clinic results&#44; VA and concomitant ophthalmological diseases&#41; by means of the Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#46; All the continuous variables were analyzed as mean&#44; standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; maximum and minimum recorded values&#44; median and quartiles&#46; A significance value of 0&#46;05 was taken into account in all cases&#46; The statistical analysis was carried out with the SAS application version 9&#46;2 &#40;SAS Institute Inc&#46;&#44; Cary&#44; NC&#44; USA&#41; in Windows&#8482; &#40;SAS Institute Inc&#46; 2008&#46; SAS&#47;STAT<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span>9&#46;2 User&#39;s Guide&#46; Cary&#44; NC&#58; SAS Institute Inc&#46; Copyright &#169; 2008&#46; SAS Institute Inc&#46;&#44; Cary&#44; NC&#44; USA&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Overall&#44; the study included 150 patients of which 128 were assessable while 22 patients did not have recorded retreatments due to loss of VA during the follow-up period&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean follow-up of patients was 18&#46;9 &#40;SD 2&#46;3&#41; months&#46; The sample comprised 60&#46;2&#37; of females and 38&#46;2&#37; of males&#44; with a mean age of 76&#46;0 &#40;SD 8&#46;8&#41; years&#46; Virtually all patients &#40;98&#46;4&#37;&#41; exhibited at diagnostic unilateral compromise caused by neovascular AMD&#46; In 55&#46;6&#37; of cases the studied eye was the left &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; Overall&#44; 62&#46;5&#37; of patients reported sudden and progressive VA reduction at diagnostic&#46; Only 50 of the 128 patients included in the study had data recorded in their clinical records indicating the time elapsed between the first symptoms and the AMD diagnostic&#44; with a mean age of &#40;SD 57&#46;4&#41; days&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean number of visits was 12&#46;5 &#40;SD 3&#46;1&#41;&#44; with an interval of 50&#8211;20 visits&#46; Regarding the location of the neovascular lesion&#44; the most frequent was subfoveal &#40;63&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by juxtapapillar &#40;30&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#46; The number of visits was significantly higher for patients with subfoveal lesions &#40;48&#46;4 &#91;SD 39&#46;5&#93; days&#41; against those with juxtapapillar lesions &#40;41&#46;9 &#91;SD 18&#46;5&#93; days&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;043&#41;&#46; Approximately 80&#37; of patients exhibited lesions between 1 and 2 or over 2 optic discs&#46; In what concerns size changes and comparison with the baseline&#44; statistically significant differences were observed after 18 months &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0302&#41;&#46; No statistically significant differences were observed in the number or frequency of visits or lesion location at diagnostic&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In what concerns the morphological classic patient of neovascular lesions based on OCT&#44; 54&#46;7&#37; were type I lesions &#40;hidden&#41;&#44; 19&#46;5&#37; were type III &#40;retinal angiomatous proliferation&#41;&#44; 17&#46;2&#37; were type II &#40;classic&#41; and 6&#46;8&#37; were identified as polypoid choroidal vasculopathy&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the clinic results observed most frequently at diagnostic&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> summarizes the evolution of macular and retinal thickness at each follow-up period in comparison with baseline&#46; Statistically significant differences were observed in comparison with the baseline period &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; for both the variables and these remained similar throughout the follow-up period&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean of 10&#46;9 days and a median of 4 days elapsed between prescription and the first administration of ranibizumab&#44; and in 68&#46;0&#37; of cases the first treatment was administered a few days after the baseline period&#46; During the follow-up period&#44; patients received a mean &#40;min&#46;&#44; max&#46;&#41; of 6&#46;0 &#40;1&#44; 14&#41; and a median of 5 treatments&#46; The most frequent reason for receiving treatment was the reappearance&#47;persistence of subretinal fluid &#40;71&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#44; followed by initial treatment &#40;57&#46;8&#37;&#41; and reappearance&#47;persistence of intraretinal fluid &#40;57&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; In all 128 included patients&#44; the mean &#40;SD&#41; number of visits was 12&#46;5 &#40;3&#46;1&#41; and the median of 12&#46;5&#46;</p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">General visual results</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> compares changes in VA in terms of patient percentages during the follow-up period where&#44; in the baseline situation&#44; the mean VA was 43&#46;79 &#40;SD 22&#46;6&#41; letters&#44; and during the follow-up periods it improved with a mean VA after eighteen months of 53&#46;2 &#40;SD 22&#46;4&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Percentage of recovered visual acuity after a loss of five letters</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results for loss&#44; gain and percentage of VA recovery in letters were analyzed with the two methods described above&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> compares both methods and the percentage of recovered VA after retreatment with both methods&#58;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Method 1&#58; 108 retreatments due to recurring exudative signs associated to visual deterioration of five or more letters that had all the information to calculate the VA recovery percentage&#46; Said 108 retreatments exhibited a mean VA loss of 10&#46;5 &#40;SD 15&#46;7&#41; letters before retreatment&#46; However&#44; the mean gain observed after retreatment was 7&#46;59 &#40;SD 12&#46;94&#41; letters&#44; corresponding to the mean VA recovery percentage of 70&#46;03&#37; &#40;SD 114&#46;37&#41; when compared to VA before retreatment&#46; In this case&#44; forty-eight percent of retreatments exhibited a recovery percentage below 75&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Method 2&#58; 162 retreatments were registered due to recurring exudative signs associated to visual impairment of 5 or more letters having information for calculating the VA recovery percentage&#46; Said 162 retreatments exhibited a mean loss of 15&#46;1 &#40;SD 13&#46;2&#41; letters prior to retreatment and the mean gain after retreatment of 7&#46;96 &#40;SD 12&#46;88&#41; letters&#44; corresponding to a mean VA recovery of 43&#46;5&#37; when comparing between the best reported VA and the last initial dose or the previous retreatment&#46; Overall&#44; 54&#46;3&#37; of retreatments exhibited a VA recovery percentage below 75&#37;&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even in the absence of any scientific evidence demonstrating that PRN regimes are equivalent to fixed regimes&#44; the need to reduce the amount of visits influence the adoption of this strategy in clinical practice&#46; It is necessary to delve deeper in the knowledge of the disease and in the respondents of the &#8220;reactive or on-demand PRN&#8221; with anti-VEGF agents in order to design improved therapeutic approaches for AML&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some studies have demonstrated that ranibizumab is effective in a fixed monthly treatment regimen with a VA recovery of 7&#46;2 and 11&#46;3 letters at 12 months&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> The problem associated to this high efficiency strategy is that it involves a high number of visits and injections which are difficult to apply in clinical practice&#46; In addition&#44; it could be considered that some patients are overtreated with a fixed monthly treatment regimen&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As an alternative&#44; some studies reported modification of said regimen utilizing the so-called on-demand strategy or PRN which carries out retreatments only on the basis of OCT parameters or diminished VA&#46; This strategy is more individualized but its disadvantage is that it requires strict monthly follow-up visits to minimize vision impairment with each reactivation of the disease&#46; Accordingly&#44; even though the number of injections can be diminished in some cases&#44; it is necessary to maintain the number of follow-up visits&#44; making this regimen a highly expensive and difficult to apply approach in hospitals with high workloads&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> In addition&#44; the results provided in the IVAN&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> CATT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> and HARBOR<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> studies demonstrated that the functional and anatomical efficacy of PRN regimes did not reach the efficacy achieved by the monthly administration regimes&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The appearance of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">treat and extend</span> regimen provides an alternative to treat patients with neovascular AMD without waiting for a relapse&#44; progressively increasing intervals between visits&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;14</span></a> This enables a workload reduction and avoids patient overtreatment&#46; Conceptually&#44; the functional results of this strategy should be better than those provided by the PRN regimes&#44; as the treatment anticipates relapses and endeavors to avoid them&#46; The results of the LUCAS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> study in what concerns AMD improvement were comparable to those of the CATT<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> study&#46; In addition&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">treat and extend</span> approach has demonstrated better VA results associated to a higher number of injections but with less visits than with the on-demand approach&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> However&#44; additional studies are required to verify whether the efficacy of this strategy is comparable to that of a fixed monthly administration of ranibizumab&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results obtained in the present study&#44; comparing the above described methods of recovered VA percentage indicate that&#44; even if patients make monthly follow-up visits and are retreated in case of relapse&#44; the PRN regimen is unable to prevent the reactivation of AMD&#44; with VA impairment in the majority of cases&#46; If the VA loss occurs in the month prior to treatment&#44; VA recovery is better &#40;70&#37; method 1&#41; than in cases in which the VA loss occurs over one month after the last retreatment &#40;43&#37; method 2&#41;&#46; This confirms the results of the SUSTAIN study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> which observed that&#44; with a smaller interval between VA losses and treatment&#44; VA recovery is larger&#46; It also confirms the results of the CATT study<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> which observed that efficacy diminishes after one year of fixed monthly treatment when switching to a PRN treatment regimen during the second year&#46; In a PRN regimen&#44; retreatments are administered only when the neovascular disease has effectively reactivated&#44; and for this reason this approach is unable to avoid exudative recurrences&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main limitation of the present study is its retrospective nature&#44; based on collecting clinical records data instead of interviewing patients&#44; and this precludes the obtention of some data&#46; Additional limitations include the single center nature of the study and the limited sample size of only 128 patients&#46; Longitudinal studies in daily clinical practice&#44; comparing both the therapeutic approaches&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; on-demand and proactive&#44; would provide more precise information that could be useful not only from the clinical viewpoint but also for patients&#44; specifically quality of life&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusion</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective for treating neovascular AMD should be the prevention of relapses that could produce irreversible lesions in terms of VA&#46; The results of the present study match the hypothesis that a reactive &#40;on-demand&#41; strategy is not sufficient for maintaining or recovering VA in neovascular AMD cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Roberto Gallego-Pinazo is a Novartis consultant&#44; and speaker for Novartis&#44; Bayer&#44; Carl Zeiss Meditec&#44; Bloss and Heidelberg Engineering&#44; and has received subsidies from Novartis&#44; Bayer&#44; Thea&#44; Sensimed&#44; Allergan&#44; Alcon and Angelini&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per diem</span> from Novartis&#44; Bayer&#44; Bloss and Heidelberg Engineering&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosa Dolz-Marco is a speaker for Novartis&#44; Bloss and Heidelberg Engineering&#46; She has received subsidies from Novartis&#44; Bayer&#44; Thea&#44; Sensimed&#44; Allergan&#44; Alcon and Angelini&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per diem</span> from Novartis&#44; Bloss and Heidelberg Engineering&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mar&#237;a Andreu-Fenoll has received subsidies from Novartis&#44; Bayer&#44; Thea&#44; Sensimed&#44; Allergan&#44; Alcon and Angelini&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">per diem</span> from Novartis and IMEX&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jordi Farres and Laura Moncl&#250;s are employed by Bayer&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All the authors state that there is no conflict of interests in relation to the publication of this article&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2016-06-01"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2016-08-23"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec805260"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Neovascular AMD"
            1 => "PRN regimen"
            2 => "Treat-and-extend regimen"
            3 => "Ranibizumab"
            4 => "Visual acuity"
            5 => "Re-treatment"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec805259"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Degeneraci&#243;n macular asociada"
            1 => "Protocolo Pro Re Nata"
            2 => "Pauta &#171;tratar y extender&#187;"
            3 => "Ranibizumab"
            4 => "Agudeza visual"
            5 => "Retratamiento"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To analyze the functional recovery using a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pro re nata</span> &#40;PRN&#41; dosing strategy with intravitreal injections of ranibizumab for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration &#40;AMD&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Material and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">An observational&#44; retrospective&#44; single-center study&#44; was conducted on patients with neovascular AMD managed with a PRN strategy with ranibizumab&#44; and were followed-up for a minimum of 18 months&#46; Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected from medical records&#46; The percentage of visual acuity &#40;VA&#41; recovered after losing 5 or more letters was calculated taking into account the previous visit&#44; as well as considering the best VA recorded prior to the retreament&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The analysis included 128 patients&#46; The mean &#40;SD&#41; follow-up period was 18&#46;9 &#40;2&#46;3&#41; months&#46; The mean &#40;SD&#41; elapsed days between onset of symptoms and diagnosis&#44; and between prescription and administration of treatment was 50&#46;2 &#40;57&#46;4&#41; and 10&#46;9 &#40;16&#46;0&#41;&#44; respectively&#46; Only 108 patients were prescribed ranibizumab after losing 5 or more letters of VA&#46; The mean &#40;SD&#41; VA recovery compared to the previous VA was 70&#46;3&#37; &#40;114&#46;4&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; the mean &#40;SD&#41; VA recovery when considering the best VA registered before the retreatment was 43&#46;5&#37; &#40;112&#46;9&#41;&#44; with 59&#46;4&#37; of re-treatments having a VA recovery below 75&#37;&#44; and with 11&#46;7&#37; not presenting any VA recovery&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A PRN dosing strategy with intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular AMD may not be efficient in preserving and&#47;or recovering VA in the long-term&#44; due to a cumulative irreversible VA loss&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0005"
            "titulo" => "Objective"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0010"
            "titulo" => "Material and methods"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0015"
            "titulo" => "Results"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0020"
            "titulo" => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Conocer el porcentaje de recuperaci&#243;n funcional&#44; seg&#250;n estrategia <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">pro re nata</span> &#40;PRN&#41; con inyecciones intrav&#237;treas con ranibizumab en pacientes con degeneraci&#243;n macular asociada a la edad &#40;DMAE&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Material y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional&#44; retrospectivo&#44; unic&#233;ntrico&#46; Se incluy&#243; a pacientes con DMAE tratados con ranibizumab seg&#250;n estrategia PRN y seguimiento m&#237;nimo de 18 meses&#46; Se recogieron variables sociodemogr&#225;ficas y cl&#237;nicas de la historia cl&#237;nica&#46; El porcentaje de recuperaci&#243;n de agudeza visual &#40;AV&#41; despu&#233;s de perder 5 o m&#225;s letras fue calculado considerando la AV del mes anterior&#44; as&#237; como la mejor AV previa al retratamiento&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se analiz&#243; a 128 pacientes&#46; La media &#40;DE&#41; de seguimiento fue de 18&#44;9 &#40;2&#44;3&#41; meses&#59; la media &#40;DE&#41; entre los primeros s&#237;ntomas y el diagn&#243;stico y entre la prescripci&#243;n e inicio de tratamiento fue de 50&#44;2 &#40;57&#44;4&#41; y 10&#44;9 &#40;16&#44;0&#41; d&#237;as&#44; respectivamente&#46;</p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ranibizumab solo fue prescrito en 108 pacientes tras una p&#233;rdida de 5 o m&#225;s letras de AV&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La media &#40;DE&#41; de recuperaci&#243;n de AV al considerar la AV de la &#250;ltima visita fue 70&#44;3&#37; &#40;114&#44;4&#41;&#46; La media &#40;DE&#41; de recuperaci&#243;n de AV considerando la mejor AV antes del retratamiento fue de 43&#44;5 &#40;112&#44;9&#41;&#44; con un 59&#44;4&#37; de retratamientos que presentaron una recuperaci&#243;n de AV inferior al 75&#37;&#44; mientras que el 11&#44;7&#37; no presentaron recuperaci&#243;n de la AV&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Una estrategia PRN con inyecciones intrav&#237;treas de ranibizumab podr&#237;a no ser lo suficientemente efectiva en t&#233;rminos de mantenimiento o recuperaci&#243;n de AV en los casos de DMAE a largo plazo&#44; debido a la p&#233;rdida irreversible de AV&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0025"
            "titulo" => "Objetivo"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0030"
            "titulo" => "Material y m&#233;todos"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:2 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Gallego-Pinazo R&#44; Dolz-Marco R&#44; Andreu-Fenoll M&#44; Farr&#233;s J&#44; Moncl&#250;s L&#46; Impacto funcional del tratamiento con ranibizumab bajo una estrategia reactiva en pacientes con degeneraci&#243;n macular asociada a la edad exudativa neovascular&#46; Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol&#46; 2017&#59;92&#58;120&#8211;127&#46;</p>"
      ]
      1 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">This paper was partially presented at the 2016 Annual Congress of the American Society of Retina Specialists &#40;ASRS&#41; in San Francisco &#40;California&#44; United States&#41;&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:7 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1330
            "Ancho" => 2811
            "Tamanyo" => 180112
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Description of the methods applied for obtaining VA recovery after retreatment&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 161131
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Changes in VA &#40;&#37;&#41; during the entire follow-up period&#46; Changes in VA during the entire follow-up period &#40;from 3 to 18 months&#41;&#44; in percentages &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of recovered VA after retreatment&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Values are shown as n &#40;&#37;&#41;&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Unilateral or bilateral</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Unilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">126 &#40;98&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bilateral&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Studied eye</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Right&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56 &#40;44&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Left&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70 &#40;55&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of lesion</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hidden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70 &#40;54&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Classic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">22 &#40;17&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Angiomatous retinal proliferation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">25 &#40;19&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Polypoid choroidal vasculopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">11 &#40;8&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Size of lesion</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;1 disc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">16 &#40;12&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2 discs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">40 &#40;31&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;2 discs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">72 &#40;56&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Location of lesion</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Subfoveal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">81 &#40;63&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Juxtafoveal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">39 &#40;30&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Extrafoveal&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">6 &#40;4&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Juxtapapillary&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">2 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thickness &#40;microns&#41; of foveal retina</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">367&#46;3 &#40;142&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean thickness &#40;microns&#41; of macula</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">296&#46;6 &#40;52&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Presence of symptoms at diagnostic</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">128 &#40;100&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">0 &#40;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline clinic characteristics of included patients with age-related macular degeneration&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total &#40;No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&#41;<br>n &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Extra foveal chorioretinal atrophy plates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">31 &#40;24&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Foveal chorioretinal atrophy plates&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">12 &#40;9&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Low density subretinal fluid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">100 &#40;78&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">High density subretinal fluid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">32 &#40;25&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Cystic intraretinal fluid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">54 &#40;42&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Description &#40;&#37;&#41; of clinical findings at diagnostic&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Month 3<br>No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Month 6<br>No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Month 12<br>No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Month 18<br>No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>128&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lesion size&#44; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;1 disc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">17 &#40;13&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">15 &#40;11&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">14 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;2 discs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;38&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">49 &#40;38&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">47 &#40;36&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">54 &#40;42&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;2 discs&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">64 &#40;50&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">62 &#40;48&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">66 &#40;51&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">60 &#40;46&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>p for symmetry against baseline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;2464&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;1504&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;6195&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">0&#46;0302&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Thickness of foveal retina center</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">263&#46;6 &#40;62&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">263&#46;74 &#40;59&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">258&#46;41 &#40;56&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">264&#46;07 &#40;64&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Changes of foveal retina thickness at center vis-&#224;-vis baseline</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">104&#46;59 &#40;150&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">105&#46;43 &#40;158&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">112&#46;7 &#40;152&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">101&#46;3 &#40;143&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test for paired data&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean macular thickness during follow-up</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">265&#46;4 &#40;31&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">270&#46;3 &#40;27&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">265&#46;4 &#40;28&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">264&#46;6 &#40;25&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="5" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mean macula thickness changes against baseline&#46;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">32&#46;0 &#40;48&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">27&#46;0 &#40;51&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">31&#46;3 &#40;49&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">29&#46;8 &#40;49&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test&#44; paired data&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#60;0&#46;0001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Method 1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Method 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>162&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA loss in number of letters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">10&#46;51 &#40;15&#46;75&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">15&#46;15 &#40;13&#46;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of re-treatments with loss equal to 0 &#40;not included in the 108 subjects&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA gain in number of letters</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;59 &#40;12&#46;94&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">7&#46;96 &#40;12&#46;88&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Number of retreatments with gain equal to 0 &#40;not included in the 108 subjects&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA recovery percentage in number of letters &#40;continuous&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Median &#40;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&#46;03 &#40;114&#46;37&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">43&#46;52 &#40;112&#46;86&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">VA recovery percentage and number of letters &#40;categoric&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;0&#37; &#40;highest impairment&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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