metricas
covid
Buscar en
Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition)
Toda la web
Inicio Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition) Diagnosis of an X-linked type 2 congenital stationary night blindness using elec...
Journal Information

Statistics

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

Short communication
Diagnosis of an X-linked type 2 congenital stationary night blindness using electroretinography and CACNA1F sequencing
Diagnóstico de un caso de ceguera nocturna estacionaria congénita tipo 2 ligada al cromosoma X mediante electrorretinografía y secuenciación del gen CACNA1F
J. Galindo-Boceroa,
Corresponding author
javiergalindobocero@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, S. Macías-Francob, N. García-Gonzálezc, C. Valles-Antuñad, I. Hernando Aceroc, P. Rozas-Reyesb
a Servicio de Oftalmología, Fundación Hospital de Jove, Gijón, Asturias, Spain
b Servicio de Oftalmología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
c Unidad de Genética, Área de Gestión Clínica de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
d Servicio de Neurofisiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
Read
136
Times
was read the article
2
Total PDF
134
Total HTML
Share statistics
 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S217357942030181X"
  "issn" => "21735794"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.012"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-12-01"
  "aid" => "1744"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2020"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 1
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:607-10"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:19 [
      "pii" => "S036566912030215X"
      "issn" => "03656691"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.06.004"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-12-01"
      "aid" => "1744"
      "copyright" => "Sociedad Española de Oftalmología"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 1
      "subdocumento" => "fla"
      "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:607-10"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => false
        "ES2" => false
        "LATM" => false
      ]
      "gratuito" => false
      "lecturas" => array:1 [
        "total" => 0
      ]
      "es" => array:13 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Comunicaci&#243;n corta</span>"
        "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico de un caso de ceguera nocturna estacionaria cong&#233;nita tipo 2 ligada al cromosoma X mediante electrorretinograf&#237;a y secuenciaci&#243;n del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span>"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
          0 => "es"
          1 => "en"
        ]
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "607"
            "paginaFinal" => "610"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Diagnosis of an X-linked type 2 congenital stationary night blindness using electroretinography and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span> sequencing"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
          "es" => true
          "en" => true
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
          "original" => 0
          "multimedia" => array:7 [
            "identificador" => "fig0005"
            "etiqueta" => "Figura 1"
            "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
            "mostrarFloat" => true
            "mostrarDisplay" => false
            "figura" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
                "Alto" => 617
                "Ancho" => 1255
                "Tamanyo" => 88071
              ]
            ]
            "descripcion" => array:1 [
              "es" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retinograf&#237;a color&#46; Ausencia de alteraciones fundosc&#243;picas significativas&#46; Atrofia de epitelio pigmentario retiniano bilateral a nivel peripapilar&#44; que se extiende ligeramente siguiendo trayecto de arcadas temporales &#40;A y B&#41;&#46; Disco &#243;ptico levemente oblicuo en el OI &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "J&#46; Galindo-Bocero, S&#46; Mac&#237;as-Franco, N&#46; Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez, C&#46; Valles-Antu&#241;a, I&#46; Hernando Acero, P&#46; Rozas-Reyes"
            "autores" => array:6 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "J&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Galindo-Bocero"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "S&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Mac&#237;as-Franco"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "N&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "C&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Valles-Antu&#241;a"
              ]
              4 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "I&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Hernando Acero"
              ]
              5 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "P&#46;"
                "apellidos" => "Rozas-Reyes"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S217357942030181X"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.012"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => false
            "ES2" => false
            "LATM" => false
          ]
          "gratuito" => false
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217357942030181X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S036566912030215X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      "url" => "/03656691/0000009500000012/v2_202108170641/S036566912030215X/v2_202108170641/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2173579420301663"
    "issn" => "21735794"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.05.025"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-12-01"
    "aid" => "1732"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Oftalmolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:611-4"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Short communication</span>"
      "titulo" => "Fundoscopic characteristics in three cases of familial hyperchylomicronaemia"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "611"
          "paginaFinal" => "614"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Caracter&#237;sticas fundosc&#243;picas en tres casos de hiperquilomicronemia familiar"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1056
              "Ancho" => 1258
              "Tamanyo" => 116015
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "at0010"
              "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case 2 showed diffuse compromise of the entire vascular tree&#44; from the very origin of the large vessels &#40;blue arrows&#41;&#44; observing a retinal pigmented background &#40;in relation to ethnic characteristics&#41; with pale shade&#44; particularly in the central retinal area&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "F&#46; L&#243;pez-Herrero, L&#46; Trujillo-Berraquero, C&#46; Franco-Ruedas, A&#46; Mart&#237;nez-Borrego, J&#46; De las Morenas-Iglesias, J&#46;L&#46; S&#225;nchez-Vicente"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "F&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "L&#243;pez-Herrero"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Trujillo-Berraquero"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "C&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Franco-Ruedas"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "A&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;nez-Borrego"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "De las Morenas-Iglesias"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#46;L&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "S&#225;nchez-Vicente"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0365669120302033"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.05.025"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669120302033?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301663?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000012/v1_202012200623/S2173579420301663/v1_202012200623/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S2173579420301705"
    "issn" => "21735794"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftale.2020.05.028"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-12-01"
    "aid" => "1751"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Espa&#241;ola de Oftalmolog&#237;a"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 1
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2020;95:603-6"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Short communication</span>"
      "titulo" => "Unilateral pattern of macular dystrophy and associated systemic pathology"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "603"
          "paginaFinal" => "606"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Distrofia macular en patr&#243;n unilateral y enfermedad sist&#233;mica asociada"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0010"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1613
              "Ancho" => 1505
              "Tamanyo" => 238416
            ]
          ]
          "detalles" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "at0010"
              "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
              "rol" => "short"
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;A&#41; Left&#58; RE retinography showing pigment epithelium alteration in the macula with whitish-orange discoloration&#46; Right&#58; normal LE retinography&#46; &#40;B&#41; Left&#58; background autofluorescence of RE showing a hyperfluorescent deposit in the macula in reticular pattern&#59; hypofluorescent lesions correspond to disruption of macular RPE&#46; Right&#58; background autofluorescence of normal LE&#46; &#40;C&#41; Left&#58; Fluorescein angiography in the LE in which hyperfluorescence of the lesions is observed during the early phases with residual staining in the late phases&#46; Right&#58; Fluorescein angiography in normal LE&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "V&#46;M&#46; Asensio-S&#225;nchez"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "V&#46;M&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Asensio-S&#225;nchez"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0365669120302227"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2020.05.040"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => false
          "ES2" => false
          "LATM" => false
        ]
        "gratuito" => false
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0365669120302227?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173579420301705?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000012/v1_202012200623/S2173579420301705/v1_202012200623/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Short communication</span>"
    "titulo" => "Diagnosis of an X-linked type 2 congenital stationary night blindness using electroretinography and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span> sequencing"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "607"
        "paginaFinal" => "610"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "J&#46; Galindo-Bocero, S&#46; Mac&#237;as-Franco, N&#46; Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez, C&#46; Valles-Antu&#241;a, I&#46; Hernando Acero, P&#46; Rozas-Reyes"
        "autores" => array:6 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "J&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Galindo-Bocero"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "javiergalindobocero@hotmail.com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Mac&#237;as-Franco"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "N&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "C&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Valles-Antu&#241;a"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "I&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Hernando Acero"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "P&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Rozas-Reyes"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Oftalmolog&#237;a&#44; Fundaci&#243;n Hospital de Jove&#44; Gij&#243;n&#44; Asturias&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Oftalmolog&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias&#44; Oviedo&#44; Asturias&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Unidad de Gen&#233;tica&#44; &#193;rea de Gesti&#243;n Cl&#237;nica de Pediatr&#237;a&#44; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias&#44; Oviedo&#44; Asturias&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Servicio de Neurofisiolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica&#44; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias&#44; Oviedo&#44; Asturias&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Diagn&#243;stico de un caso de ceguera nocturna estacionaria cong&#233;nita tipo 2 ligada al cromosoma X mediante electrorretinograf&#237;a y secuenciaci&#243;n del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span>"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 617
            "Ancho" => 1255
            "Tamanyo" => 88071
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0005"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Color Retinography&#46; Absence of significant fundoscopic alterations&#46; Bilateral retinal pigment epithelium atrophy at the peripapillary level&#44; slightly extending along the path of the temporal arches &#40;A and B&#41;&#46; Optic disc slightly oblique in the LE &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Congenital stationary night blindness &#40;CSNB&#41; refers to a very rare group of hereditary disorders that begin in childhood and are characterized by alterations in scotopic vision and non-progressive retinal dysfunction&#46; The first patients described with CSNB were the descendants of Jean Nougaret&#44; born in 1637 in the south of France&#46; The spectrum of CSNB is broad and includes variants with different inheritance patterns and different phenotypic expression&#59; however&#44; the appearance of the fundus is normal in most forms&#46; We present this clinical case with the intention of recalling that electroretinogram &#40;ERG&#41; and gene sequencing are fundamental in the study of diseases such as CSNB which have broad clinical heterogeneity and very low incidence&#44; and which may otherwise lead to significant diagnostic delay or even be labeled as other diseases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Clinical case</span><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 4-year-old Caucasian male with no personal or family remarkable history&#44; visited for decreased bilateral visual acuity &#40;VA&#41;&#44; more pronounced in scotopic conditions&#46; His parents are healthy and not blood relatives&#46; The patient exhibited deep amblyopia&#44; with VA of 20&#47;100 in the right eye &#40;RE&#41; and 20&#47;200 in the left eye &#40;LE&#41;&#44; with suppression of LE in binocularity and no stereoscopic vision&#46; Cycloplegic refraction showed bilateral hypertropic astigmatism of little significance&#44; 120&#176; &#43; 1&#46;00&#8239;&#43;&#8239;2&#46;00 in the RE and 60&#176; &#43; 1&#46;25 in the LE&#46; Pupil alterations&#44; strabismus&#44; nystagmus and transillumination defects of the iris were not observed&#46; The patient performed the Ishihara test and subsequently the Farnsworth test without confirming the existence of chromatic anomalies in either&#44; despite excellent collaboration&#46; However&#44; the requested visual fields could be assessed&#46; The fundus is slightly hypopigmented at the peripapillary level and in temporary arches&#44; in the absence of other signs of fundoscopic pathology &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; Moreover&#44; optical coherence tomography did not reveal any signs of papillary or foveal involvement&#46; Optical correction was prescribed&#44; but the patient hardly experienced improvement in VA so&#44; suspecting retinal dystrophy&#44; electrophysiological tests and genetic study were requested&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The electrophysiological study comprised visual evoked potential pattern&#44; with normal results&#44; and a flash ERG&#44; with increased latencies and decreased amplitudes in both eyes&#46; These ERG findings suggest a compromise of the peripheral retina&#59; however&#44; its diagnostic value at such a young age is limited due to the inability to discriminate between photopic and scotopic responses&#46; For this reason&#44; at the age of 6&#44; a full-field ERG was performed showing an electronegative pattern &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#44; alteration of photopic and scotopic responses as well as oscillatory potentials&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The gene sequencing was focused on cone and rod dystrophies&#44; and evidenced the pathogenic variant c&#46;3081C&#8239;&#62;&#8239;A &#40;p&#46;Tyr1027Ter&#41; in the gene CACNA1F located in Xp11&#46;23&#46; The presence of this mutation&#44; together with compatible clinical picture and ERG&#44; established the diagnosis of CSNB type 2 &#40;CSNB2&#41;&#46; The family study showed that the patient&#39;s mother is a carrier of a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> truncating mutation&#44; which did not come from the maternal grandparents and was transmitted to the child through recessive inheritance linked to the X chromosome&#46; The patient&#39;s younger brother has not inherited the mutation and is therefore unaffected by the disease &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Currently&#44; at the age of 8&#44; the best corrected VA is 20&#47;30 in the RE &#40;120&#176; &#43; 1&#46;50&#8239;&#43;&#8239;1&#46;25&#41; and 20&#47;40 in the LE &#40;85&#176; &#43; 1&#46;00&#41;&#44; with good binocular fusion and partial stereopsis of 240&#8242;&#39;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent hereditary pattern in CSNB is the X-linked recessive&#44; with at least 17 genes involved&#44; with more than 360 possible mutations and over 670 alleles affected&#46; These genes encode proteins involved in phototransduction&#46; Sporadic cases of CSNB account for approximately 40&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical heterogeneity of the CSNB is significant&#44; with varying degrees of visual deficit and nyctalopia&#46; Most variants of the disease &#40;with the exception of Oguchi&#39;s disease and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">fundus albipunctatus&#41;</span> do not exhibit fundoscopic alterations&#46; VA is highly dependent on the frequent associated refractive errors&#44; especially myopia&#46; Patients with X-linked recessive CSNB are more commonly associated with high myopia and low VA&#46; Some cases are accompanied by nystagmus or strabismus&#46; Nyctalopia is not always symptomatic&#44; probably as a result of an adaptive functional response&#44; which means that on many occasions the impairment of scotopic vision goes unnoticed and this disease is under-diagnosed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Microperimetry shows a significant reduction in macular sensitivity in these patients&#44; compared to healthy controls&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Female carriers are almost always asymptomatic&#44; although they may show evident changes in ERG &#40;absence of oscillatory potentials&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The full-field ERG functionally classifies the CSNB in 2 groups&#46; The Riggs type is very unusual and corresponds almost exclusively to the autosomal dominant forms&#44; in which an alteration in the scotopic responses &#40;exaggerated wave b in the absence of wave a&#41; is observed&#44; with normal photopic responses&#44; suggesting an intrinsic defect of the rods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The Schubert-Bornschein type appears to be associated with autosomal recessive or X-linked forms of inheritance and is much more frequent&#46; This second group is characterized by an electronegative pattern &#40;selective loss of wave b with preservation of wave a&#41;&#44; with mixed alteration of photopic and scotopic responses&#44; which gives rise to a post-transductional anomaly&#44; without directly affecting the function of cones or rods&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Miyake&#39;s team has studied the mechanisms of phototransduction at the CSNB with Schubert-Bornschein-type ERG and has described 2 pathways of synaptic dysfunction between photoreceptors and bipolar cells&#44; stating that they should not be considered as variants of the same disease but rather as independent clinical entities with different genetic mutations&#44; etiopathogenic mechanisms and electroretinal patterns&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The terms used in international nomenclature are type 1 &#40;CSNB1&#41; or complete forms &#40;cCSNB&#41; and type 2 &#40;CSNB2&#41; or incomplete forms &#40;icCSNB&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most common mutation in the CSNB1 or cCSNB affects the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NYX</span> gene&#44; which encodes nictalopine&#46; It is characterized by a post-synaptic dysfunction that corresponds with a negative ERG in scotropic conditions&#44; with normal or slightly subnormal photopic function&#46; CSNB1 is often associated with elevated myopia&#44; nystagmus and symptomatic nictalopia&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CSNB2 or icCSNB is associated with different genetic mutations&#44; the most frequent being that of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span> gene&#44; present in approximately 55&#37; of X-linked CSNB cases and located on the short arm of the X chromosome &#40;Xp11&#46;23&#41;&#44; encoding a transmembrane protein from a calcium channel &#40;Cav1&#46;4&#41; that regulates glutamate release in phototransduction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The phenotypic expression of the CSNB2 is more heterogeneous&#44; with inconstant nictalopia &#40;54&#37; do not report quality of life alterations&#41;&#44; variable refractive errors from myopia to hypermetropia&#44; photophobia&#44; sensitivity to light&#44; and sometimes decreased VA in photopic conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> CSNB2 determines a defect at the presynaptic level&#44; and an ERG with a decreased amplitude of wave b is observed in both scotopic and photopic conditions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> The photopic response is much more affected than in CSNB1&#44; and therefore CSNB2 must be differentiated by ERG from pure cone dystrophies&#44; in which a normal scothopic response usually exists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mutation of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span> gene is associated not only with CSNB2&#44; but also with the development of two other ocular pathologies&#44; i&#46;e&#46;&#44; X-linked rod and cone dystrophy type 3 and &#197;land Islands eye disease or Forssius-Eriksson syndrome&#46; The influence of genetic or environmental modifiers may be responsible for their different phenotypic expression&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Normal colour vision&#44; the absence of nystagmus and foveal hypoplasia and the compatible pattern of ERG support the diagnosis of CSNB2 in this case&#46; The pathogenic significance of the c&#46;3081C&#8239;&#62;&#8239;A &#40;p&#46;Tyr1027Ter&#41; mutation in CSNB2 seems not to have been previously described in the literature&#44; or at least&#44; has not been found in our literature search&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electrophysiology and genetic study should be part of the diagnostic protocol for any unexplained vision loss in children&#46; This clinical case perfectly illustrates the challenge that diseases such as CSNB2 can pose&#46; The presence of a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> mutation further complicated the tracing of possible family cases in the anamnesis&#46; ERG and gene sequencing have been essential to confirm the involvement of scotopic vision and to rule out other hereditary retinal dystrophies with similar phenotypic characteristics&#44; but of a progressive nature and worse prognosis&#44; such as juvenile X-linked retinoschisis or Leber&#39;s congenital amaurosis&#46; It is therefore recommended that the description&#44; nomenclature and classification of this type of disease should always be based on its genotypic and electroretinographic characteristics&#44; thus avoiding diagnostic errors derived from frequent clinical and phenotypic overlap&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;5&#44;10</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflict of interest was declared by the authors&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:9 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1438262"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1312860"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres1438261"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1312859"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Clinical case"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Conflict of interest"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-04-02"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-06-02"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1312860"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span>"
            1 => "Congenital stationary night blindness"
            2 => "Electroretinography"
            3 => "Nyctalopia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1312859"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span>"
            1 => "Ceguera nocturna estacionaria cong&#233;nita"
            2 => "Electrorretinograf&#237;a"
            3 => "Nictalop&#237;a"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A 4-year old boy&#44; with history of relevance&#44; presented with bilateral visual impairment&#44; more so in scotopic conditions&#44; and did not improve with optical correction&#46; No significant funduscopic abnormalities were seen&#44; leading to a suspicion of retinal dystrophy&#46; Sequencing of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span> gene detected the c&#46;3081C&#8239;&#62;&#8239;A &#40;p&#46;Tyr1027Ter&#41; mutation&#44; which had occurred <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> in the patient&#8217;s mother&#46; This mutation&#44; in the aforementioned clinical context&#44; and with a compatible electronegative pattern&#44; establishes the diagnosis of X-linked type 2 congenital stationary night blindness&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Electrophysiology and genetic testing should be part of the diagnostic protocol for any unexplained loss of vision in children&#46; The description&#44; nomenclature and classification of hereditary retinal dystrophies based on their genotypic and electroretinography characteristics&#44; avoids diagnostic errors due to their usual clinical and phenotypic overlap&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Un var&#243;n de 4 a&#241;os&#44; sin antecedentes relevantes&#44; consulta por disminuci&#243;n de agudeza visual bilateral&#44; m&#225;s acusada en condiciones escot&#243;picas&#44; que no mejora con correcci&#243;n &#243;ptica&#46; No se aprecian alteraciones fundusc&#243;picas significativas&#44; por lo que se sospecha una distrofia retiniana&#46; La secuenciaci&#243;n del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span> detecta la mutaci&#243;n c&#46;3081C&#8239;&#62;&#8239;A &#40;p&#46;Tyr1027Ter&#41;&#44; que se ha producido <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> en la madre del paciente&#46; Esta mutaci&#243;n&#44; en el contexto cl&#237;nico referido y con un patr&#243;n electronegativo compatible&#44; establece el diagn&#243;stico de ceguera nocturna estacionaria cong&#233;nita tipo 2 ligada al cromosoma X&#46;</p><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La electrofisiolog&#237;a y el estudio gen&#233;tico deben formar parte del protocolo diagn&#243;stico de cualquier p&#233;rdida de visi&#243;n inexplicada en ni&#241;os&#46; La descripci&#243;n&#44; nomenclatura y clasificaci&#243;n de las distrofias retinianas hereditarias en base a sus caracter&#237;sticas genot&#237;picas y electrorretinogr&#225;ficas&#44; evita los errores diagn&#243;sticos derivados de su habitual superposici&#243;n cl&#237;nica y fenot&#237;pica&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Galindo-Bocero J&#44; Mac&#237;as-Franco S&#44; Garc&#237;a-Gonz&#225;lez N&#44; Valles-Antu&#241;a C&#44; Hernando Acero I&#44; Rozas-Reyes P&#46; Diagn&#243;stico de un caso de ceguera nocturna estacionaria cong&#233;nita tipo 2 ligada al cromosoma X mediante electrorretinograf&#237;a y secuenciaci&#243;n del gen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">CACNA1F</span>&#46; Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol&#46; 2020&#59;95&#58;607&#8211;610&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:3 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 617
            "Ancho" => 1255
            "Tamanyo" => 88071
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0005"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Color Retinography&#46; Absence of significant fundoscopic alterations&#46; Bilateral retinal pigment epithelium atrophy at the peripapillary level&#44; slightly extending along the path of the temporal arches &#40;A and B&#41;&#46; Optic disc slightly oblique in the LE &#40;B&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 964
            "Ancho" => 905
            "Tamanyo" => 63184
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0010"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ERG with lower lid electrodes and full field stimulus &#40;Ganzfeld&#41;&#46; Electronegative pattern&#44; with reduction of wave b amplitude in relation to wave a&#44; in the combined response of cones and rods in scotopic conditions&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1046
            "Ancho" => 905
            "Tamanyo" => 45508
          ]
        ]
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0015"
            "detalle" => "Fig&#46; "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Family tree &#40;index patient indicated by square&#41;&#46; Mother carrier of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">de novo</span> mutation c&#46;3081C&#8239;&#62;&#8239;A &#40;p&#46;Tyr1027Ter&#41;&#44; transmitted to her son by X-linked recessive inheritance&#46; Absence of the mutation in the male brother of the index patient&#44; as well as in the maternal grandparents made it unnecessary to extend the study to other members of the family branch&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Congenital stationary night blindness&#58; An analysis and update of genotype-phenotype correlations and pathogenic mechanisms"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Zeitz"
                            1 => "A&#46;G&#46; Robson"
                            2 => "I&#46; Audo"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.09.001"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prog Retin Eye Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2015"
                        "volumen" => "45"
                        "paginaInicial" => "58"
                        "paginaFinal" => "110"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25307992"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Macular sensitivity in patients with congenital stationary night-blindness"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "A&#46; William"
                            1 => "S&#46; Kohl"
                            2 => "C&#46; Zeitz"
                            3 => "G&#46; Willmann"
                            4 => "E&#46; Zrenner"
                            5 => "K&#46;U&#46; Bartz-Schmidt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313072"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Ophthalmol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "volumen" => "103"
                        "numero" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1507"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1510"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30573500"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Mosaic synaptopathy and functional defects in Cav1&#46;4 heterozygous mice and human carriers of CSNB2"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Michalakis"
                            1 => "L&#46; Shaltiel"
                            2 => "V&#46; Sothilingam"
                            3 => "S&#46; Koch"
                            4 => "V&#46; Schludi"
                            5 => "S&#46; Krause"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/hmg/ddt541"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Hum Mol Genet&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1538"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1550"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163243"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "La utilidad diagn&#243;stica del electrorretinograma negativo"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Fuente Garc&#237;a"
                            1 => "J&#46;J&#46; Gonz&#225;lez-L&#243;pez"
                            2 => "F&#46;J&#46; Mu&#241;oz-Negrete"
                            3 => "G&#46; Rebolleda"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.oftal.2017.10.006"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol"
                        "fecha" => "2018"
                        "volumen" => "93"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "126"
                        "paginaFinal" => "135"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29198644"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Congenital stationary night blindness with negative electroretinogram&#58; A new classification"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Miyake"
                            1 => "K&#46; Yagasaki"
                            2 => "M&#46; Horiguchi"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Kawase"
                            4 => "T&#46; Kanda"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1001/archopht.1986.01050190071042"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Arch Ophthalmol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1986"
                        "volumen" => "104"
                        "numero" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1013"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1020"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3488053"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Loss-of-function mutations in a calcium-channel &#945;1-subunit gene in Xp11&#46;23 cause incomplete X-linked congenital stationary night blindness"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "N&#46;T&#46; Bech-Hansen"
                            1 => "M&#46;J&#46; Naylor"
                            2 => "T&#46;A&#46; Maybaum"
                            3 => "W&#46;G&#46; Pearce"
                            4 => "B&#46; Koop"
                            5 => "G&#46;A&#46; Fishman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/947"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nat Genet&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1998"
                        "volumen" => "19"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "264"
                        "paginaFinal" => "267"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9662400"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Assessment of night vision problems in patients with congenital stationary night blindness"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46;M&#46; Bijveld"
                            1 => "M&#46;M&#46; van Genderen"
                            2 => "F&#46;P&#46; Hoeben"
                            3 => "A&#46;A&#46; Katzin"
                            4 => "R&#46;M&#46; van Nispen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0062927"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS One&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e62927"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658786"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The electroretinographic diagnosis of the incomplete form of congenital stationary night blindness"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Tremblay"
                            1 => "R&#46;G&#46; Laroche"
                            2 => "I&#46; De Becker"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/0042-6989(95)00006-l"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Vision Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "35"
                        "numero" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2383"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2393"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7571473"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A novel large in-frame deletion within the CACNA1F gene associates with a cone-rod dystrophy 3-like phenotype"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Hauke"
                            1 => "A&#46; Schild"
                            2 => "A&#46; Neugebauer"
                            3 => "A&#46; Lappa"
                            4 => "J&#46; Fricke"
                            5 => "S&#46; Fauser"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0076414"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "PLoS One&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "numero" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "e76414"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24124559"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The importance of genetic testing as demonstrated by two cases of CACNA1F-associated retinal generation misdiagnosed as LCA"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "C&#46;J&#46; Men"
                            1 => "K&#46;M&#46; Bujakowska"
                            2 => "J&#46; Comander"
                            3 => "E&#46; Place"
                            4 => "E&#46;C&#46; Bedoukian"
                            5 => "X&#46; Zhu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Mol Vis&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2017"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "695"
                        "paginaFinal" => "706"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29062221"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/21735794/0000009500000012/v1_202012200623/S217357942030181X/v1_202012200623/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "8724"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Short communication"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735794/0000009500000012/v1_202012200623/S217357942030181X/v1_202012200623/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S217357942030181X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Article information
ISSN: 21735794
Original language: English
The statistics are updated each day
Year/Month Html Pdf Total
2024 October 1 0 1
2024 September 4 0 4
2024 August 6 0 6
2024 July 3 0 3
2024 June 3 0 3
2024 May 4 0 4
2024 April 3 0 3
2024 March 2 0 2
2024 February 1 0 1
2024 January 5 0 5
2023 December 21 0 21
2023 November 9 0 9
2023 October 3 0 3
2023 September 1 0 1
2023 July 1 0 1
2023 June 1 0 1
2023 May 3 0 3
2023 February 1 0 1
2023 January 1 0 1
2022 December 2 0 2
2022 November 1 0 1
2022 October 3 0 3
2022 September 1 0 1
2022 August 2 0 2
2022 July 3 0 3
2022 June 3 0 3
2022 May 3 0 3
2022 April 6 0 6
2022 March 6 0 6
2022 February 8 0 8
2022 January 1 0 1
2021 December 1 0 1
2021 November 1 0 1
2021 February 19 0 19
2020 September 1 2 3
Show all

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos