Editorial
Psychological effects of COVID-19
Los efectos psicológicos de la COVID-19
J.C. Pastor Jimeno
Corresponding author
Catedrático de Oftalmología, Universidad de Valladolid, jefe de Departamento Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, miembro del IOBA, Universidad de Valladolid, coordinador general de Oftared, ISCIIII
Read
3642
Timeswas read the article
608
Total PDF
3034
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:23 [ "pii" => "S2173579420301602" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-09-01" "aid" => "1759" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "copyrightAnyo" => "2020" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:417-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0365669120302458" "issn" => "03656691" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.06.010" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-09-01" "aid" => "1759" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:417-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "es" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Los efectos psicológicos de la COVID-19" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "417" "paginaFinal" => "418" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Psychological effects of COVID-19" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J.C. Pastor Jimeno" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Pastor Jimeno" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2173579420301602" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.003" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301602?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669120302458?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03656691/0000009500000009/v2_202108170639/S0365669120302458/v2_202108170639/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S217357942030133X" "issn" => "21735794" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-09-01" "aid" => "1741" "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:419-20" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Discourse analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic from ophthalmology" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "419" "paginaFinal" => "420" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análisis discursivo de la pandemia COVID-19 desde la oftalmología" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "J. Jiménez Benito" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "J." "apellidos" => "Jiménez Benito" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0365669120302124" "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.06.001" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669120302124?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217357942030133X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000009/v1_202009020751/S217357942030133X/v1_202009020751/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:14 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Editorial</span>" "titulo" => "Psychological effects of COVID-19" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "417" "paginaFinal" => "418" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "J.C. Pastor Jimeno" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.C." "apellidos" => "Pastor Jimeno" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "pastor@ioba.med.uva.es" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Catedrático de Oftalmología, Universidad de Valladolid, jefe de Departamento Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, miembro del IOBA, Universidad de Valladolid, coordinador general de Oftared, ISCIIII" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Los efectos psicológicos de la COVID-19" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I believe that throughout these months much has been written not only about the systemic effects of the new coronavirus, but also about its ocular involvement and the possibility of its transmission through tears. In fact, one of the first doctors to die was an ophthalmologist. And recently thromboembolic phenomena in the retina have been described by a Brazilian group.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But a few days ago, a work by the prestigious LV Prasad Eye Institute appeared in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, achieving considerable impact even in the media, and I found it interesting to comment on it. Its title was "Psychological impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmologists in training and ophthalmologists in India".<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This pandemic has left us with many more sequels than we imagine. Some will come to light over the next few months and we should be prepared for them.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the above-mentioned work, 2355 ophthalmologists and residents were surveyed (constituting 20% of the sample). A total of 52.8% recognized a serious impact on their activity and 37% also had economic impacts. Psychological distress was measured by means of the Patients Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), with almost 33% having depression, 21.4% moderate depression and 4.3% severe depression. The multivariate analysis showed that the depressive effects were greater in younger people and even greater in residents. These effects were also seen in medical students. In a study of 530 students conducted in Saudi Arabia, 23.5% were discouraged after confinement, with loss of concentration and a notable decrease in academic performance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present there is little doubt that the pandemic and the measures taken to counteract it have had a clear psychological impact on us: anxiety, depression, insomnia, denial, anguish and fear. The psychological effects are attributed to direct and indirect effects of the disease itself and of confinement. Asymptomatic transmission of the disease causes fear and anxiety. In addition, the lack of personal protection measures and a certain degree of social discrimination towards health care workers increase the levels of stress and anxiety.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many institutions, including universities, have developed systems and cabinets for psychological support and not only for workers who are in the “front line”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Medicine is considered, in itself, a stressful activity. The great physical demand, psychological pressure and inefficient work that we are often required to do leads to the well-known "burnout", which affects to some extent 50% of health professionals in the USA and I suppose in most countries.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health professionals are cumulatively exposed to traumatic, fear-producing situations. In the face of fear, individuals may be in shock, confused, disorganized, stressed, hyperactive or frozen. These situations have a high emotional impact and the way this impact is managed can be a determining factor in the development of so-called post-traumatic stress.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In some cases, health professionals have put in place not very adequate protection mechanisms, involving dehumanizing pain and suffering, which can lead to the depersonalization and dehumanization of patients. In other words, a detachment from the emotions of pain, which in the end are the outcome of the reality we are living. When this detachment takes place it prevents our normal psychological functioning because the experience is not processed and we cannot learn from it or transforme it. Quite simply, it remains encapsulated, giving rise to other symptoms of post-traumatic stress.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This pandemic is going to increase many of these problems. A lack of clear government response, at least initially, the problems arising from the lack of reliable testing and efficient masks had a traumatic impact on all of us. Add to that years of disinvestment in healthcare, which left hospitals without resources to adapt to an explosive demand for critical care and protective measures.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a survey of 1257 doctors and nurses in China at the height of the pandemic, 50% reported symptoms of depression, 44% reported anxiety and 34% reported insomnia.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain, the Ministry of Health updated its scientific-technical protocol for handling the COVID-19 coronavirus in May. This new version includes a section that addresses the impact of the pandemic on mental health, both by the virus itself and the emerging social situation, with special emphasis on health professionals, who are one of the most vulnerable groups to suffer psychological disorders along with hospitalized patients, people with previous mental disorders caused by difficult situations derived from isolation and economic crises.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It was clear that, like any health worker, ophthalmologists fear for their own health and that of their families. Accordingly, fear is added to the economic crisis and the uncertainty of a new outbreak in the autumn.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Special mention should be made of residents. The class that has now graduated will be forever marked by the pandemic. The parties, dinners and farewell celebrations, common in any of our hospitals, have been replaced by a simple goodbye, with a mask and observing the safety distance.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But those who are going to join now will not get any better. Their incorporation has been delayed and they have been determined to design a telematic system (ICTs now seem like the balm of the Saracen knight Fierabras, capable of mitigating any disease), which is neither prepared nor tested, producing uncertainty and increasing the already stressful experience.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">I'm not a pessimist, I've never been one, but I think we need to keep these things in mind. Now that the terraces are absurdly full and have stopped applauding at 8 pm to cheer the valiant health professionals, we should remember that researchers have not yet been able to start their work (soccer players have) and that over the next few months we will have to help normalise the psychological effects that this pandemic has left us with.</p></span>" "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-06-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-17" "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Pastor Jimeno JC. Los efectos psicológicos de la COVID-19. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:417–418.</p>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Psychological impact of COVID-19 on ophthalmologists-in-training and practising ophthalmologists in India" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "R.C. Khanna" 1 => "S.G. Honavar" 2 => "A.L. Metla" 3 => "A. Bhattacharya" 4 => "P.K. Maulik" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4103/ijo.IJO_1458_20" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J Ophthalmol" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "68" "paginaInicial" => "994" "paginaFinal" => "998" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32461412" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "COVID-19 pandemic: impact of quarantine on medical students’ mental wellbeing and learning behaviors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S.A. Meo" 1 => "A.A. Abukhalaf" 2 => "A.A. Alomar" 3 => "K. Sattar" 4 => "D.C. Klonoff" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2809" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pak J Med Sci" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "36" "numero" => "COVID19-S4" "paginaInicial" => "S43" "paginaFinal" => "S48" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32582313" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "F. Ornell" 1 => "S.C. Halpern" 2 => "F.H.P. Kessler" 3 => "J.C.M. Narvaez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/0102-311X00063520" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cad Saude Publica" "fecha" => "2020" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "e00063520" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374807" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000009/v1_202009020751/S2173579420301602/v1_202009020751/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "82157" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Editorials" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009500000009/v1_202009020751/S2173579420301602/v1_202009020751/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301602?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2024 September | 53 | 1 | 54 |
| 2024 August | 29 | 4 | 33 |
| 2024 July | 22 | 3 | 25 |
| 2024 June | 30 | 5 | 35 |
| 2024 May | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2024 April | 44 | 8 | 52 |
| 2024 March | 52 | 6 | 58 |
| 2024 February | 31 | 12 | 43 |
| 2024 January | 51 | 6 | 57 |
| 2023 December | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2023 November | 37 | 6 | 43 |
| 2023 October | 52 | 10 | 62 |
| 2023 September | 34 | 5 | 39 |
| 2023 August | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2023 July | 34 | 8 | 42 |
| 2023 June | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2023 May | 76 | 7 | 83 |
| 2023 April | 66 | 3 | 69 |
| 2023 March | 24 | 2 | 26 |
| 2023 February | 40 | 5 | 45 |
| 2023 January | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2022 December | 37 | 5 | 42 |
| 2022 November | 53 | 5 | 58 |
| 2022 October | 51 | 12 | 63 |
| 2022 September | 38 | 10 | 48 |
| 2022 August | 45 | 9 | 54 |
| 2022 July | 47 | 7 | 54 |
| 2022 June | 43 | 11 | 54 |
| 2022 May | 43 | 11 | 54 |
| 2022 April | 49 | 13 | 62 |
| 2022 March | 57 | 8 | 65 |
| 2022 February | 61 | 6 | 67 |
| 2022 January | 73 | 10 | 83 |
| 2021 December | 82 | 11 | 93 |
| 2021 November | 84 | 16 | 100 |
| 2021 October | 84 | 17 | 101 |
| 2021 September | 83 | 11 | 94 |
| 2021 August | 82 | 6 | 88 |
| 2021 July | 67 | 14 | 81 |
| 2021 June | 79 | 11 | 90 |
| 2021 May | 114 | 25 | 139 |
| 2021 April | 270 | 46 | 316 |
| 2021 March | 174 | 24 | 198 |
| 2021 February | 84 | 30 | 114 |
| 2021 January | 73 | 23 | 96 |
| 2020 December | 58 | 28 | 86 |
| 2020 November | 64 | 23 | 87 |
| 2020 October | 69 | 23 | 92 |
| 2020 September | 114 | 30 | 144 |
| 2020 August | 4 | 44 | 48 |
Show all
