Share
array:24 [ "pii" => "S2173579419301719" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2019.08.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1567" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2019" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94:575-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2 "HTML" => 2 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0365669119302643" "issn" => "03656691" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2019.08.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1567" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94:575-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 116 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 91 "PDF" => 25 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Artículo original</span>" "titulo" => "Síntomas visuales y oculares sin causa: La necesidad de un enfoque psicosomático en oftalmología" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "575" "paginaFinal" => "578" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Unexplained ocular and visual symptoms: The need for a psychosomatic approach in Ophthalmology" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Arntz, C. Ibañez, T. Covarrubias" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Arntz" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ibañez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Covarrubias" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173579419301719" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2019.08.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579419301719?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669119302643?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03656691/0000009400000012/v2_202108180557/S0365669119302643/v2_202108180557/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173579419301690" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2019.07.013" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1559" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94:579-84" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1 "HTML" => 1 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Morphometric characteristics of the optical disc and thickness of retinal nerve fibre layer using Cirrus 5000 optical coherence tomography in healthy patients attending the National Institute of Ophthalmology" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "579" "paginaFinal" => "584" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Características morfométricas de disco óptico y espesor de capa de fibras nerviosas de la retina mediante tomografía de coherencia óptica Cirrus 5000 en pacientes sanos atendidos en el Instituto Nacional de Oftalmología" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:8 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 636 "Ancho" => 1211 "Tamanyo" => 31587 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Fig. " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Prevalence of megalopapilla with disc area >2.5 mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "P.Y. Vasquez Alania, T. Gálvez Olórtegui, P. Ayamamani Torres, N. Pantoja Dávalos, S. Fernandez Llerena" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P.Y." "apellidos" => "Vasquez Alania" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Gálvez Olórtegui" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "P." "apellidos" => "Ayamamani Torres" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Pantoja Dávalos" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "S." "apellidos" => "Fernandez Llerena" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0365669119302400" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2019.07.016" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669119302400?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579419301690?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735794/0000009400000012/v1_201912161902/S2173579419301690/v1_201912161902/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2173579419301902" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2019.10.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-12-01" "aid" => "1586" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94:573-4" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2 "HTML" => 2 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "What happens with teaching in Ophthalmology" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "573" "paginaFinal" => "574" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "?¿Qué sucede con la docencia en Oftalmología?" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Jiménez Benito, R. Piñón Mosquera, E. Ortega Alonso, C. Gordón Bolaños" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Jiménez Benito" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Piñón Mosquera" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Ortega Alonso" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Gordón Bolaños" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0365669119303065" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2019.10.006" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669119303065?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579419301902?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735794/0000009400000012/v1_201912161902/S2173579419301902/v1_201912161902/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Unexplained ocular and visual symptoms: The need for a psychosomatic approach in Ophthalmology" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "575" "paginaFinal" => "578" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Arntz, C. Ibañez, T. Covarrubias" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Arntz" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "aarntzb@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Ibañez" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Covarrubias" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding autor</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síntomas visuales y oculares sin causa: la necesidad de un enfoque psicosomático en oftalmología" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The association between psychological conflicts and somatic diseases has been broadly studied in specialties such as gastroenterology, rheumatology and neurology among others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Even though this association has been recognized in ophthalmology clinic several decades ago,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the literature comprises very few recent studies discussing said association and its causes.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with visual/ocular symptoms unrelated to clinic findings probably obtain less relief with medical treatment, leading to multiple consultations that produce feelings of frustration and clinic incompetence in doctors, leading to avoidant behavior.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of the present study is to characterize patients with idiopathic visual/ocular symptoms (IVS) and report the frequency of psychological conflict indicators of said patients.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the course of a 12-month period, adult patients with IVS were recruited in an ophthalmological clinic by a single ophthalmologist with formal training in psychology. IVS was defined as the presence of symptoms not related to clinic findings as the reason for consultation. A complete medical history was carried out, including psychosocial anamnesis. The ophthalmological examination included refraction, sensorimotor examination, slits lamp examination, funduscopy and tonometry. Patients with symptoms related to excessive visual use due to reading and use of screens as well as those with a diagnostic of ocular pathology and ametropia.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Psychosocial anamnesis comprised targeted questions addressing the following psychological conflict indicators: a) psychiatric diagnostic; b) use of psychoactive drugs; c) diagnostic of psychosomatic disease in other organs; d) biographical crisis in the past 6 months. The findings were compared against a control group paired by age, sex and consultation date who did not exhibit IVS. The descriptive analysis was carried out utilizing the SPSS 24.0 application. The study was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Helsinki declaration and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the local institution.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the course of 12 months, 39 patients with IBS were recruited, representing approximately 3% (CI 95%: 2,1–4,1%) of ophthalmological consultations carried out within said period. Of these patients, 29 were female (74%) and the mean age was 41.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>13. 9 years (range 20–75). Overall, 56.4% of patients were young adults (under 40 years of age) and 46.2% had at least one visit for similar symptoms in the past 12 months without response to prescribed treatments. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> illustrates the frequency of symptoms referred by patients with IVS, with the most frequent reason for the consultation being ocular surface irritation symptoms.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Psychological conflicts</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients exhibited at least one psychological conflict indicator (69.2% had 2 or more and 10.2% had 4). The psychiatric diagnostic frequency was 46.2% while 48.7% routinely used at least one psychoactive drug (mean 2, maximum 4). When compared to the control group, patients with IVS exhibited a statistically significant frequency of psychodiagnostic (46.2 vs. 17.9%; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) and use of psychoactive drugs (48.7 vs. 17.9%; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the frequency of reported psychodiagnostic, the most frequent being mood and anxiety disorders.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Psychosomatic diseases in other organs</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency of psychosomatic diseases in other organs of patients with IVS was 64% (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25) and more than one system was compromised in 16 patients (41%). When compared to the control group, patients with IVS exhibited a statistically superior difference of psychosomatic diseases (64 vs. 38.5%; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05). Skin diseases were the most frequently observed group.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows the frequency of associated psychosomatic disease is grouped by systems.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Biographical crises</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of recent biographical crises was registered in 20 patients (51%). Reported events comprise the death of a relative (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6), disease of a relative (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4), labor conflicts (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4), marriage conflicts (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4) and the birth of a child (n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2).</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The experience of the disease is always unique and multifactorial (genetic, constitutional, social and ecological), making it difficult to isolate the psychological factor in daily clinic practice and to define the role it plays in observed somatic phenomena.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Psychosomatic</span> is a term that makes reference to any psychological influence on somatic experience including symptoms, functional disorders and anatomical/histological damage, and viceversa: the influence that physical experience can have on the mental domain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> From this perspective, all diseases can be regarded as psychosomatic. However, in order to obtain a clinic characterization we focus on somatic diseases in which a psychological conflict of the subject plays a predominant role in the the etiology and clinical course thereof.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In ophthalmology, the above relationship has been studied in the lacrimal dysfunction syndrome,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> central serous chorioretinopathy<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> and unexplained ocular symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> In our daily practice we can also observe this association in eczematous palpebral dermatitis, blepharitis, conjunctival hemorrhage, allergic conjunctivitis, herpetic ocular disease and uveitis among others (data not published).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Karseras studied patients with unexplained visual symptoms by means of a standardized questionnaire(Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire), reporting high levels of anxiety, depression10. Said authors also studied the natural history of said patients, reported that young patients exhibited self-limited symptoms, anxiety disorders with greater frequency while older patients more frequently exhibited chronic symptoms, depressive disorders.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study showed a high frequency of psychological conflicts in patients with visual and ocular symptoms in the absence of organic and functional dysfunctions. Psychiatric comorbidity is twice the amount reported in the population in the authors’ environment (46 vs. 22%),<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> approximately half of patients routinely consumed psychoactive drugs and all exhibited at least one disease of other organs regarded as psychosomatic. The low prevalence of IVS in the present study (3%) when compared to previous reports<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,10</span></a> can be explained with the applied exclusion criteria which discarded patients with IVS having ocular and optical pathology even though these were unrelated to the reason for consultation.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In what concerns the high frequency of psychological dermatosis, it can be hypothesized that the common embryological origin of skin and ocular surface could give rise to shared neurovegetative transcription mechanisms of anxiety in somatic symptoms as explained by the Hans Selye theory and the general syndrome of adaptation to stress.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority of events reported as biographical crises referred to bonding or separation anxieties. If we consider psychosomatic phenomena as regressive psychological defense mechanisms, it is possible that the mental representation of the gaze in the mother-child bond in the initial stages of the mental constitution of the subject could account for a visual symptom in bonding anxieties.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is known that psychosocial stressors could bring about somatic expressions through autonomous nervous system discharges in acute situations as well as chronic neuroendocrine disorders when the allostatic load is maintained through time.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the perspective of neuroscience, symptoms without signs could correspond to expressions of central sensitivity, asthenopia, photoalodynia and spontaneous ocular pain described in patients with depression and anxiety disorders<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> where it would not be expected to find peripheral anatomic and functional alterations. These neurosensory changes associated to psychiatric pathologies are multiple and overdetermined, for which reason it is not possible to establish a cause-effect relationship between psychopathology and ocular disease, which would be always unique and original to each patient.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of the present study include the low number of recruited patients as well as a possible bias in sample selection due to the fact that the patients were recruited by a single ophthalmologist in a specific ophthalmology clinic. The effect of psychoactive drugs on visual function and dry eye symptoms is well described and could partly explain the presence of unexplained symptoms in these patients. Finally, psychological conflict indicators (psychodiagnosis, psychoactive drugs, other psychosomatic diseases and biographical crises) were obtained from the medical records of patients and not from standardized tests or questionnaires.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors agreed that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">idiopathic</span> is not synonymous with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">psychosomatic</span>, although a multidisciplinary approach is recommended with mental health professionals to address patients with unexplained visual symptoms. Additional studies are necessary to determine possible causal associations as well as the impact of psychotherapeutic intervention in idiopathic visual and ocular disorders.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was carried out without funding.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1275440" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1179860" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1275439" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1179861" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Psychological conflicts" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Psychosomatic diseases in other organs" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Biographical crises" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-02" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-08-05" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1179860" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Psychosomatics" 1 => "Ophthalmology" 2 => "Ocular irritation" 3 => "Visual disturbances" 4 => "Multidisciplinary approach" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1179861" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Psicosomática" 1 => "Oftalmología" 2 => "Irritación ocular" 3 => "Trastornos visuales" 4 => "Enfoque multidisciplinario" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Psychogenic causes for some somatic symptoms have been widely recognised. In Ophthalmology however, there are few studies that address this issue, and current Ophthalmology Training Programs do not include formal teaching in Psychosomatics. Psychosomatic phenomena in ophthalmology are probably under-diagnosed, which may reduce therapeutic effectiveness, decrease patient and physician satisfaction, and increase health costs due to multiple consultations and prescriptions. The aims of this study were to describe patients with unexplained visual/ocular symptoms (UVOS), and to estimate the prevalence of psychological distress (PD) among them.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Consecutive adults with UVOS were recruited over a 12 month period. Complete medical history and ocular examination were performed to rule out organic disease. Psychological Distress was defined by the presence of one or more of the following criteria: psychiatric diagnosis, use of psychotropic medication, psychosomatic disease in other organs, and biographical crisis in the last 6 months. Results were compared with a control group.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A total of 39 cases of UVOS were recruited, corresponding approximately to 3% prevalence. The large majority (74%) were female. The mean age was 41.8 years. The most common complaints were ocular surface irritation symptoms (51%) and unspecific visual disturbances (17%). At least 1 of the PD criteria was found in 100%, including 46.2% with psychiatric comorbidity, 48.7% with psychotropic medications, 64% with psychosomatic disease in other organs, and 48.7% with recent life-stressful events. PD indicators were statistically higher compared with control group (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>.05).</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There was a high frequency of Psychological Distress indicators in patients with UVOS. Although the causative role of PD remains unclear, the presence of UVOS should warn the ophthalmologist of an underlying psychic conflict and to make an appropriate psychological intervention.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducción</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Es reconocida la asociación de algunos síntomas somáticos sin causa orgánica con conflictos psíquicos. En Oftalmología existen pocos estudios que evalúen esta asociación, y en los actuales Programas de Formación de Residentes en Oftalmología no se incluye entrenamiento formal en Psicosomática. Esto determina que los fenómenos psicosomáticos en la clínica oftalmológica no sean reconocidos, reduciendo la eficacia terapéutica, la satisfacción de pacientes y médicos, e incrementando los costos en salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar pacientes con Síntomas visuales/oculares idiopáticos (SVI), y estimar la prevalencia de indicadores de conflictos psíquicos (CP) en ellos.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Materiales y Métodos</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se reclutaron pacientes con SVI durante 12 meses en una consulta oftalmológica. Descartando causa orgánica, se pesquisó en la historia clínica indicadores de CP: diagnóstico psiquiátrico, uso de psicofármacos, enfermedades psicosomáticas en otros órganos, y presencia de crisis biográficas recientes. Se comparó resultados con grupo control.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se registró 39 pacientes con SVI, con una incidencia aproximada de 3%, siendo 74% mujeres, y su edad promedio 41,8 años. Los SVI más frecuentes fueron: irritación de la superficie ocular (51%) y trastornos visuales inespecíficos (17%). Todos los pacientes presentaron al menos un criterio de CP, incluyendo 46,2% psicodiagnóstico, 48,7% usuarios psicofármacos, 48,7% crisis biográficas recientes y 64% enfermedades psicosomáticas en otros órganos. La frecuencia de psicodiagnóstico y enfermedades psicosomáticas en otros órganos fue estadísticamente superior (p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0,05) en relación al grupo control.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pacientes con SVI presentan una alta frecuencia de indicadores de conflicto psíquico. Aunque no es posible asumir un rol causal de los CP en los SVI, su presencia debe alertar al oftalmólogo de la necesidad de la apropiada evaluación e intervención psicológica.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Materiales y Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Arntz A, Ibañez C, Covarrubias T. Síntomas visuales y oculares sin causa: la necesidad de un enfoque psicosomático en oftalmología. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2019;94:575–578.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0030" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ocular surface irritation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Unspecific visual disorders \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ocular pain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Palpebral tremor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Palpebral pruritus \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2181920.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ocular symptoms in patients with IVS.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0035" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Diagnostic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IVSn (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controln (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Depression \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (25,6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (5,1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Anxiety syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (10.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (5,1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bipolar disorder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (7,7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Panic crisis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (7,7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (5,1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Obsessive-compulsive disorder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2,6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mixed adaptive disorder \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2,6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Unspecified \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (15,5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2181918.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Frequency of psychodiagnostics referred by patients with IVS and control group.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0040" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">System \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IVSn (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controln (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">System \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">IVSn (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Controln (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dermatologic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (32,5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (10.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Endocrine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (12,8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Gastrointestinal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (27,5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (15,4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Urogenital \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (7,7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Neurologic \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (20.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (20.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cardiovascular \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (5,1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Osteomuscular \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (15,4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Respiratory \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (12,8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (2,6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2181919.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Coexistence of psychosomatic diseases in other organs of patients with IVS, compared to the control group.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psychosomatic problems in Ophthalmology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E.P. Burch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Canad M A J" "fecha" => "1954" "volumen" => "70" "paginaInicial" => "9" "paginaFinal" => "17" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The psychoneurotic factor in ophthalmic practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C.A. Bahn" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "1943" "volumen" => "26" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "369" "paginaFinal" => "378" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The treatment of patients with medically unexplained symptoms in primary care: a review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T.M. Edwards" 1 => "A. Stern" 2 => "D.D. Clarke" 3 => "G. Ivbijaro" 4 => "L.M. Kasney" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ment Health Fam Med" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "7" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "209" "paginaFinal" => "221" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22477945" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Somatization: the experience and communication of psychological distress as somatic symptoms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Z.J. Lipowski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1159/000288013" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychother Psychosom" "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "47" "paginaInicial" => "160" "paginaFinal" => "167" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3333284" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Association between depression and dry eye disease in an elderly population" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Kim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1167/iovs.11-8050" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "52" "paginaInicial" => "7954" "paginaFinal" => "7958" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896858" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Anxiety and depression in patients with dry eye syndrome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Li" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/02713683.2010.519850" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Eye Res" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "7" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21174591" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dry eye disease in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in Shanghai" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "W. Wen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182261590" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cornea" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "686" "paginaFinal" => "692" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22382595" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psychosomatic aspects in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "C. Spahn" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjo.87.6.704" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "87" "paginaInicial" => "704" "paginaFinal" => "708" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12770965" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Alexythimic and emotional distress in patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Conrad" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1176/appi.psy.48.6.489" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychosomatics" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "489" "paginaFinal" => "495" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071095" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Symptoms without signs in outpatients attending ophthalmology clinics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Karseras" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjo.62.5.340" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "1978" "volumen" => "62" "paginaInicial" => "340" "paginaFinal" => "343" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/656362" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ophthalmic psychoneurosis: natural history" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Karseras" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjo.67.8.554" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "1983" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "554" "paginaFinal" => "556" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6871149" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders in the Chile psychiatric prevalence study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "B. Vicente" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1362" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Psychiatry" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "163" "paginaInicial" => "1362" "paginaFinal" => "1370" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16877648" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Behaviorally conditioned immunosupression" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Ader" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00006842-197507000-00007" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Psychosom Med" "fecha" => "1975" "volumen" => "37" "paginaInicial" => "333" "paginaFinal" => "340" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1162023" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neurophatic ocular pain due to dry eye is associated with multiple comorbid chronic pain syndromes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Galor" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pain" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "310" "paginaFinal" => "318" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26606863" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ocular neuropathic pain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Rosenthal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306280" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Br J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "100" "paginaInicial" => "128" "paginaFinal" => "134" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25943558" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735794/0000009400000012/v1_201912161902/S2173579419301719/v1_201912161902/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5816" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009400000012/v1_201912161902/S2173579419301719/v1_201912161902/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579419301719?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
