Review
Recommendations for eye care during the alarm state by the coronavirus disease pandemic COVID-19
Recomendaciones para la atención oftalmológica durante el estado de alarma por la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus COVID-19
J.A. Gegúndez-Fernándeza,
, J. Zarranz-Venturab, G. Garay-Aramburuc, F.J. Muñoz-Negreted, J. Mendicute del Barrioe, L. Pablo-Júlvezf, S. García-Delpechg, A. López-Alemanyh, F. Arnalich-Montieli, M. Cordero-Comaj, J.A. Cárcelesk, Spanish ophthalmological societies 1
Corresponding author
a Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid, Spain
b Hospital Clinic, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV) Barcelona, Spain
c OSI Araba, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
d Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO) y Sociedad Española de Glaucoma (SEG), Madrid, Spain
e Hospital Universitario de Donostia, Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ocular Implanto-Refractiva (SECOIR), San Sebastián, Spain
f Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Sociedad Española de Glaucoma (SEG), Zaragoza, Spain
g Hospital Universitario La Fe, Sociedad Española de Contactología (SEC) y Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Valencia, Spain
h Universidad de Valencia, Sociedad Española de Contactología (SEC), Xátiva, Valencia, Spain
i Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid, Spain
j Hospital Universitario de Léon, Sociedad Española de Inflamación Ocular (SEIOC), León, Spain
k Clínica Coatvisión, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Murcia, Spain
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"apellidos" => "Cárceles" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">k</span>" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] ] ] 11 => array:2 [ "colaborador" => "Spanish ophthalmological societies" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Clinic, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV) Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "OSI Araba, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO) y Sociedad Española de Glaucoma (SEG), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] 4 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario de Donostia, Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ocular Implanto-Refractiva (SECOIR), San Sebastián, Spain" "etiqueta" => "e" "identificador" => "aff0025" ] 5 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Sociedad Española de Glaucoma (SEG), Zaragoza, Spain" "etiqueta" => "f" "identificador" => "aff0030" ] 6 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario La Fe, Sociedad Española de Contactología (SEC) y Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "g" "identificador" => "aff0035" ] 7 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Valencia, Sociedad Española de Contactología (SEC), Xátiva, Valencia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "h" "identificador" => "aff0040" ] 8 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "i" "identificador" => "aff0045" ] 9 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Hospital Universitario de Léon, Sociedad Española de Inflamación Ocular (SEIOC), León, Spain" "etiqueta" => "j" "identificador" => "aff0050" ] 10 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Clínica Coatvisión, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Murcia, Spain" "etiqueta" => "k" "identificador" => "aff0055" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Recomendaciones para la atención oftalmológica durante el estado de alarma por la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus COVID-19" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1367 "Ancho" => 2918 "Tamanyo" => 228999 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algorithm for urgent ophthalmological surgery during the COVID pandemic*.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This document is the result of a review of the state of the art and the consensus between national ophthalmological societies. It summarizes recommendations for maximum care of ophthalmological patients, both positive or negative for COVID, during the pandemic caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Said recommendations should be adapted to the circumstances and availability of equipment in each center and community and should be updated according to the development of the pandemic in the coming weeks. Once the state of alarm is canceled said recommendations will no longer be applicable.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During said period, priority should be given to the potential health risks for the general population caused by the COVID-19 pandemic over the possible progression of diseases such as chronic glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and corneal and inflammatory diseases, among others. A possible progression of said diseases should be assumed due to the impossibility of providing adequate follow-up to our patients.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Reason for the update: scientific evidence</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Symptomatic COVID-19 patients frequently exhibit respiratory symptoms including fever, cough and dyspnea. Other symptoms include rash, myalgia, gastrointestinal disorders and loss of taste and smell. Conjunctivitis has also been reported. Severe complications include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The incubation period of the disease can range between 2 and 24 days during which any infected patient may remain asymptomatic and contagious.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through aerosols or respiratory droplets on the conjunctiva,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a> with conjunctivitis being a possible first expression of systemic infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> A study published in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Journal of Medical Virology</span> comprising 30 patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 in China reported that only one exhibited conjunctivitis and the ocular secretions of this patient included SARS-CoV-2. Accordingly, SARS-CoV-2 can infect the conjunctiva and produce conjunctivitis, with virus particles remaining in ocular secretions. A larger study published in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">New England Journal of Medicine</span>, researchers documented “conjunctival congestion” in 9 out of 1099 patients (0.8%) with COVID-19, confirmed in laboratories of 30 hospitals in China.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,5–8</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2, it is necessary to maintain a safety distance over 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m to diminish contagion risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Ophthalmological examinations conducted at a distance of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm with slit lamp, or even closer in some specific maneuvers such as intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements or direct ophthalmoscopy, should be considered as a risk and managed in accordance with the standard procedures for these situations.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,7,8,10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the light of the above evidence, ophthalmologists and ophthalmological nurses and assistants as well as opticians and optometrists are extremely vulnerable during patient examinations. In fact, ophthalmology is one of the medical specialties that has been highly affected by the current pandemic.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> On the other hand, due to high performance consultations, patients frequently spend over 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in the practice. In addition, the mean age of patients is high and it is precisely the elderly population that exhibits greater mortality and morbidity in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Lastly, health professionals could become transmission agents of the disease on a risk population and therefore should strictly adhere to preventive measures.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Patients at risk: proposed actions</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As stated above, COVID-19 is transmissible through conjunctival secretions and conjunctivitis can exhibit different symptoms. According to published series, between 0.9 and 31.6% of patients exhibit said disease and this increases the probability that ophthalmologists will be the first health professionals to examine patients potentially affected by SARS-CoV-2. Due to close contact with the patient through slit lamps, ophthalmoscopies, tonometers and similar equipment requiring a distance under 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m, the following measures must be adopted:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients visiting the practice should be adequately assessed by means of triage before entering the waiting room to identify the following conditions to determine possible exposure to SARS-CoV-2:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Does the patient have fever, general discomfort, breathing symptoms (dry cough, dyspnea), ageusia, anosmia, diarrhea or headache?</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Does the patient exhibit symptoms of conjunctivitis such as red eye, secretion, itching, ocular irritation or acute photophobia?</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Does the patient live or has lived with a relative or close partners that have been diagnosed or are in quarantine due to COVID-19 in the past 14 days?</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only patients with urgent ocular pathology in the absence of coronavirus infection symptoms should be examined. Patients with suspected or confirmed positive symptoms of the coronavirus that visit due to genuine ocular emergencies such as ocular perforation or acute glaucoma shall be referred to the Emergency Departments of reference hospitals (section A2, a).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Waiting rooms with only one companion if necessary and observing a distance of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m between individuals. Avoids the accumulation of patients in waiting rooms or procedure rooms.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ophthalmological examination (seeing General Recommendations A1 and A2).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Desinfection of all surfaces of units, lenses and devices (appendix A in additional material).</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">General containment recommendation in ophthalmological care</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0015"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All non-urgent activity must be postponed.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Whenever possible, remote telematics consultations should be prioritized (telephone voice call or video conference) and patients must be rescheduled ensuring that personal consultations can be conducted safely after the first phase of the crisis.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,7,8</span></a> The ophthalmological and systemic risk/benefit ratio of patients should be carefully considered in all cases. The following link shows a stratification of ophthalmological risk according to pathology groups developed by the Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Foundation Trust</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> (<a href="https://www.eurotimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Moorfields-Ophthalmology-Risk-Stratification-Version-2.pdf">https://www.eurotimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Moorfields-Ophthalmology-Risk-Stratification-Version-2.pdf</a>). It is recommended to obtain an informed consent for remote medical care, which can be previously sent to the patient, a relative or caregiver through email and returned signed or otherwise accepted by means of voice recordings. In the event of difficulties related to the reception of said informed consent, it could be provided verbally and registered in the patient record. Appendix B (in the additional material) shows the informed consent model developed by the Ophthalmological Society of Spain and validated by the Ethical Committee thereof. Telephone consultations for children are particularly relevant due to the anxiety that the current situation could produce in parents, and this type of consultation could avoid unnecessary visits to Emergency Departments. Personal consultations should be conducted only in the following cases:</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0020"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a.</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Urgent consultations and reviews for the same reason.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b.</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First and second reviews of urgent surgical procedures.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c.</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consultations for urgent or not deferrable intravitreal injections, checking patient profiles in the agendas, establishing telephone communications for an individual assessment of each case (i.e., single eyes, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treat & Extend</span> age-related macular degeneration with 4-week intervals or patients in loading dose).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d.</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients with glaucoma: in cases with a tendency to verify progression or with severe damage, increasing anti-glaucoma treatments during this period could be ethically reasonable while awaiting an adequate ophthalmological examination. Remote e-prescription is a crucial tool for any therapeutic change. Anamnesis conducted over the telephone will enable the detection of possible intolerances to treatment and to implement timely changes.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">e.</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In patients with noninfectious uveitis in treatment with systemic immunomodulating and immunosuppressant therapies, the following recommendations should be taken into account:</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0025"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">i.</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Telephone communication to determine the condition of the patient and, if required by the latter, scheduling a personal consultation to perform essential supplementary tests (including analytic control of possible medication side effects).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">ii.</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recommending the patient that if infection by SARS-CoV-2 is suspected or confirmed, medication must be interrupted and treating physicians must be advised about the type of medication being used. Consult the consensus document of the Ocular Inflammation Society of Spain to determine possible exceptions to this recommendation<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> (<a href="https://seioc-uveitis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/DOCUMENTO-DE-CONSENSO-SEIOC-PACIENTES-UVE%26Iacute;TIS-NO-INFECCIOSAS-EN-TRATAMIENTO-TERAPIA-INMUNOMODULADORA-INMUNOSUPRESORA-EN-PADEMIA.pdf">https://seioc-uveitis.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/DOCUMENTO-DE-CONSENSO-SEIOC-PACIENTES-UVEÍTIS-NO-INFECCIOSAS-EN-TRATAMIENTO-TERAPIA-INMUNOMODULADORA-INMUNOSUPRESORA-EN-PADEMIA.pdf</a>).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">iii.</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If necessary, local treatments could be a good alternative for selected cases as described in the previous point.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">iv.</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For patients without confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or symptoms suggesting said disease, it is recommended to maintain medication, verifying the drug, dosage, pathologies and concomitant treatments.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">v.</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Use of tocilizumab (TCZ): TCZ is a therapeutic option that could be considered as a third line in patients with non-infectious uveitis after conventional immunosuppressants and anti-TNF biological agents. Following the recommendations of the Spanish Agency of Medicaments and Health Products (AEMPS)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> to reserve intravenous TCZ for patients with COVID-19, and in the specific case of patients with noninfectious uveitis in treatment with intravenous TCZ, the most reasonable alternative would be the administration of subcutaneous TCZ with a syringe or pre-loaded tip.</p></li></ul><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0030"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Placing information panels on the walls of waiting rooms, explaining the hygiene-related recommendations of the Health Ministry And Labor Risk Prevention Services, as well as notices to refrain from staying in waiting rooms if exhibiting fever or respiratory difficulties. Screens and panels can be used for displaying this information.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apply extreme cleanliness in all consulting and waiting rooms, including doorknobs, administrative areas, receptions, telephones, computer keyboards and mouse, etc.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients should enter the practice preferably on their own. In exceptional circumstances they may be accompanied by one person only.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All patients must wear surgical masks and use hydroalcohol gel dispensers in the waiting rooms. As regards children, parents should be asked to maintain the mask on during the entire examination.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6.</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients and companions must wash their hands with hydroalcohol gel before entering and leaving the practice.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7.</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FFP2 (N-95) or FFP3 masks and protective gloves and goggles must be used during examinations.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8.</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hands must be washed with water and soap or hydroalcohol gel before and after seeing each patient.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9.</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Head and chin supports on slit lamps and other examination equipment must be cleaned with the antiseptic solutions routinely used for disinfection, as well as control levers and buttons before and after seeing each patient.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10.</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patient care: only urgent cases shall be received.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Patients shall be classified into groups, i.e., unconfirmed patients (asymptomatic or symptomatic) or patients confirmed with positive test results for SARS-CoV-2.</p></li></ul></p><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">A1. Unconfirmed patients (asymptomatic and symptomatic)</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All cases should be considered as potentially contagious, applying the above described sequence of actions and general recommendations. In addition, the following shall be taken into account:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0035"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a.</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Use of plastic or methacrylate protective visors in slit lamps, laser devices, OCT, etc. due to the persistence of the coronavirus on plastic surfaces, these must be cleaned on both sides with some disinfectant such as alcohol or sodium hypochloride after every use.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b.</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Explorations shall be limited to the minimum.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c.</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Explicit instructions for the patient as well as the ophthalmologist to refrain from speaking as much as possible during the procedure, particularly while using slit lamp. As much as possible, maintain the safety distance at all times.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0160"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d.</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Explicit instructions to the patient to avoid from touching any material in the practice unless unavoidable (slit lamp, etc.). If the patient is a child accompanied by parents, inform them of this restriction.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0165"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">e.</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Do not use occluding devices or stenopeic holes for measuring visual acuity.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0170"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">f.</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Tonometry: pneumotonometry must not be carried out because the intense force of air could produce aerosol of teardrops, expelling them into the environment. It is recommended to use devices that enable the use of disposable protective terminals such as Tonopen® (Reichert technologies, NY, USA), Icare® (Icare, Helsinki, Finland) or Goldmann tonometer. If disposable terminals are not available, apply the recommended disinfection methods for each device. Perkins-type applanation tonometers must not the utilized due to the extreme proximity to patients involved in its use, with the exception of cases listed in point 12 of the general recommendations below.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0175"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">g.</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid diagnostic procedures requiring contact with the cornea. In absolutely necessary cases, disinfection must be carried out following the instructions of the Preventive Medicine Dept.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0180"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">h.</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eyedrops shall be administered with gloves. Preferably, single-dose eyedrops shall be utilized. Multidose eyedrops shall be discarded after being administered to each patient.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0185"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">i.</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surgery with general anesthesia shall be conducted only when strictly necessary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4,8–11</span></a> on an urgency and preferential basis, i.e., retina detachments, pars plana vitrectomy in endophthalmitis, urgent glaucoma or ocular perforations. A complete list of urgent procedures is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0190"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">j.</span><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid lacrimal pathway examinations unless strictly necessary. Should it be necessary to remove a silicone guide out of the nasal pathway, it shall be conducted with FFP2/FFP3 facial mask and visor.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">A2. Confirmed and tested SARS-CoV-2 positive patients</span><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0040"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0195"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a.</span><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These patients must not be seen by the ophthalmologist before being examined by the Emergency Department according to the protocol of each hospital.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0045"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0200"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">i.</span><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Peripheral centers: these patients shall be referred to public reference hospitals and received at the specific areas equipped with all individual protection equipment (IPE) utilized by personnel trained in the use thereof.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0205"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">ii.</span><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Reference hospitals: specific consultation rooms for Covid-19 positive patients must be set up<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> in a different area separated from the rest of ophthalmological consultation rooms, applying the specific measures for full IPE (FFP2/FFP3 masks, gloves, shoe and head covers, impervious aprons and facial goggles or visors) as per the Preventive Medicine guidelines of each hospital.</p></li></ul></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0210"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b.</span><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multidose eyedrops utilized for a patient must be discarded.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0215"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c.</span><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Special care must be taken with patients exhibiting conjunctivitis to avoid contact with the conjunctival mucosa and secretions.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0050"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0220"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">11.</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is recommended to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">postpone all scheduled surgeries.</span> Only urgent and not deferable procedures shall be conducted when associated to irreversible loss of vision in the short term. Some examples include retina detachment surgeries, oncological procedures, uncontrolled high pressure glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity and genuine ocular emergencies (traumatism, perforating wounds, intraocular foreign bodies).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7,8,11</span></a><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> illustrates the full range of urgent ophthalmological procedures.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">General recommendations</span> for all urgent operations to be carried out are:</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0055"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0225"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a.</span><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A clinic checklist must be conducted prior to interventions to determine the possible existence of COVID-19 symptoms of positive epidemiological contacts.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0230"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b.</span><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A supplementary informed consent must be provided for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic in addition to the specific consent for the procedure to be conducted.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0235"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c.</span><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cardio-respiratory auscultation (anestesiologist) and body temperature must be taken at admission.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0240"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d.</span><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Preoperative analytics with COVID risk indication parameters. Electrocardiogram (EKG). Chest x-ray and thorax CAT to be assessed by the anesthesiologist.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0245"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">e.</span><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is recommended to carry out the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the SARS-CoV-2 virus on all patients that will undergo surgery. PCR must be included in the surgical checklist. In the emergency situation does not allow this, the patient must be considered as suspected positive.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0250"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">f.</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of patients with confirmed COVID-19 diseases that require emergency surgery, the algorithm shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> should be adopted.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0060"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0255"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">i.</span><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the emergency allows it, surgery should be deferred as much as possible, ideally until PCR is negative. Vital risk should always be evaluated against the ocular benefit together with the patient.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0260"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">ii.</span><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If the emergency does not allow deferring surgery (for instance, ocular perforation), vital risk must be assessed above all in patients over 65 years of age or those who exhibit hypertension, obesity, chronic bronchial or lung pathology, cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, immunosuppression, severe lymphopenia or if the surgery is highly complex. In these circumstances, a recent study conducted in China by Lei et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> reported very high ICU admission and mortality rates of approximately 45 and 20%, respectively.</p></li></ul></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0265"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">g.</span><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adequate protection measures must be utilized, above all in A1 symptomatic and A2 patients, comprising impervious aprons, disposable head and shoe covers, facial protection with goggles or disposable plastic visors, protection mask (FFP2 or equivalent to N-95 or FFP3) and double gloves. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> describes the instructions for using and withdrawing IPE17.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0270"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">h.</span><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Only indispensable personnel must remain in the operating room.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0275"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">i.</span><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Circulation of personnel in the operating room must be diminished as much as possible.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0280"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">j.</span><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The surgical technique must be performed by highly experienced surgeons utilizing the shortest possible execution time.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0285"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">k.</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Whenever possible, avoid general anesthesia.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0290"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">l.</span><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Avoid surgical maneuvers that could disseminate airborne particles such as drills, electrical cutting and coagulation systems, ocular surface irrigation with serum, which should be substituted by viscoelastic.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0295"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">m.</span><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Utilize trocars equipped with valves in vitreoretinal surgery and apply viscoelastic in the valves to minimize the dissemination of particles and aerosols in air exchanges.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0300"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">n.</span><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As far as possible and only for COVID-negative patients, surgical procedures must be ambulatory to avoid hospital stays. Otherwise, the hospital must be equipped with non-COVID areas to avoid nosocomial infections.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0065"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0305"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">12.</span><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interconsultations related to hospitalized patients must be limited to urgent cases only. The requesting department shall be contacted over the phone to verify said urgency. Non-urgent cases shall be given appointments at least 14 days after release. If consultation is necessary, it shall be conducted in the patient room with portable slit lamp, Perkins-type tonometer, Icare® (Icare, Helsinki, Finland) or Tonopen® (Reichert technologies, NY, USA) and indirect binocular ophthalmoscopy. Due to the excessive proximity required with Perkins-type applanation tonometry, it should be used only in exceptional circumstances that unavoidably require IOP control and in the absence of other portable contact tonometer types. For the same reason, direct ophthalmoscopy shall not be utilized for visualizing the ocular fundus. Said materials shall be cleaned by personnel after each use.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p></li></ul></p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0070"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0310"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">13.</span><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Trasplants: transplants deserve special consideration. It is recommended to perform only extremely urgent transplant. It would be crucial for donors to follow the recommendations of the BV-ES-20200122-5 document dated March 13, section 2 on “Donation of Tissue”: “<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in what concerns tissue donation, at the present time any confirmed COVID-19 case should be discarded. In the rest of cases and in the absence of a negative result 24 hours prior to the donation, tissue establishments are recommended to screen for SARS-CoV-2. In order to facilitate said screening at the tissue bank, the samples obtained for organ donor screening must be obtained (if possible, samples of the upper airway pathway). Positive or inconclusive results involve the cancellation of tissue donation”</span>.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Specifications on the adaptation and use of contact lenses</span><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To date there is no evidence that healthy individuals should avoid the use of contact lenses or that contact lens users are at higher risk of coronavirus infection in comparison with spectacles users. Similarly, there is no evidence suggesting a correlation between the use of contact lenses and the propagation of COVID-19 or coronavirus infection related to the use of contact lenses. However, it is known that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can isolate in tears and conjunctiva which act as a transmission medium.<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0075"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0315"><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the above reason and due to the exceptional nature of the current situation, it is advisable to refrain from accepting any type of contact lens excepting cases with irregular corneas where other correction means cannot be applied as well as for some users of specific contact lens types for controlling the evolution of myopia. If the patient is already a contact lens user and exhibits ocular symptoms (conjunctival congestion, secretion, tearing) on general symptoms such as fever, dry cough, general discomfort, use of contact lenses should be suspended and replaced by spectacles. In any doubt, said patients should consult with their contact lens specialist.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0320"><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contact lenses shall be withdrawn from children unless exceptional circumstances make their use essential, such as aphakia or keratocone. In said cases, contact lenses shall be utilized with the indicated hygienic and disinfection measures unless exhibiting signs or symptoms indicating an ocular process that renders their use incompatible. Measures for adequate contact lens use would be the following:</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0325"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">a.</span><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disinfection of surfaces in order to avoid contamination of that anything related to the use and maintenance of contact lenses, such as lens cases and solutions due to contact with previously contaminated surfaces.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0330"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">b.</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the WHO recommendations<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> (<a href="https://www.who.int/gpsc/information_centre/gpsc_lavarse_manos_poster_es.pdf?ua=1">https://www.who.int/gpsc/information_centre/gpsc_lavarse_manos_poster_es.pdf?ua=1</a>) hands must be washed before and after inserting and extracting contact lenses as well as the manipulation thereof and lens cases in order to avoid two-way contamination.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0335"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">c.</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In what concerns soft daily contact lenses, handwashing precautions must be observed and used lenses discarded in isolated containers to avoid microbiological contamination, avoiding disposal in waste bins for plastics.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0340"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">d.</span><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When utilizing non-disposable contact lenses such as those made of hydrogel, silicone hydrogel, rigid, hybrid, scleral or semi-scleral, in daily use or every time they are withdrawn from the eye, the following maintenance protocol must be carried out.</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0080"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0345"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1.</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wash hands.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0350"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.</span><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Remove the contact lens.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0355"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.</span><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clean with the adequate cleaner recommended by the ophthalmologist, applying mechanical friction.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0360"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4.</span><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rinse with sterile saline solution.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0365"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5.</span><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Disinfect with 3% hydrogen peroxide, the only solution with scientific evidence<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> on efficacy against coronavirus (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html#How-to-Protect-Yourself</a>).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0370"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">6.</span><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Single-step hydrogen peroxide system for contact lenses shall be used, following the usage recommendations of the manufacturer.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0375"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">7.</span><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contact lenses can be utilized after completing the disinfection procedure within the period of time established by the manufacturer, checking in each case the indications of the utilized the disinfection product.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0380"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">8.</span><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wash hands before taking the lens to insert it onto the eye.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0385"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">9.</span><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rinse with saline solution before placing the lens over the eye surface.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0390"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">10.</span><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wash hands after inserting the lenses.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Specifications for the processing and preparation of hematic derivatives</span><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Specifications include the preparation of autologous serum and plasma-rich growth factors (PRGF). The preparation of hematic derivatives is recommended only in clinic situations that exclude any other options, such as neurotrophic ulcers stages II and III, and this treatment is necessary for the follow-up and clinic improvement of patients.</p><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precautions to be taken in the preparation of hematic derivatives shall be those established by the AEMPS report<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> dated March 23, 2013, on the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and taking into account the exclusion criteria of Appendix II of Royal Decree<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> 1088/2005 which specifies that patients with infections must be excluded during at least 2 weeks after complete clinical recovery from an infectious disease and after the disappearance of symptoms, including fever above 38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and feverish symptoms in which we could classify the infection by SARS-CoV-2. In addition to the recommended serologies (VHB, VHC, VIH, HTLV-I, syphilis), the current health condition of the patient must be determined to take decisions on the basis of the above specifications.</p><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As much as possible and in order to exempt the patient from frequent hospital visits it is recommended to prepare the highest number of eyedrops to cover their maximum established stability period as per the applied procedures.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients and macular retinal toxicity</span><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malaria medicaments broadly used for treating a range of self-immune diseases. At present, there are no published clinic studies for both medicaments discussing their role in the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> although there is a systematic review on the safety and efficacy of chloroquine for treating COVID-19<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> based on its <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in vitro</span> effectiveness to limit the replication of SARS-CoV-2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> The results of the French cohort have been published, comparing the efficacy of treatment with hydroxychloroquine on its own (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14) or associated to azithromycin (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6) with 16 untreated patients, with positive results for the use of anti-malaria medicaments, although said study involved significant limitations. At present, the efficacy of said medicaments is being assessed in over 30 clinic trials, mainly conducted in China.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22,23</span></a></p><p id="par0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the light of the above, the Ministry of Health of Spain has designed a protocol for the management and treatment of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 which is continuously updated. The protocol or recommends the use of base chloroquine for adults and hydroxychloroquine sulfate for adults and pediatric patients during 5 days with a loading dose of the first day. Reversible ocular disorders have been described after early treatment interruption<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> but obviously there is no information of long-term ocular adverse events due to the short period of use of said recommended dose. Macular toxicity has been demonstrated in patients that use said medicaments for extended periods of time, with daily use being the most critical factor for said risk, which is correlated to actual body weight. In addition, patients in treatment with tamoxifen and those exhibiting renal insufficiency are at greater risk.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Accordingly, treatments with a dosage of ≤5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg of weight exhibit less than 1% of maculopathy risk after 5 years of treatment and less than 2% after 10 years of treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the basis of the above data, the following recommendations are made:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0085"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0395"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If possible, the patients must be informed before initiating treatment about the absence of scientific evidence on potential macular toxicity.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0400"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The systemic benefit of the anti-malaria treatment must prevail over possible adverse ocular effects, and for this reason <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">the presence of any type of retinopathy should not the considered as an absolute contraindication</span> for the use of said medication for treating infections by COVID-19.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0405"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The risk of retinopathy due to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine at the dosage and duration of the treatment applied against COVID-19 is extremely low and does not justified screening tests for identifying maculopathies in these patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conflict of interests</span><p id="par0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1349076" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1240960" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1349077" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1240961" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Reason for the update: scientific evidence" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Patients at risk: proposed actions" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "General containment recommendation in ophthalmological care" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "A1. Unconfirmed patients (asymptomatic and symptomatic)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "A2. Confirmed and tested SARS-CoV-2 positive patients" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Specifications on the adaptation and use of contact lenses" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Specifications for the processing and preparation of hematic derivatives" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 patients and macular retinal toxicity" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflict of interests" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-04-21" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-04-23" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1240960" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Eye care" 1 => "COVID-19" 2 => "Ophthalmology" 3 => "Pandemic" 4 => "Recommendations" 5 => "SARS-CoV-2" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1240961" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Atención oftalmológica" 1 => "COVID-19" 2 => "Oftalmología" 3 => "Pandemia" 4 => "Recomendaciones" 5 => "SARS-CoV-2" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Minimize exposure to the SARS-CoV-2, reduce the chances of cross-transmission between patients and healthcare personnel, and prevent the development of postoperative complications from the management of patients with eye diseases during the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19).</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">COVID-19 literature review and consensus establishment between different Spanish ophthalmology societies in order to provide guidelines and recommendations of maximum resources primarily conditioned by the state of alert, confinement and social distancing that occurs in Spain since March 16, 2020.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The recommendations will promote the adoption of action and protection measures for eye care in outpatient clinics, surgical areas and hospitalization, for unconfirmed (asymptomatic and symptomatic) and confirmed COVID-19 patients. Measures must be adapted to the circumstances and availability of personal protective equipment in each of the centers and Autonomous Communities, which will be updated according to the pandemic phases and the measures adopted by the Spanish Government.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">During the COVID-19 pandemic, attention to the potential health risks to the population caused by coronavirus should prevail over the possible progression of the common eye diseases. Ophthalmologists and other eye care professionals must assume a possible progression of these diseases due to the impossibility of adequate patient follow-up.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Minimizar la exposición al virus SARS-CoV-2, reducir las posibilidades de transmisión cruzada entre pacientes y personal sanitario, y evitar el desarrollo de complicaciones postoperatorias por la atención a pacientes con enfermedades oculares durante la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Elaboración de un documento de revisión del estado del conocimiento sobre COVID-19 y consenso entre diferentes sociedades oftalmológicas españolas y afines, al objeto de proporcionar guías y recomendaciones de máximos recursos primariamente condicionadas por el estado de alerta, confinamiento y distanciamiento social que acontece en España desde el 16 de marzo de 2020.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las recomendaciones promoverán la adopción de medidas de actuación y protección para el desarrollo de la actividad asistencial en consultas externas, área quirúrgica y hospitalización, tanto para pacientes no confirmados –asintomáticos y sintomáticos– como confirmados de COVID-19. Deberán ser adaptadas a las circunstancias y disponibilidad de equipos de protección individual en cada uno de los centros y Comunidades Autónomas, debiendo ser actualizadas en función de las fases de la pandemia y de las medidas que adopte el Gobierno de la nación.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Durante la pandemia COVID-19, la atención a los potenciales riesgos de salud para la población ocasionados por el coronavirus deberá prevalecer sobre la posible progresión de enfermedades oculares comunes. Tanto médicos oftalmólogos como restantes profesionales de la salud ocular deberán asumir una posible progresión de dichas enfermedades ante la imposibilidad de un seguimiento adecuado de los pacientes.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Please cite this article as: Gegúndez-Fernández JA, Zarranz-Ventura J, Garay-Aramburu G, Muñoz-Negrete FJ, Mendicute del Barrio J, Pablo-Júlvez L, et al. Recomendaciones para la atención oftalmológica durante el estado de alarma por la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus COVID-19. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:300–310.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "1" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">The list of collaborators of the Spanish ophthalmological societies is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">Appendix A</a>.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antonio Piñero-Bustamante, Clínica Piñero, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Sevilla.</p> <p id="par0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José Luis Encinas-Martín, Clínica Dr. Encinas, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José Manuel Benítez-del-Castillo Sánchez, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Julián García-Feijoo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marta Suárez-de-Figueroa Díez, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pedro Arriola-Villalobos, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO).</p> <p id="par0570" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fernando Llovet-Osuna, Clínica Baviera, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Valencia.</p> <p id="par0575" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carmelina Brito-Muguerza, Hospital Vithas, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (SEO), Santa Cruz de Tenerife.</p> <p id="par0580" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José García Arumí, Instituto de Microcirugía Ocular, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Barcelona.</p> <p id="par0585" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfredo García-Layana, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Pamplona.</p> <p id="par0590" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juan Donate López, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0595" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">María Gómez-Resa, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Palma de Mallorca.</p> <p id="par0600" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maximino Abraldes López-Veiga, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Santiago de Compostela.</p> <p id="par0605" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Elena Rodríguez-Neila, Hospital Juan Ramón Jiménez, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Huelva.</p> <p id="par0610" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José Juan Escobar-Barranco, Hospital Dos de Maig, Sociedad Española de Retina y Vítreo (SERV), Barcelona</p> <p id="par0615" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ramón Lorente-Moore, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Sociedad Española de Cirugía Ocular Implanto-Refractiva (SECOIR), Orense.</p> <p id="par0620" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Javier Aritz Urcola, Hospital Universitario Araba, Sociedad Española de Glaucoma (SEG), Vitoria-Gasteiz.</p> <p id="par0625" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Carlos Brito-Suárez, Sociedad Española de Contactología (SEC), Zaragoza.</p> <p id="par0630" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gonzalo Carracedo Rodríguez, Facultad de Óptica-Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0635" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfredo Adán-Civera, Hospital Clinic, Sociedad Española de Inflamación Ocular (SEIOC), Barcelona.</p> <p id="par0640" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alejandro Fonollosa-Carduch, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Sociedad Española de Inflamación Ocular (SEIOC), Bilbao.</p> <p id="par0645" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">David Díaz-Valle, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Inflamación Ocular (SEIOC), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0650" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maite Sainz de la Maza, Hospital Clinic, Sociedad Española de Inflamación Ocular (SEIOC), Barcelona.</p> <p id="par0655" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Jesús Merayo-Lloves, Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández-Vega, Sociedad Española de Superficie Ocular y Córnea (SESOC), Oviedo.</p> <p id="par0660" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pilar Gómez de Liaño Sánchez, Hospital Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Sociedad Española de Estrabismo y Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEEOP), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0665" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Rosario Gómez de Liaño Sánchez, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Sociedad Española de Estrabismo y Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEEOP), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0670" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alfonso Arias Puente, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Sociedad Oftalmológica de Madrid (SOM), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0675" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Miguel Harto-Castaño, Hospital Universitario la Fe, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEDOP), Valencia.</p> <p id="par0680" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alicia Serra Castanera, Hospital San Joan de Déu, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEDOP), Barcelona.</p> <p id="par0685" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marta Galdós Iztueta, Centro Oftalmológico Astarloa, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEDOP), Bilbao.</p> <p id="par0690" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sandra de Fernando Aisa, Instituto Oftalmológico Bilbao, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEDOP), Bilbao.</p> <p id="par0695" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pilar Tejada-Palacios, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Sociedad Española de Oftalmología Pediátrica (SEDOP), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0700" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gorka Martínez-Grau, Clínica Barraquer, Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica Ocular y Orbitaria (SECPOO), Barcelona.</p> <p id="par0705" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marco Sales-Sanz, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica Ocular y Orbitaria (SECPOO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0710" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">María Teresa Dapena-Crespo, Clínica Oftalmológica Dapena-Lavín, Sociedad Ergoftalmológica Española (ERGO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0715" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José María Aguilar Ortiz, Clínica Aguilar, Sociedad Ergoftalmológica Española (ERGO), Madrid.</p> <p id="par0720" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José María Alonso Herreros, Hospital General Universitario Los Arcos del Mar Menor, Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH), San Javier, Murcia.</p> <p id="par0725" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Silvia Berisa Prado, Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández Vega, Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (SEFH), Oviedo.</p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Relationship of collaborators from Spanish ophthalmological societies" "identificador" => "sec0055" ] 1 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0735" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix B" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0065" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1367 "Ancho" => 2918 "Tamanyo" => 228999 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Algorithm for urgent ophthalmological surgery during the COVID pandemic*.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IOFB: intraocular foreign body; TSP: trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation; COVID-19: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">coronavirus disease 2019</span>; RD: retina detachment; EUA: examination under anesthesia; ICH: intracranial hypertension; REGI: repeated expandable gas injections; LASIK: laser assisted in situ keratomileusis; IOL: intraocular lens; MIGS: minimally invasive glaucoma surgery; ILM: inner limiting membrane; ON: optic nerve; IOP: intraocular pressure.</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adapted from the American Academy of Ophthalmology.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Surgical procedure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Indications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cornea and ocular surface/anterior segment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Anterior segment wash \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening hyphema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Reconstruction of ocular surface and other tectonic procedures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chemical causticasions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tectonic keratoplasties (perforation due to melting, neurotrophic) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Amniotic membrane transplant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stevens-Johnson syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Anterior segment corneal repair \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Deep corneal foreign bodies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dehiscence of wounds \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dislocated LASIK flaps \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lacerations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Repair of dehiscence of corneal/scleral grafts \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Repair of keratoprosthesic extrusion or complications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Synechiolysis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Secondary glaucoma lens/IOL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Angle closure glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cornea transplant \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bilateral blindness for corneal causes in amblyogenic period in children \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hot keratoplasty due to uncontrolled infectious keratitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Lens/IOL \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cataracts extraction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Acute IOL complications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Narrow angle glaucoma with uncontrolled IOP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cataract-induced glaucoma (phacolytic, phacomorphic) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TSP \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Absolute or uncontrolled glaucoma in blind and painful eye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MIGS filtrating surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening uncontrolled IOP in poor candidates for trabeculectomy or valve implants \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Valve Implants \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Rapidly progressing or catastrophic glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Revision and/or extraction of aqueous drainage implants \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Endothelial contact with corneal decompensation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening valve tube exposure \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tube that causes iritis or cystoid macular edema \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Malpositioned tube causing rapid visual loss \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Trabeculectomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening uncontrolled IOP in primary or secondary glaucoma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nonperforating surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Goniotomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pediatric Ophthalmology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Exploration under anesthesia (EUA) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Children with retinoblastoma, endophthalmitis, Coats, glaucoma, ocular traumatism uveitis, RD, suspected IOFB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cataract extraction \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Congenital cataract in amblyogenic period \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbit/Adnexa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbit biopsy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Suspected malign tumors or conditions with immediate threat to vision \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cantholysis/Canthotomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening conditions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbital abscess drainage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbital cellulite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Enucleation or evisceration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Untreatable pain \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Endophthalmitis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Terminal glaucoma with painful eye \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ocular globe perforation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Severe ocular traumatism \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Malign intraocular tumor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbital exenteration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Life-threatening infections \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbit examination \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Life-threatening conditions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening conditions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ON sheath fenestration \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Progressive loss of vision due to idiopathic ICH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbit/adnexa \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Retrobulbar injection \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Painful blind eyes that impair patient quality of life \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dachryocystosele repair \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Drainage in adults or newborns with respiratory compromise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Frontal suspension \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening congenital ptosis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tarsorraphy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Imminent corneal compromise \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Tumors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Brachytherapy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Malign intraocular tumors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbital decompression \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbital tumor with imminent loss of vision \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Excision of tumors \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Malign or vision-threatening \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ocular trauma \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Extraction of foreign bodies \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Intraocular or extraocular \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Orbital fractures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Hemodynamic instability or ocular-cardiac reflexorbit or facial bone fractures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cyclodialysis repair \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vision-threatening persistent hypotony \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Repair of surgical wounds \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Flat anterior chamberSuture dehiscenceSuture dehiscence in keratoplastyFiltration bleb lossesHyper- or hypo-filtration of glaucoma blebVision-threatening hypotony<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Seidel</span> in corneal incisions \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Repair of eyelids/face \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Eyelid or facial injuries \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Suture of broad conjunctival lacerations \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Conjunctival injuries \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stitching of corneal-scleral perforating wounds \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Corneal and/or scleral perforating traumatism \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Canalicular laceration suture \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Injury or traumatism over canaliculi \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vitreous/Retina \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Choroidal drainage \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Flat anterior chamberSuprachoroidal hemorrhageUveal effusion syndrome \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Laser photocoagulation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Retinal tearsREGIRetinopathy of prematurity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pars plana Lensectomy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Acute lens/IOL complications \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Membranes/ILM peeling \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Proliferative vitreoretinopathyProliferative diabetic retinopathyComplex macular surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pneumatic retinopexy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Retina detachment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Pars plana vitrectomy/extra-scleral surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Valve tube blockageIntraocular foreign bodyRetinal tearRetina detachmentGlaucoma due to ciliary blockage (malign)Vitreous hemorrhageEndophthalmitisCapsular complex or IOL dislocationLens dislocationMisdirection syndromeOcular traumatism, vitreous prolapse. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2314945.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Urgent ophthalmological procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Adapted from Balibrea et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sequence for putting on IPE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sequence for removing IPE \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off all personal objects from the body and pockets of the gown \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off gloves without touching the outer surface \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Normal hand wash with water and soap or alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash inner gloves with alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on shoe covers and first disposable head piece \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Remove surgical apron without touching the outer side<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on the first pair of nitriI gloves \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash inner glove with alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on impervious apron \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Remove outer shoe covers (2nd pair) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on FPP2 or FPP3 mask \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash inner gloves with alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Affix surgical mask over the first mask \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off goggles and/or facial protectors<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on protective goggles and/or facial protector \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Remove outer head piece \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ports on disposable head piece over the first one and put on the second pair of shoe covers \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash inner gloves with alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgical hand wash wearing nitril gloves \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off the surgical mask and inner headpiece<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enter the surgery room</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash inner gloves with alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on surgical apron as usual \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off impervious inner apron without touching the outer surface<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Put on the usual sterile gloves \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash inner gloves with alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Remove gloves without touching the outer surface \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Exit the surgery room</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Surgical hand washing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off FFP2/FFP3 mask \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off the inner head piece \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash hands with hydro-alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Take off inner shoes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wash hands up to elbows with hydro-alcohol gel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Shower \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2314946.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Pull from the front to break tape, fold with outer surface inwards and dispose of in the nearest container.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Close eyes and mouth and place on tray with disinfectant.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Lean head downards, close eyes and mouth, hold tapes and pull forward and downward to break them without touching the frontal surface of the mask.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Spray with alcohol solution or diluted sodium hypochlorite.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Instructions for putting on and removing IPE in the surgery room.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 147913 ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 125780 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:27 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Important coronavirus updates for ophthalmologists" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "American Academy of Ophthalmology" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:1 [ "fecha" => "2020" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation 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Duncan Powers" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ajo.2020.02.014" "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "2020" "paginaInicial" => "36" "paginaFinal" => "37" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Xia" 1 => "J. Tong" 2 => "M. Liu" 3 => "Y. Shen" 4 => "D. Guo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/jmv.25725" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Med Virol" "fecha" => "2020" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "6" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9580878" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "W.-J. Guan" 1 => "Z.-Y. Ni" 2 => "Y. Hu" 3 => "W.-H. Liang" 4 => "C.-Q. Ou" 5 => "J.-X. He" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa2002032" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "2020" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "13" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6855851" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Revisiting the dangers of the coronavirus in the ophthalmology practice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "I. Seah" 1 => "X. Su" 2 => "G. Lingam" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/s41433-020-0790-7" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eye" "fecha" => "2020" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): the importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "Li J-PO" 1 => "D.S.C. Lam" 2 => "Y. Chen" 3 => "D.S.W. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 54 | 12 | 66 |
| 2024 September | 57 | 21 | 78 |
| 2024 August | 59 | 11 | 70 |
| 2024 July | 51 | 6 | 57 |
| 2024 June | 41 | 8 | 49 |
| 2024 May | 36 | 6 | 42 |
| 2024 April | 61 | 16 | 77 |
| 2024 March | 77 | 8 | 85 |
| 2024 February | 84 | 15 | 99 |
| 2024 January | 45 | 13 | 58 |
| 2023 December | 117 | 20 | 137 |
| 2023 November | 84 | 13 | 97 |
| 2023 October | 67 | 16 | 83 |
| 2023 September | 72 | 12 | 84 |
| 2023 August | 36 | 8 | 44 |
| 2023 July | 46 | 9 | 55 |
| 2023 June | 61 | 11 | 72 |
| 2023 May | 131 | 19 | 150 |
| 2023 April | 69 | 10 | 79 |
| 2023 March | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2023 February | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2023 January | 22 | 2 | 24 |
| 2022 December | 44 | 12 | 56 |
| 2022 November | 33 | 18 | 51 |
| 2022 October | 42 | 13 | 55 |
| 2022 September | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2022 August | 43 | 15 | 58 |
| 2022 July | 51 | 18 | 69 |
| 2022 June | 35 | 8 | 43 |
| 2022 May | 45 | 22 | 67 |
| 2022 April | 64 | 16 | 80 |
| 2022 March | 62 | 8 | 70 |
| 2022 February | 59 | 7 | 66 |
| 2022 January | 67 | 16 | 83 |
| 2021 December | 50 | 12 | 62 |
| 2021 November | 55 | 16 | 71 |
| 2021 October | 77 | 29 | 106 |
| 2021 September | 79 | 23 | 102 |
| 2021 August | 61 | 16 | 77 |
| 2021 July | 56 | 14 | 70 |
| 2021 June | 221 | 9 | 230 |
| 2021 May | 63 | 15 | 78 |
| 2021 April | 242 | 32 | 274 |
| 2021 March | 170 | 63 | 233 |
| 2021 February | 135 | 25 | 160 |
| 2021 January | 159 | 28 | 187 |
| 2020 December | 163 | 37 | 200 |
| 2020 November | 137 | 26 | 163 |
| 2020 October | 124 | 27 | 151 |
| 2020 September | 140 | 20 | 160 |
| 2020 August | 90 | 41 | 131 |
| 2020 July | 91 | 37 | 128 |
| 2020 June | 37 | 23 | 60 |
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