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Charles Bonnet syndrome in a child with congenital glaucoma
Síndrome de Charles Bonnet en un niño con glaucoma congénito
E. Santos-Bueso
, M. Serrador-García, F. Sáenz-Francés, C. Méndez-Hernández, L. Morales-Fernández, J.M. Martínez-de-la-Casa, J. García-Feijoo, J. Porta-Etessam
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Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
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Santos-Bueso, M. Serrador-García, F. Sáenz-Francés, C. Méndez-Hernández, L. Morales-Fernández, J.M. Martínez-de-la-Casa, J. García-Feijoo, J. Porta-Etessam" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Santos-Bueso" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "esbueso@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Serrador-García" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Sáenz-Francés" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "C." "apellidos" => "Méndez-Hernández" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "L." "apellidos" => "Morales-Fernández" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.M." "apellidos" => "Martínez-de-la-Casa" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "García-Feijoo" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Porta-Etessam" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Neurooftalmología, Servicio de Oftalmología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síndrome de Charles Bonnet en un niño con glaucoma congénito" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2159 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 466839 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient campimetry with concentric reduction in right eye and nasal step in left eye.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of visual hallucinations in patients is on the increase in our environment. It is estimated that approximately 15% of patients with low vision experience an episode of the Charles Bonnet syndrome<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> (CBS). Hallucinations experienced by patients with poor vision and preserved cognitive condition, constituting CBS, are very infrequent in the pediatric age and scarcely documented.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The case of a 12-year-old child with congenital glaucoma is presented, who exhibited a self-limited CBS during 6 months which did not require medical treatment.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Clinical case</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Male, 12, who referred predominantly nocturnal complex visual hallucinations consisting in visions of unknown people who walked around him without interacting, as well as vision of objects (a coffee maker and a broom) in black and white, which appeared with a frequency of approximately 2–3 times a week. The patient interpreted said visions as unreal and was aware of his sensory deficit. No relevant familial history or known allergy was referred. The patient had been diagnosed with congenital glaucoma at age 3, had undergone trabeculectomy in both eyes (BE) and subsequently penetrating keratoplasty in right eye (RE) and Ahmed valve implant in left eye (LE). Examination produced finger counting at 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m in RE and 20/200 in LE that did not improve with stenopeid hole in BE and intraocular pressure of 14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mmHg in BE. OCTOPUS campimetry was performed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) which showed concentric defect in RE and nasal step in LE. The patient was examined at the Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit and diagnosed with CBS. It was decided not to administer medical treatment as the syndrome did not produce symptoms such as anxiety or fear as well as because the patient was self-critical of his hallucinations. Six months later, said visual hallucinations disappeared spontaneously.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Discussion</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The estimated prevalence of visual hallucinations in patients with poor vision ranges between 11 and 15%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However, studies reported lower prevalence, possibly due to the lack of knowledge about CBS and the fear of patients to be classified as psychiatric cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4–6</span></a> Most cases have been described in elderly patients between 75 and 84 years of age, with slight predominance of females, who exhibited age-related visual diseases such as macular degeneration, glaucoma or cataracts. However, CBS has also been described in patients with good vision, possibly related to deafferentiation of damaged fibers despite preserving central vision.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A number of theories have been proposed to explain the origin of hallucinations. When visual acuity is diminished, the visual cortex stimulation from the retina is also diminished without complete disappearance of neuronal activity, as occurs in amaurosis. This gives rise to what is known as the deafferentiation process that produces hyper-excitability of a specific cortical area in an offsetting effort by the deafferentiated brain area that produces anatomical as well as biochemical offsetting changes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4–7</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CBS in pediatric patients is scarcely reported in the literature. Only 2 studies were found,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,3</span></a> excluding the possibility of establishing a prevalence rate. Mewasingh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> describe the case of a 9-year-old patient with severe visual impairment secondary to craniopharyngioma, who exhibited visual hallucinations of animals (zoopsia). Said authors also included references of 3 published cases secondary to cone dystrophy and optic nerve glioma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Schwartz et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> described the cases of 2 children, 6 and 8 years old, with visual impairment secondary to cone dystrophy who exhibited hallucinations consisting in buildings, human beings and geometrical figures (patient 1) and vision of colored spheres, human beings and monsters (patient 2).</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In what concerns CBS treatment, there is a large range of drugs that act at different levels of the central nervous system which must be managed by multidisciplinary departments comprising Neurology and Ophthalmology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Due to the scarcity of statistics there are no guidelines or protocols available. In the case presented herein, hallucinations were self-limited and disappeared 6 months later without requiring treatment because the patient was critical of them and his daily life was not disturbed. Mewasingh et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> describe that the patient was treated with carbamazepine due to the epileptic crises associated to the tumor which diminished the frequency of hallucinations.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Awareness about CBS, specifically in pediatric patients, when its prevalence is significantly lower, is important to develop an adequate differential diagnostic in order to optimize diagnostic test and treatments, considering the particular vulnerability of said age group. Both children and their families would benefit from adequate information about the Charles Bonnet Syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,4–8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres873590" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec862230" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres873589" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Caso clínico" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Discusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec862229" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Clinical case" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2016-09-14" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-11-09" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec862230" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Charles Bonnet" 1 => "Syndrome" 2 => "Hallucinations" 3 => "Child" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec862229" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Charles Bonnet" 1 => "Síndrome" 2 => "Alucinaciones" 3 => "Niño" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Case report</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The case is presented of a 12 year-old boy with congenital glaucoma and low visual acuity diagnosed with Charles Bonnet syndrome. This consisted of the acute onset of complex, repetitive, persistent, and with visual hallucinations (people, brooms and coffeemakers) of self-limited evolution without treatment. The patient was diagnosed with congenital glaucoma at 3 years of age, and subjected to a trabeculectomy in right eye, and trabeculectomy and keratoplasty in his left eye.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Charles Bonnet syndrome symptoms have been described in adults, but their presence in children is poorly reflected in literature, with unknown characteristics and prevalence.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Case report" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Caso clínico</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Presentamos el caso de un niño de 12 años de edad con glaucoma congénito y baja agudeza visual, diagnosticado de síndrome de Charles Bonnet, consistente en alucinaciones visuales complejas (personas, escobas y cafeteras), repetitivas, persistentes y de aparición brusca, con evolución autolimitada sin tratamiento. El paciente había sido diagnosticado de glaucoma congénito a los 3 años de edad e intervenido mediante trabeculectomía en ojo derecho y trabeculectomía y trasplante de córnea en ojo izquierdo.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discusión</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El síndrome de Charles Bonnet ha sido descrito en adultos, afecta a más del 15% de los pacientes con baja visión, pero su presencia en la edad pediátrica es escasamente reflejada en la literatura, y se desconocen sus características y su prevalencia.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Caso clínico" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Discusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Santos-Bueso E, Serrador-García M, Sáenz-Francés F, Méndez-Hernández C, Morales-Fernández L, Martínez-de-la-Casa JM, et al. Síndrome de Charles Bonnet en un niño con glaucoma congénito. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2017;92:398–400.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2159 "Ancho" => 3000 "Tamanyo" => 466839 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Patient campimetry with concentric reduction in right eye and nasal step in left eye.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Charles Bonnet syndrome in Madrid, Spain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. 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