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The retinography (central image) shows the retinal venous occlusion with the intravenous embolus.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M. Zas, M.O. Mendaro, P.V. Schiantarelli, M.I. Cotic, P.A. Chiaradía" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Zas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.O." "apellidos" => "Mendaro" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P.V." "apellidos" => "Schiantarelli" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.I." "apellidos" => "Cotic" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P.A." 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(a) Schlemm canal anatomy in a normal eye, TM (trabecular meshwork), JCT (juxtacanalicular trabeculum), SS (scleral spur). (b) High resistance in TM and JCT with SC diameter reduction in an OAG patient. (c) Blood reflux may appear in SC during induced intraocular hypotension. (d) TM and JCT removal after ELT, a permanent and direct communication is created between anterior chamber and collector channels. IOP: intraocular pressure; EVP: episcleral venous pressure; TM: trabecular meshwork; JCT: juxtacanalicular trabeculum; SS: scleral spur; ELT: excimer laser trabeculostomy; SC: Schlemm canal.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Moreno-Valladares, N. Puerto Amorós, M. Mendez Llatas, M. Pazos-López, I.I.K. Ahmed" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Moreno-Valladares" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Puerto Amorós" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." 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ELGwaily, S.A. Khedr, A.H. Assaf, M.A.M.A.L. Latif, H.A. Elsayed, A.A.M.A.L. Latif" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A.M." "apellidos" => "ELGwaily" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "dr.gwaily10@gmail.com" 1 => "amr_elgewaily@med.asu.edu.eg" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S.A." "apellidos" => "Khedr" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.H." "apellidos" => "Assaf" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A.M.A.L." "apellidos" => "Latif" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "H.A." "apellidos" => "Elsayed" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A.A.M.A.L." "apellidos" => "Latif" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Ain Shams University, El Cairo, Egypt" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Terapia láser transescleral de micropulsos en el manejo de los pacientes de glaucoma" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1342 "Ancho" => 2099 "Tamanyo" => 153447 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison between the postintervention IOP during 6 months follow-up after the first and the second sessions.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glaucoma is a chronic disease that is characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and gradual, painless field contraction, and is considered the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Evidence demonstrates that intraocular pressure (IOP) is strongly correlated with the progression of glaucoma and deterioration of the visual field.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Open-angle glaucoma predominantly affects populations of African and European ancestry, whereas closed-angle glaucoma is more common in Asian populations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> In 2013, the prevalence of glaucoma was estimated at 64.3 million with projected growth to 76.0 million in 2020, and 111.8 million in 2040.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuous-wave transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (CW-TSCPC) is a well-established cyclo-ablative procedure that is usually reserved for advanced glaucoma cases that are refractory to medical or surgical management.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> In this procedure, continuous-wave 810 nm laser energy is targeted toward the pars plicata to induce photocoagulation and destruction of the underlying non-pigmented ciliary epithelium and vascular core of the ciliary body, to reduce aqueous humor production and therefore decrease IOP.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> CW-TSCPC is associated with significant postintervention complications, including prolonged intraocular inflammation up to the development of sympathetic ophthalmitis in the contralateral eye, development of macular edema, hypotony, phthisis bulbi and vision loss,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–9</span></a> restricting its use for patients with advanced glaucoma cases and low visual potential.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike CW-TSCPC, MicroPulse transscleral laser therapy (TLT) is a novel procedure that is being used to treat not only advanced glaucoma, but also earlier stages of glaucoma due to its good safety profile.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11–14</span></a> MicroPulse® technology (IRIDEX, Mountain View, CA, USA) chops an 810-nm continuous-wave laser into repetitive short pulses (0.5 ms ON) followed by longer rest periods (1.1 ms OFF). The laser energy is targeted towards the pars plana rather than the pars plicata and is associated with a lower complication rate compared with CW-TSCPC.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A prospective, interventional, non-comparative case series to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MicroPulse TLT was conducted in the department of ophthalmology, Ain Shams University Hospital. Sixty-one eyes of 46 patients were enrolled. Inclusion criteria included patients with either primary, secondary, open-angle, or closed-angle glaucomas, which ranged from mild to severe; patients who were either refractory to surgical intervention due to failed procedures, medical intervention, or poor compliance; and patients who refused or who were poor candidates for additional filtering surgery or implantation of glaucoma drainage devices.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Exclusion criteria included patients who had undergone previous intraocular surgery or ocular laser treatment within two months of enrollment, patients who had undergone previous conventional CW-TSCPC within one month of enrollment, patients with significant scleral thinning as defined by greater than one clock hour, patients with any medical condition that would preclude the subject from providing informed consent or reliable and valid data, patients enrolled in other prospective clinical trials, albino patients, and patients with ocular infection or inflammation.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Baseline data included age, sex, medical and surgical history, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), proper examination of anterior and posterior segments including scleral trans-illumination to exclude scleral thinning, IOP measurement by Goldmann applanation tonometer, and gonioscopy. Preoperative examinations included visual fields, optical coherence tomography-nerve fiber layer (OCT-NFL). If scleral thinning was seen with transillumination, anterior segment OCT to evaluate the severity and extent of the scleral thinning before the procedure was conducted.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Administrative approval from the Medical and Ethical Committee of Ain Shams University was obtained. The study and data collection conformed to all local laws and were compliant with the principles of Declaration of Helsinki.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Written informed consent was obtained from participants explaining the study benefits and risks.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Cyclo G6® Glaucoma Laser (IRIDEX, Mountain View, CA, USA) was used in its MicroPulse treatment mode at a 31.3% duty cycle, and the laser power was set at 2000 mW. The MicroPulse P3® fiberoptic probe (IRIDEX, Mountain View, CA, USA) was connected to the Cyclo G6 laser and used to deliver the laser energy. Prior to treatment, children received general anesthesia; all other patients received peribulbar anesthesia of 3−5 mL of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (20 mg/mL). After application of viscoelastic, the MicroPulse P3 probe was held with a firm, steady pressure on the conjunctiva while sweeping the probe back and forth over 5-clock hours in the superior 180° and then repeated in the inferior 180°. Sweep duration in one direction varied from 10 to 12 seconds per sweep repeated 10 to 12 times for a total exposure of 100 to 140 s per hemisphere according to the baseline IOP ( we tried 100 s per each hemisphere for eyes with baseline IOP 25−40 mmHg, 110 s per each hemisphere for eyes with baseline IOP 41−50 mmHg, 120 s per each hemisphere for eyes with baseline IOP 51−60 mmHg and (130 +) seconds per each hemisphere for eyes with baseline IOP > 60 mmHg). The 3 and 9 o’clock meridians were spared, along with any area of thinned sclera. Subconjunctival dexamethasone (4 mg/mL) was given after laser treatment.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After each session, patients were prescribed topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops (nepafenac 0.1%) 4 times per day for two weeks, topical prednisolone 1% 4 times per day for 2 weeks and tapered according to the severity of the anterior chamber reaction, and systemic analgesics if needed. Administration of anti-glaucoma medications was continued or tapered at the physician’s discretion according to the postintervention IOP.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Postoperative visits occurred at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The following data were recorded: BCVA, IOP measurement by Goldmann applanation tonometer (hypotony was defined by IOP < 6 mmHg), ocular pain, anterior segment examination to exclude postoperative complications, e.g. anterior uveitis, fundus examination to exclude macular edema or hypotony maculopathy, the number of treatment sessions, success rates, number of eye drops, and percent of IOP reduction.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Success was defined as IOP between 6 and 18 mmHg, or at least 30% reduction from the preoperative IOP, without deterioration of vision or occurrence of significant complications (like hypotony, macular edema or severe inflammation). A second session of MicroPulse TLT was administered to 11 eyes of 11 patients who did not achieve IOP between 6−18 mmHg, or at least a 30% decrease from baseline, 6 months after the first treatment.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected, revised, coded and entered to the Statistical Package for Social Science (IBM SPSS) version 23. All quantitative data were checked for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilik test for normality. The quantitative data were presented as mean, standard deviations and ranges and the qualitative variables were presented as number and percentages.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The comparison between two independent groups with quantitative data and parametric distribution was completed by using Independent t-test. The comparison between two paired groups with quantitative data and parametric distribution was completed by using Student’s t-test while comparisons between more than two paired groups with quantitative data and parametric distribution were performed by using repeated measure ANOVA test.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess the correlation between the percent of IOP reduction at 6 months and total overall energy used during the first and second MicroPulse TLT sessions.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The confidence interval was set to 95%. The p-value was considered significant at <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> ≤ 0.05.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 61 eyes of 46 patients were treated with MicroPulse TLT. Eleven eyes of 11 patients (18.0% of the 61 total eyes treated) received a second laser session 6 months after the first session. The demographic characteristics of the study patients, preoperative BCVA, and the laser settings used in both sessions are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The glaucoma types treated among the 61 eyes include the following: 26 eyes (42.6%) primary open-angle glaucoma, 9 eyes (14.8%) buphthalmus, 8 eyes (13.1%) neovascular glaucoma, 5 eyes (8.2%) silicon-induced glaucoma, 4 eyes (6.6%) chronic angle closure glaucoma, 3 eyes (4.9%) traumatic glaucoma, 2 eyes (3.3%) pigment dispersion glaucoma, 2 eyes (3.3%) steroid-induced glaucoma, 1 eye (1.6%) iridocorneal endothelial syndrome, and 1 eye (1.6%) pseudo-exfoliation syndrome. Glaucoma severity ranged from mild to end-stage; 7 eyes (11.4%) mild glaucoma, 11 eyes (18%) moderate glaucoma, 15(24.6%) severe glaucoma and 28 eyes (45.9%) end-stage glaucoma. Fourteen eyes (22.9%) had undergone previous glaucoma surgery, 5 eyes (8.2%) underwent prior sub-scleral trabeculectomy (SST), 5 eyes (8.2%) underwent combined SST with glaucoma shunt surgery and 4 eyes (6.6%) underwent stab incision glaucoma surgery (SIGS).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT significantly reduced the mean IOP at all follow-up time points. Baseline IOP was 35 ± 9.9 mmHg. Postoperative IOP for the 61 eyes was 17.6 ± 7.7 mmHg, 17.2 ± 6.7 mmHg, 18.8 ± 7.2 mmHg, 20.4 ± 7.9 mmHg, and 22.3 ± 8.2 mmHg at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). The mean IOP reduction at 6 months was 36% (p < 0.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Prior to the second treatment, the mean IOP was 31.3 ± 7.2 mmHg. Follow-up IOP after the second MicroPulse TLT session was 17.1 ± 5.6 mmHg, 17.3 ± 4.4 mmHg, 19.6 ± 5.9 mmHg, 20.3 ± 5.8 mmHg, and 22.09 ± 7.7 mmHg at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively for those 11 eyes (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The mean percent of IOP reduction at 6 months post the second treatment was 36.2 ± 17.5%. (p < 0.001).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For those eyes that received a second MicroPulse TLT session, the mean baseline IOP was 40.7 ± 8.1 mmHg. The mean IOP after their first MicroPulse TLT treatment was 22.2 ± 8.6 mmHg, 21.1 ± 7.5 mmHg, 24.3 ± 8.9 mmHg, 28.4 ± 8.6 mmHg, and 31.3 ± 7.2 mmHg at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. The mean percent of IOP reduction at 6 months after the first session was 23.3 ± 8.5%, and at 6 months after the second session was 36.2 ± 17.5%.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> shows the comparison between the postintervention IOP for the 11 eyes that received two sessions of MicroPulse TLT. It illustrates that the IOP reduction is increased with repeat sessions.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figs. 4</a> shows that the higher the overall energy (Joules) used during the laser sessions, the greater the percent of IOP drop.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT also reduced the medication burden in patients. Before treatment, the average number of anti-glaucoma eye drops was 2.6 ± 1.0. Postintervention, the average number of anti-glaucoma eye drops was 1.7 ± 1.3, and sustained at 6 months follow-up. (p < 0.001).</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sixteen patients (34.8%) were prescribed systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) before treatment. Postoperatively, only 2 patients (4.3%) continued to use systemic CAIs (p < 0.001).</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean anterior chamber (AC) cell reaction was +1.9 ± 0.8 at 1 day; +1.0 ± 0.7 at 1 week, and +0.2 ± 0.4 at 1 month postintervention. No cells were detected in any of the cases at 3 and 6 months follow-up. (p < 0.001).</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No patients’ BCVA decreased throughout the study. Fifteen eyes (24.6%) had persistent mydriasis and 10 eyes (16.4%) had difficulty in reading and accommodation problems, both of which eventually resolved after one month.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Twenty two eyes (36.1%) out of the 61 eyes had persistent flare for 3 months after the first session (1 eye was treated with 137.7 j, 7 eyes with 150.2 j, 10 eyes with 162.7 j and 4 eyes with 175.3 j) and 7 eyes (63.6%) out of the 11 eyes that had a second session, had persistent flare for 3 months postoperatively (3 eyes were treated with 150.2 j, 3 eyes with 162.7 j and 1 eye with 175.3 j). One blind eye developed transient hypotony (IOP < 6 mmHg) for 3 months after the MicroPulse TLT session after being treated with 280 s and overall energy of 175.3 j.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was no macular edema, severe pain, or deterioration of vision.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT is a simple procedure that is becoming more widely used to treat a variety of glaucoma types and severities.</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Unlike traditional CW-TSCPC which is only used in refractory glaucoma cases with poor visual potential for its high rate of complications, MicroPulse TLT can be safely used in seeing eyes with good visual potential.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT is found both safe and effective in treating a variety of subtypes of glaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma, chronic angle closure glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, and other secondary glaucomas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT is now being considered as an early therapy for glaucomatous eyes, or even in glaucoma suspects.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> It also can be repeated safely in eyes without successful outcome after the initial treatment, for better postoperative outcomes.</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study demonstrated that MicroPulse TLT effectively reduced IOP. Baseline IOP was 35.0 ± 9.9 mmHg that decreased to 22.3 ± 8.2 mmHg 6 months after a single treatment. The percent of IOP reduction after the first MicroPulse TLT session was 35.9 ± 14.2%</p><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the 11 eyes that had a second MicroPulse TLT session, the mean IOP before treatment was 31.3 ± 7.2 mmHg that decreased to 22.1 ± 7.8 mmHg after 6 months. The mean percent of drop of the IOP after the first session for those 11 eyes was 23.3 ± 8.5% that increased to 36.2 ± 17.5% after a second session.</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, success was defined as IOP between 6and18 mm Hg or at least 30% reduction in the preintervention IOP without deterioration of vision or occurrence of significant complications (hypotony, macular edema, severe inflammation). After the first session, 45 eyes (73.8%) had successful treatment that increased to 48 eyes (78.7%) after the second session.</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For us, MicroPulse TLT was also considered as a perfect choice also for the patients who had previously failed glaucoma surgery, in whom re-doing further surgery is considered technically difficult and demanding with higher rate of postoperative complications. In our study, we included 14 eyes (22.9%) who had prior glaucoma surgery, the success rate for this group was 78.6% at the 6 months follow up visit after the last MicroPulse TLT session. Zaarour et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> also reported a nearly similar success rate of 80.6% for the eyes who had previously failed incisional glaucoma surgery.</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the prospective, non-comparative study done by Tan et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> the success rate defined as IOP < 21 mm Hg or at least 30% IOP reduction, was 80% after 18 months. This relatively high success rate can be explained by the high baseline IOP (40.1 ± 11.6 mmHg). Williams et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> found a success rate, which was defined as an IOP between 6−21 mmHg or at least 20% reduction from baseline IOP without an increase in the anti-glaucoma medication over baseline, of 75% after 3 months and 66% after 6 months, with mean IOP reduction by 51% after 6 months follow-up. This higher IOP reduction could be attributed to the longer duration of treatment in some cases, up to 360 s. In 2019, Zaarour et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reported a success rate, which was defined as IOP between 6−21 mmHg or at least 20% IOP reduction than the baseline IOP, of 81.4% at the 6-month follow-up and 73.3% at the 12-month follow-up and mean IOP reduction by 31.8% at the same follow up interval.</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2019, Al Habash and Al Ahmadi,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> conducted a prospective, non-randomized, non-comparative interventional case series of MicroPulse TLT. The median IOP reduction was 52% at 12 month follow-up postoperatively compared to baseline and the surgical success rates, defined as IOP <21 mm Hg or at least 30% reduction in the baseline IOP following MicroPulse TLT, were 90%, 91.4%, and 95.7% at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postintervention, respectively. These higher success rates than previous studies and our study are most likely attributable to the higher total laser energy delivered (2200 mW for 120 s for each 180-degree arc) and their patients’ elevated baseline IOP (median IOP was 35 mmHg), in which most patients achieved a 30% reduction.</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study also demonstrated a decrease in the number of anti-glaucoma eye drops. The average number of anti-glaucoma eye drops were reduced from 2.6 ± 1.0 at baseline to 1.7 ± 1.1 at 6 months. In the study performed by Al Habash and Al Ahmadi,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> anti-glaucoma eye drops were reduced from a baseline median of 5 (range, 3–5) to 4 (range, 2–4) after 1 year follow-up. Moreover, Emanuel et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> also reported a decrease in the number of antiglaucoma eye drops from 3.3 preoperatively to 1.9, 2.0, 2.0, and 2.3 at months 1, 3, 6, and 12 postoperatively, respectively.</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Systemic CAIs have many systemic side effects. In our study, 16 patients (34.8%) were using systemic CAIs before MicroPulse TLT. Postintervention, only 2 patients (4.3%) continued to use systemic CAIs. Our findings are in accord with those reported by Al Habash and Al Ahmadi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> and Tan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> In contrast, Zaarour et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reported that 57.3% (43/75) of patients were using CAIs at baseline, this number decreased after MicroPulse TLT to 30.0% (18/60) after 1 year. This could be explained by the relatively short duration of treatment used by Zaarour et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> (180 s for all cases).</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our study, no significant complications, such as macular edema, atrophia bulbi, persistent hypotony, hyphema, drop of vision, severe pain, corneal edema or melting, were reported. Some patients had transient pupillary distortion or reading difficulties, this could be explained by the non-intentional application of the probe close to the positions of the 3 and 9 o’clock where the long ciliary nerves are present. However, this was completely reversible and disappeared within one month after the Micropulse TLT session.</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We noticed that persistent flare was more observed with eyes treated with higher energy levels, this can be explained by the more disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier that could occur with the higher overall energy of the MicroPulse TLT.</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only one blind painful eye developed transient hypotony (IOP < 6 mmHg) for 3 months after the laser session, which could be attributed to the long duration of treatment (280 s) and the relatively high overall energy (175.3 j) used in the MicroPulse TLT session for this eye.</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Al Habash and Al Ahmadi<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> also did not observe any major complications, such as phthisis bulbi, hypotony, hyphemia, macular edema, severe pain, or corneal edema. Only four eyes developed dilated fixed pupil, with loss of accommodation, which eventually resolved after 1 month from the MicroPulse TLT session. Only one eye developed inflammation. Their lower rate of inflammation after MicroPulse TLT may be explained by their steroid treatment protocol where all patients were prescribed topical steroid every 2 h and tapered slowly over 6 weeks.</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study also agreed with Zaarour et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> where no major complications including phthisis or hypotony were reported in their study. A mild but significant decrease in BCVA in the early follow-up associated with a transient postoperative inflammation was only noted up to the 1-month follow-up. This could be explained by the low parameters (180 s) used in their study.</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to Williams et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> who reported higher complications rates, with 7 eyes developed postoperative hypotony, 21 eyes complained of prolonged postoperative AC inflammation for ≥3 months, 13 eyes lost ≥2 lines of BCVA for ≥3 months, and 2 eyes had phthisis bulbi after the MicroPulse TLT. Similarly, Emmanuel et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> reported higher incidence of complications, where 46% of the eyes had postoperative inflammation at the third follow-up visit and on a loss of >2 lines of BCVA in 26.2% of patients was also reported. This difference could be due to different patient baseline characteristics or treatment protocol where Williams et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> applied an average treatment duration of 300 s, ranging between 120 to 360 s and Emmanuel et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> reported an average treatment time of 319 s, ranging between 180 and 360 s.</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, MicroPulse TLT demonstrated very promising results with consistent reduction in IOP and decrease of anti-glaucoma eye drops and systemic CAIs. In our experience, MicroPulse TLT demonstrated a good safety profile with minimal vision-threatening complications across a variety of glaucoma types and severity. It can be also repeated safely without significant increase in the postoperative complications rate. MicroPulse TLT can be considered as a safe alternative for surgeries in patients unwilling to do it or had previously failed ones.</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results are encouraging, and we recommend MicroPulse TLT as a primary procedure in cases of high IOP or medication intolerance.</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study limitation was its relatively short follow-up. Further studies are needed to evaluate the longevity of MicroPulse TLT and the possibility of late complication occurrences.</p></span><span id="sec1010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect1070">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par1020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1616843" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Purpose" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1444996" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1616842" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1444995" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec1010" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-10-10" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1444996" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Micropulse laser" 1 => "Diode laser" 2 => "Cyclophotocoagulation" 3 => "Glaucoma" 4 => "Transscleral laser therapy" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1444995" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Láser de micropulso" 1 => "Láser de diodo" 2 => "Ciclofotocoagulación" 3 => "Glaucoma" 4 => "Terapia láser transescleral" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Purpose</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To evaluate the efficacy and safety of MicroPulse® transscleral laser therapy (TLT) in the management of glaucoma patients.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A prospective, interventional, non-comparative case series was conducted in the department of ophthalmology, Ain Shams University Hospital on 61 eyes of 46 patients with various glaucoma types and of severity, ranging from mild to severe. In addition to best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of glaucoma medications were recorded before and after treatment, along with the postoperative need for systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI), success rates, number of treatment sessions and postoperative complications. Success was defined as an IOP of 6−18 mmHg or at least a 30% decrease from preoperative IOP in the absence of any vision-threatening complications during the 6-month follow-up period.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT was performed on 61 glaucomatous eyes. Eleven of the 61 eyes (18%) that did not achieve IOP between 6−18 mmHg, or at least a 30% decrease from baseline at 6 months, had a repeat MicroPulse TLT session.</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">At 6 months follow-up post a single MicroPulse TLT session, the mean IOP reduction was 35.9 ± 14.2%; and 6 months after the second session, it was 36.2 ± 17.5% (p < 0.001). The success rate after the first session was 73.8% which increased to 78.7% after the second session. The mean anterior chamber (AC) cell reaction was +1.9 ± 0.8 at 1 day, +1.0 ± 0.7 at 1 week, and +0.2 ± 0.4 at 1 month postoperatively. No cells were detected in any of the cases at 3 and 6 months follow-up (p < 0.001). The average number of anti-glaucoma eye drops before MicroPulse TLT was 2.6 ± 1.0. Postintervention, the average number of anti-glaucoma eye drops was 1.7 ± 1.2, and sustained at 6 months follow-up after the last treatment session (p < 0.001). There were no significant complications were noted. One eye developed transient hypotony for 3 months after MicroPulse TLT.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">MicroPulse TLT is safe and effective in lowering IOP in a variety of glaucoma types and severity.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Purpose" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la terapia láser transescleral MicroPulse® (TLT) en el tratamiento de pacientes con glaucoma.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se llevó a cabo una serie de casos prospectiva, intervencionista y no comparativa en el servicio de Oftalmología del Hospital Universitario Ain Shams en 61 ojos de 46 pacientes con diversos tipos de glaucoma y de gravedad, de leves a graves. Además de la agudeza visual mejor corregida (AVMC), se registraron la presión intraocular (PIO) y el número de medicamentos para el glaucoma antes y después del tratamiento, junto con la necesidad postoperatoria de inhibidores sistémicos de la anhidrasa carbónica (IAC), las tasas de éxito, el número de sesiones de tratamiento y las complicaciones postoperatorias. El éxito se definió como una PIO de 6−18 mmHg o una disminución de al menos 30% de la PIO preoperatoria en ausencia de complicaciones que amenazaran la visión durante el periodo de seguimiento de 6 meses.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizó la TLT MicroPulse® en 61 ojos glaucomatosos. Se repitió la sesión de TLT MicroPulse® en 11 de los 61 ojos (18%) que no alcanzaron una PIO entre 6 y 18 mmHg, o una disminución de al menos el 30% con respecto al valor inicial a los 6 meses.</p><p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A los 6 meses de seguimiento tras una única sesión de TLT MicroPulse®, la reducción media de la PIO fue del 35,9 ± 14,2%; y 6 meses después de la segunda sesión, fue del 36,2 ± 17,5% (p < 0,001). La tasa de éxito tras la primera sesión fue del 73,8%, que aumentó al 78,7% tras la segunda sesión. La reacción celular media de la cámara anterior (CA) fue de +1,9 ± 0,8 al primer día, +1,0 ± 0,7 a la primera semana y +0,2 ± 0,4 al primer mes del postoperatorio. No se detectaron células en ninguno de los casos a los 3 y 6 meses de seguimiento (p < 0,001). El número medio de colirios antiglaucomatosos antes del TLT MicroPulse® fue de 2,6 ± 1,0. Después de la intervención, el número medio de colirios antiglaucoma fue de 1,7 ± 1,2, y se mantuvo a los 6 meses de seguimiento tras la última sesión de tratamiento (p < 0,001). No se observaron complicaciones significativas. Un ojo desarrolló una hipotonía transitoria durante 3 meses después del TLT MicroPulse®.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El TLT MicroPulse es seguro y eficaz para reducir la PIO en una variedad de tipos y gravedad de glaucoma.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: ELGwaily AM, Khedr SA, Assaf AH, Latif MAMAL, Elsayed HA, Latif AAMAL. Terapia láser transescleral de micropulsos en el manejo de los pacientes de glaucoma. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2021;96:640–648.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1130 "Ancho" => 2091 "Tamanyo" => 109888 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean IOP during 6 months follow-up after the first session of MicroPulse TLT.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1101 "Ancho" => 2091 "Tamanyo" => 103469 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean IOP during 6 months follow-up after the second MicroPulse TLT session.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1342 "Ancho" => 2099 "Tamanyo" => 153447 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0015" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comparison between the postintervention IOP during 6 months follow-up after the first and the second sessions.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1687 "Ancho" => 2091 "Tamanyo" => 136457 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0020" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Linear regression between the percent of IOP reduction at 6 months and total overall energy used during the MicroPulse TLT session; R = 0.297; p ≤ 0.05.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0025" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">First session</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. = 61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean ± SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">46.59 ± 21.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3–78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (56.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (43.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Percent of adults and children <12 years old</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adults \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (84.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (15.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BCVA</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6/6 to 6/60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (41.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5/60 to 1/60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (13.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CF & HM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (21.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PL/No PL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (24.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="5" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Overall energy</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125.2 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">137.7 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (14.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">150.2 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 (37.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">162.7 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 (31.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">175.3 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Power \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2000 mW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 (100.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duty cycle \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">61 (100.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration in seconds divided equally between hemispheres</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean ± SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">243.28 ± 21.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">200–280 s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of sweeps \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sweep duration in one direction varied from 10 to 12 seconds per sweep repeated back and forth 10 to 12 times for a total exposure of 100 to 140 seconds per hemisphere.</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2756575.png" ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Second session</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. = 11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean ± SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">42.18 ± 18.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6−60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (72.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (27.3%0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Percent of adults and children <12 years old</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Adults \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (72.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (27.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">BCVA</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6/6 to 6/60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (9.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5/60 to 1/60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (18%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CF & HM \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (3.36%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PL/No PL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (36.36%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Overall energy</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">137.7 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">150.2 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (8.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">162.7 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (6.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">175.3 J \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Power \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2000 mW \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (100 %) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duty cycle \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.30% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Duration in seconds divided equally between hemispheres</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mean ± SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">249.09 ± 16.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Range \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">220–280 s \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Number of sweeps \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sweep duration in one direction varied from 10 to 12 seconds per sweep repeated back and forth 10 to 12 times for a total exposure of 100 to 140 seconds per hemisphere.</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2756576.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics and laser settings for the first and second MicroPulse TLT sessions.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:17 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "Y.C. 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Original article
MicroPulse® transscleral laser therapy in the management of glaucoma patients
Terapia láser transescleral de micropulsos en el manejo de los pacientes de glaucoma
A.M. ELGwaily
, S.A. Khedr, A.H. Assaf, M.A.M.A.L. Latif, H.A. Elsayed, A.A.M.A.L. Latif
Corresponding author
Departamento de Oftalmología, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Ain Shams University, El Cairo, Egypt