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Original article
Computer visual syndrome in graduate students of a private university in Lima, Perú
Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú
D. Fernandez-Villacortaa, A.N. Soriano-Morenoa,
Corresponding author
, T. Galvez-Olorteguib,c, N. Agui-Santivañeza, D.R. Soriano-Morenoa, V.A. Benites-Zapatad
a Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru
b Unidad de Oftalmología Basada en Evidencias (Oftalmoevidencia), Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Peru
c Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Yrigoyen, Lima, Peru
d Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of devices with monitors known as Video Terminals &#40;VDT&#41; &#40;computer&#44; mobile phone&#44; tablet&#41; has increased considerably in recent decades&#46; Exposure to VDT has been associated with dermatological conditions&#44; muscle-skeletal disorders and visual symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The latter are encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome &#40;CVS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have found a strong association between the prolonged use of VDTs and ophthalmological symptoms with a directly proportional correlation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Worldwide&#44; among VDT users&#44; ophthalmological symptoms prevalence varies from 64 to 90&#37;&#46; It is estimated that approximately 60 million people present this syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In the population of university students&#44; this syndrome is much more prevalent&#44; reaching in some cases up to 81&#37; of affected students&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This phenomenon is explained by the frequent use of VDT for academic activities&#44; entertainment and social media&#46; It has been observed that symptoms significantly increase in students that use computers for more than 2&#160;h&#46; The main ocular symptoms referred by subjects are eye fatigue&#44; irritation&#44; burning sensation&#44; redness&#44; blurred vision and double vision&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Said symptoms can negatively impact students&#8217; daily work&#44; affecting their productivity&#44; efficiency&#44; time administration&#44; health and general well-being&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although CVS can be easily prevented decreasing the hours of computer use&#44; a million new cases are reported worldwide every year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In South America&#44; evidence is limited&#46; In Peru&#44; only one study published in 2012 has explored this topic&#46; Prevalence of visual fatigue in hospital digitizers was reported at a 59&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> There is no evidence regarding CVS frequency in university graduate students&#46; Being a population at high-risk of presenting CVS due to frequent use of VDT devices&#44; and acknowledging the negative effect in productivity that the syndrome can have&#44; this study aimed to describe CVS prevalence in university graduate students from a private university in Lima&#44; Peru&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observational type study&#44; cross-sectional descriptive in Postgraduate School students of a private university located in Lima&#44; capital of Peru&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Population and sample</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population of the study comprised 410 college students enrolled in the first half of 2019&#46; Sample size was calculated on the NetQuest website with the following considerations&#58; 5&#37; error margin&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval and an expected proportion of students with CVS of 50&#37;&#46; A total sample of 199 surveyed students was obtained&#46; Around 200 students filled in a survey&#44; although 7 were poorly executed and therefore not included in the analysis&#46; Of the remaining&#44; 87 participants that referred having any of the refractory pathologies evaluated &#40;57 referred myopia&#44; 40 astigmatism and 21 hyperopia&#41; were excluded&#46; The final sample to analyze was 106 students&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Main variable</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To classify participants as CVS&#44; the survey used was validated by Segu&#237; et al&#46; in which frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms were evaluated&#58; &#40;i&#41; &#34;burning&#34;&#59; &#40;ii&#41; &#34;itching&#34;&#59; &#40;iii&#41; &#34;foreign body sensation&#34;&#59; &#40;iv&#41; &#34;tearing&#34;&#59; &#40;v&#41; &#34;excessive blinking&#34;&#59; &#40;vi&#41; &#34;ocular redness&#34;&#59; &#40;vii&#41; &#34;eye pain&#34;&#59; &#40;viii&#41; &#34;heavy eyelids&#34;&#59; &#40;ix&#41; &#34;ocular dryness&#34;&#59; &#40;x&#41; &#34;blurred vision&#34;&#59; &#40;xi&#41; &#34;double vision&#34;&#59; &#40;xii&#41; &#34;difficulty to focus up close&#34;&#59; &#40;xiii&#41; &#34;increased light sensitivity&#34;&#59; &#40;xiv&#41; &#34;colored halos surrounding objects&#34;&#59; &#40;xv&#41; &#34;feeling of seeing worse&#34;&#44; and &#40;xvi&#41; &#34;headache&#34;&#46; Frequency was evaluated in 3 categories with a score from 0 to 2 &#40;never&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44; seldom&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#44; usually or always&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41; and intensity with 2 categories &#40;moderate&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#44; intense&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41;&#46; If a symptom was marked as &#34;never&#34; presented&#44; the intensity question was not filled&#46; To calculate the final score&#44; first the symptoms&#8217; frequency score for intensity is multiplied&#46; Subsequently&#44; this result is recoded as a 0&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44; 1 or 2&#160;&#61;&#160;1 and 4&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#46; Finally&#44; the result is added to each of the symptoms&#46; A score greater than or equal to 6 includes an individual in the CVS category&#46; This survey was applied to each device subjects referred to use&#44; evaluating in which CVS was present more frequently&#46; Likewise&#44; the frequency of exposure to devices with VDT &#40;mobile phone&#44; electronic tablet&#44; computer&#41;&#44; general factors &#40;age&#44; sex&#44; faculty&#41; and ophthalmological refractive background &#40;use of glasses&#44; myopia&#44; hyperopia&#44; astigmatism&#41; was evaluated&#46; Ophthalmological records were evaluated in order to exclude students that have these expressions&#44; since they can cause CVS symptoms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Data collection and processing</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instrument was applied during class hours&#44; with permission from the teacher in charge&#46; The pollsters were research team members that gave instructions for the correct filling of the form and made a voluntary invitation to participate&#46; Afterwards&#44; complete surveys and signed informed consents were digitized with the Microsoft Excel 2016 program&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The database was imported into the statistics program R V3&#46;2 where the analysis was performed&#46; Categorical variables were tabulated in absolute and relative frequencies&#46; Furthermore&#44; prevalence of general CVS was also determined by gender&#44; age&#44; faculty and device time use&#46; Bivariate comparisons were made with the chi square test&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project was approved by the Faculty of Health Sciences ethics committee from the Peruvian Union University&#46; All participants gave their informed consent prior to data collection&#46; No personal data were recorded&#44; respecting the privacy and confidentiality principles of the World Medical Association&#8217;s Helsinki declaration&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 106 graduate students included in the study 58&#46;5&#37; were men and 41&#46;5&#37; women&#46; The average age was 34&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;1&#160;years&#46; In total&#44; 33&#46;0&#37; belonged to the Faculty of Theology&#44; 30&#46;2&#37; to the Faculty of Education&#44; 21&#46;7&#37; to the Faculty of Health Sciences and 15&#46;1&#37; to the Faculty of Business Sciences&#46; A majority of 99&#46;1&#37; reported using mobile phones&#44; 97&#46;2&#37; laptops and 74&#46;5&#37; electronic tablets&#46; CVS prevalence was 62&#46;3&#37; &#40;CI 95&#37;&#58; 52&#46;3&#8211;71&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the relation between sociodemographic characteristics and CVS&#46; It was found that a greater proportion of female students &#40;70&#46;5&#37;&#41; presented CVS than male students &#40;56&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; but without statistically significant differences&#46; Regarding the age group&#44; it was discovered that the largest proportion of students with CVS was in the 21&#8211;30&#160;year group &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41; and in the over 40 years group &#40;88&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; showing statistically significant differences &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;004&#41;&#46; In the Faculty of Business Sciences 75&#46;0&#37; of the students presented CVS&#44; being the faculty with the highest prevalence&#46; Out of the students that referred using a laptop&#44; 63&#46;1&#37; presented CVS&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows CVS prevalence according to the device and its time of use&#46; Among the students that use laptops&#44; the group that had the highest CVS incidence was the one that worked with them from 7 to 10&#160;h per day &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#59; however&#44; this did not differ much from that found in the group that used them 1&#8211;3&#160;h per day &#40;63&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; Regarding the use of mobile phones&#44; it is observed that 66&#46;7&#37; of students that used the device from 7 to 10&#160;h per day presented CVS&#46; On the contrary&#44; in groups that used the device from 1 to 3&#160;h or 4 to 6&#160;h per day the syndrome&#8217;s incidence was much lower&#44; 32&#46;5&#37; and 34&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; This difference is expressed in a statistically significant manner &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;030&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; regarding the use of electronic tablets&#44; there were no significant differences between proportions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computers and devices with VDT have become one of the main tools for college students&#59; simultaneously&#44; CVS has arisen as a frequent health problem in this population&#46; In the studied sample CVS prevalence was 62&#37;&#44; without significant differences between males and females&#46; The most frequently used devices were mobile phones and laptops&#46; Out of the participants with CVS&#44; 66&#46;7&#37; reported using mobile phones from 7 to 10&#160;h a day&#44; this amount of hours being much greater than that of the general population&#44; where an average use of around 3&#160;h and 40&#160;min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> is estimated&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CVS prevalence in the studied sample was similar to that reported by other research in university students that presented incidence levels of 51&#8211;71&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;12</span></a> It must be taken into account that the symptom assessment tool associated to CVS has been different in between the studies&#59; in our case we use the questionnaire validated by Segu&#237; et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> No differences were found between male and female prevalence&#59; however&#44; there are reports that indicate that this syndrome is more frequent in women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The majority of students belonged to business sciences&#59; similar to what is reported by Tawil et al&#46;&#44; who showed that business career students presented CVS 1&#46;6 more times than medicine students&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The most frequently used devices were mobile phones and laptops&#44; as reported in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It is interesting to note that students that reported being exposed to screens between 1 and 3&#160;h had a CVS prevalence similar to those that were exposed from 7 to 10&#160;h&#46; These figures concur with the reported by Mowatt et al&#46;&#44; where more than 40&#37; of participants used devices for more than 6&#160;h&#59; however&#44; no significant difference for this factor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> was found&#46; Reddy et al&#46; reported that 90&#37; of the evaluated students that presented symptoms associated to CVS used computers for more than 2 continuous hours per day&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and it has even been reported that exposure of only 1 continuous hour to an electronic tablet screen can increase astenopia signs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the physiopathological mechanisms that cause CVS are not yet fully understood&#44; it is believed that decrease of the blinking rate and greater accommodation efforts are two possible underlying causes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Portello et al&#46; reported that lack of blinking or incomplete blinks were associated to an increase in CVS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> symptoms&#46; In addition&#44; during computer screen use&#44; especially on desktop screens&#44; users usually adopt an angle of sight that exposes a greater ocular surface area compared to reading with low gaze&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> which could explain the dry eye feeling and ocular discomfort&#46; Simultaneously&#44; computer work demands saccadic accommodation &#40;continuous focusing&#41; and verge &#40;alignment&#41; eye movements&#44; all of which imply constant muscle activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> The screen pixel density significantly influences image quality and&#44; therefore&#44; visual performance&#46; It has been shown that low image quality increases visual effort which in turn increases visual fatigue and dry eye symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;20</span></a> Another associated mechanism is exposure to blue light&#59; it has been shown that decreasing exposure to this light reduces visual fatigue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Finally&#44; some of the most common causes of visual fatigue during the use of computers or devices with VDT include uncorrected refractive errors and presbyopia&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study&#8217;s findings are important because they provide information on a very frequent but underreported syndrome in the country and it could have repercussions on the quality of life of people that are affected by it&#46; Being able to identify some of the factors related to this syndrome allows the proposal of strategies to avoid its appearance or improving the conditions of the vulnerable population&#44; university students in particular&#46; Reddy et al&#46; indicated that strategies such as looking at distant objects for some time during work&#44; looking at the monitor from below eye level&#44; ocular massages and using eye lubricants helped reduce symptoms&#46; In contrast&#44; taking regular pauses during work and using screen filters to reduce &#34;radiation&#34; were not useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It is clear that regular ophthalmological examinations should be carried out to maintain visual health and prevent CVS&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study had some limitations that must be addressed&#46; In the literature&#44; other factors associated to development of CVS have been identified&#44; such as distance to the VDT device&#44; screen brightness intensity and environmental light among others that could not be analyzed in this study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;12</span></a> These variables must be considered in future research&#46; Another important limitation to remark is that ophthalmological antecedents and device time use were self-reported&#59; therefore there could be memory bias&#46; Finally&#44; this study was carried out in a single headquarter&#59; thus results can only be extrapolated to this population&#46; However&#44; there was a university population of diverse careers and age groups that could reasonably have sociodemographic and cultural characteristics similar to other university populations of Peru&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; 3 out of 5 graduate college students exhibited CVS&#44; a similar prevalence to that reported in other populations&#46; This syndrome becomes particularly relevant in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic&#44; where screen exposure hours have increased&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> It is recommended to expand the study of factors associated to CVS in future investigations and also possible interventions that could help reduce this pathology&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has not received specific aid from public sector agencies&#44; commercial sector or non-profit entities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interests have been declared by the authors&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In recent decades&#44; several studies have found a strong association between prolonged use of video display terminals and ophthalmological symptoms encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome &#40;CVS&#41;&#46; Few studies have addressed this syndrome in graduate students&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observational&#44; cross-sectional descriptive study&#46; A total of 106 postgraduate students were surveyed without ophthalmological pathologies&#46; The diagnosis of CVS was made by means of the questionnaire of Segu&#237; et al&#46; validated in Spanish&#44; which evaluates the frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CVS among graduate university students was 62&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 52&#46;3&#8211;71&#46;5&#41;&#46; It was found that the highest proportion of students with the syndrome was in the group of older than 40 years old &#40;88&#46;2&#37;&#41; and in the group 21&#8211;30 years old &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; showing statistically significant differences &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;004&#41;&#46; According to the device and its time of use&#44; students who used the mobile phone for 7&#8211;10&#160;h a day showed a higher prevalence of CVS compared to those who used the device for less time &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;030&#41;&#46; The business School had the highest prevalence &#40;75&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three out of every five graduate students presented CVS with this prevalence being like reported in other populations&#46; There is a need to investigate possible interventions that can help reduce this entity&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas diversos estudios han encontrado una fuerte asociaci&#243;n entre el uso prolongado de los videoterminales y s&#237;ntomas oftalmol&#243;gicos englobados en el denominado s&#237;ndrome visual inform&#225;tico &#40;SVI&#41;&#46; Pocos estudios han abordado este s&#237;ndrome en estudiantes de posgrado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional&#44; descriptivo de corte transversal&#46; Se encuest&#243; a 106 estudiantes universitarios de posgrado sin patolog&#237;as oftalmol&#243;gicas&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de SVI se realiz&#243; mediante el cuestionario de Segu&#237; et al&#46; validado en castellano&#44; el cual eval&#250;a la frecuencia e intensidad de 16 s&#237;ntomas oculares&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de SVI de los estudiantes universitarios de posgrado fue del 62&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 52&#44;3&#8211;71&#44;5&#41;&#46; Se encontr&#243; que la mayor proporci&#243;n de estudiantes con el s&#237;ndrome estuvo en el grupo mayor de 40 a&#241;os &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; y en el grupo de 21&#8211;30 a&#241;os &#40;70&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; mostrando diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;004&#41;&#46; Seg&#250;n el dispositivo y su tiempo de uso se observ&#243; que los estudiantes que utilizaban el tel&#233;fono m&#243;vil de 7 a 10&#160;h diarias presentaron una prevalencia de SVI mayor en comparaci&#243;n con quienes utilizaban el dispositivo menos tiempo &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;030&#41;&#46; La Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales present&#243; la prevalencia m&#225;s elevada &#40;75&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tres de cada cinco estudiantes universitarios de posgrado presentaron SVI&#44; siendo esta prevalencia similar a lo reportado en otras poblaciones&#46; Es necesario que se investiguen posibles intervenciones que puedan ayudar a reducir esta entidad&#46;</p></span>"
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          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Fernandez-Villacorta D&#44; Soriano-Moreno AN&#44; Galvez-Olortegui T&#44; Agui-Santiva&#241;ez N&#44; Soriano-Moreno DR&#44; Benites-Zapata VA&#46; S&#237;ndrome visual inform&#225;tico en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima&#44; Per&#250;&#46; Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol&#46; 2021&#59;96&#58;515&#8211;520&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;29&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;43&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;56&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#8722;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#8722;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;60&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Theology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;48&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uses laptop</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;547&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;36&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;63&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uses mobile phone</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;361&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;37&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;62&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uses tablet</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;751&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;39&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;60&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Computer visual syndrome</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Using laptop &#40;103&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>General&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;42&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59 &#40;57&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;3&#160;h per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;37&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;63&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;504&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4&#8211;6&#160;h per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">26 &#40;48&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28 &#40;51&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#8211;10&#160;h per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;36&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Using mobile phone &#40;105&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>General&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">64 &#40;61&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">41 &#40;39&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;3&#160;h per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;67&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;030&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#8211;10&#160;h per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Using tablet &#40;27&#41;</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#8211;3&#160;h per day&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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ISSN: 21735794
Original language: English
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