Editorial
Plagiarism in publications
Plagio en las publicaciones
a Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
b Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
c Coordinador General, Red Temática de Investigación Colaborativa en Oftalmología (OftaRed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
d Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Valladolid, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Pastor" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "pastor@ioba.med.uva.es" ] "referencia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Coordinador General, Red Temática de Investigación Colaborativa en Oftalmología (OftaRed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto Universitario de Oftalmobiología Aplicada (IOBA), Valladolid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Plagio en las publicaciones" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">World Ophthalmological Congress</span> (WOC) held in Barcelona I was asked to participate in a round table about “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">How to Publish a Manuscript: Tips and Pitfalls</span>” led by the editor in chief of IOVS. My presentation focused on “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plagiarism and ethics in publishing</span>” and some ideas I cited from references could be of interest to share with authors and our readers.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First, it's good to know what is the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Committee on Publication Ethics</span> (COPE): a non-profit organization with the mission of defining “good practices” for maintaining ethical principles in publications. It was established in 1997, currently it has over 6000 members and in 2004 it published the first edition of the “Code of Conduct for Editors” which defined 3 types of actions as scientific misconduct: fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">on-line</span> Merriam-Webster's dictionary, plagiarism means to steal and disseminate (ideas or texts of others) as your own, using someone else's production without citing the source, engaging in so-called literary theft and present an idea or product as novel and original when in fact it is derived from an existing source. In other words, plagiarism is a fraudulent action.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For some time, plagiarism has become a concern for scientific journal editors. There are multiple reasons for the upsurge of this problem in recent years, but the main one is access to unlimited amounts of information through the Internet. Many people believe that, if the information is available, it's part of “public domain”, without thinking that someone has authored and uploaded said information.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The above conditions, coupled with increasing competitiveness in science and the scarcity of resources for carrying out research, have given rise to an increase in plagiarism.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are several ways to plagiarize: one is literal copy, i.e., reproducing word by word the entirety or a part of a text without permission or acknowledgment of the original source. Another way is to seize the essence of someone else's work, either fully or partially, without permission or acknowledgment. This can include copying research materials, processes, tables or devices. Other forms of plagiarism include paraphrasing, involving the reproduction of the essential meaning, form and/or progression of another author's ideas without permission or adequate acknowledgment, the so-called irresponsible/recycling/duplicate publications, involving the repetition of parts of previously published studies submitted for publication as an entirely new paper, without cross-referencing or indicating that the material is included in previous publications. Finally, we have plagiarism of unpublished work, i.e., non-attributed use of privileged information or materials obtained through peer reviews of research proposals and scientific manuscripts, which naturally is a severe infringement because, in addition to damaging the author, it gives rise to doubts about the honesty of the work.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fortunately, the most frequent forms of plagiarism in our environment are “minor”. For instance, a junior researcher copies phrases of published papers in his own work. This is frequently unintentional, particularly when English is not the mother tongue of the author.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many scientific journals have taken measures against these practices<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–5</span></a> by using new tools that help editors to discover fraud. In addition, organizations have been purposefully created for this purpose (<a id="intr0010" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://www.plagiarism.org/">www.plagiarism.org</a>) and automatic text analysis systems have been developed, such as eTBLAST, a text comparison software. When applied to the Medline database, eTBLAST can analyze thousands of document pairs to identify similarities. For two documents to be considered as duplicates, 85% of the text must be common.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many may wonder if copying words and/or phrases can be regarded as fraud, and the answer is yes. At least according to US law, the expression of original ideas is regarded as intellectual property and is protected by Copyright law just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression are protected by authors’ rights provided they are registered in some manner (such as in a book or a computer file). The following can be regarded as plagiarism:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">–</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using someone else's work as your own, copying words or ideas of someone else without citation, omitting citation when quoting someone, deliberately providing incorrect information about the source of a quote, changing words but maintaining the structure of sentences of a source without citing it, copying a sufficient amount of words or ideas to constitute a duplication of another author's work even if said author is quoted. However, the majority of plagiarism cases can be pre-empted by citing the original source.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elsevier Group journals use the iThenticate software to detect said occurrences and have developed the “similarity index” for this purpose.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many universities already use similar systems to avoid fraud in student papers (effectively including the Masters’ degrees final dissertation).</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our University also uses Turnitin, that establishes the following codes: blue (no similarity in wording), green (24% similarity), yellow (between 25 and 49%), orange (50–74%) and red (over 75%).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However, the above systems are not yet sufficiently disseminated among many groups that are not directly involved in this type of editorial activity. Above all, there is a serious fairness problem because those who are not members of institutions or live in some countries are obliged to “pay” for using said systems.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even so, exaggerations must be avoided. A short time ago, I found in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Research Gate</span> a complaint by an author who apparently researches neuron networks complaining that his latest paper was rejected because the journal editor found 27% plagiarism. “Of course they found that percentage because I was describing under Methodology the neuron networks I had described in a previous paper. If I would have deleted that description, my paper would have been rejected anyway”.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It has been stated<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> that using a sequence having more than 4 words that is identical to those of another author without citing can be plagiarism. In my view, this is exaggerated. Someone once said that “a chair has 4 legs”, but I am not willing to credit the original source of this phrase every time I use it.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">What does COPE recommend when detecting plagiarism? In 1999, the following recommendations were made public: first, send the authors an explanatory and educational message when the case seems to be a genuine misinterpretation. Subsequently, a message disapproving of the plagiarism and warning about actions, a formal letter to the head of the institution that funds the paper, followed by publishing a note warning that the paper is redundant or plagiarism, an editorial in the journal providing all details of said misconduct, refusing to accept new papers by the authors, unit or institution responsible for said misconduct during a specific period of time. Further steps include formal withdrawal of the document from scientific literature, informing other editors and indexation authorities, reporting the case to the General Medical Society or similar authorities or organizations to initiate an inquiry and take legal actions.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A few reflections as a final note. Plagiarism is a form of poor scientific conduct or fraud which must be avoided. Even so, it is not the severest form and is very easy to identify using new tools to search <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">big data</span>.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Scientific journals should develop a system to avoid discrimination on financial grounds, because fairness is essential for science, and finally correctness in expression should not prevail over the originality of ideas.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Pastor JC. Plagio en las publicaciones. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2018;93:571–572.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "PMC2072023, PMID: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" target="_blank" id="intr0015" href="pmid:17991974">17991974</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Policing plagiarism" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. 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Honavar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/ijo.IJO_483_17" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "429" "paginaFinal" => "432" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28643704" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735794/0000009300000012/v1_201811270609/S2173579418301580/v1_201811270609/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "5814" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorial" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009300000012/v1_201811270609/S2173579418301580/v1_201811270609/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579418301580?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
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