Computer visual syndrome in graduate students of a private university in Lima, Perú | Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition)

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Fernandez-Villacorta, A.N. Soriano-Moreno, T. Galvez-Olortegui, N. Agui-Santivañez, D.R. Soriano-Moreno, V.A. Benites-Zapata" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Fernandez-Villacorta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "A.N." "apellidos" => "Soriano-Moreno" "email" => array:2 [ 0 => "andsor19@gmail.com" 1 => "andersonsoriano@upeu.edu.pe" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "T." "apellidos" => "Galvez-Olortegui" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "N." 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"apellidos" => "Benites-Zapata" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Unidad de Oftalmología Basada en Evidencias (Oftalmoevidencia), Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Peru" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Yrigoyen, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionThe use of devices with monitors known as Video Terminals (VDT) (computer, mobile phone, tablet) has increased considerably in recent decades. Exposure to VDT has been associated with dermatological conditions, muscle-skeletal disorders and visual symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">1</a> The latter are encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome (CVS).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">2</a>Several studies have found a strong association between the prolonged use of VDTs and ophthalmological symptoms with a directly proportional correlation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015">3–5</a> Worldwide, among VDT users, ophthalmological symptoms prevalence varies from 64 to 90%. It is estimated that approximately 60 million people present this syndrome.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,7</a> In the population of university students, this syndrome is much more prevalent, reaching in some cases up to 81% of affected students.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> This phenomenon is explained by the frequent use of VDT for academic activities, entertainment and social media. It has been observed that symptoms significantly increase in students that use computers for more than 2 h. The main ocular symptoms referred by subjects are eye fatigue, irritation, burning sensation, redness, blurred vision and double vision.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">7</a> Said symptoms can negatively impact students’ daily work, affecting their productivity, efficiency, time administration, health and general well-being.Although CVS can be easily prevented decreasing the hours of computer use, a million new cases are reported worldwide every year.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> In South America, evidence is limited. In Peru, only one study published in 2012 has explored this topic. Prevalence of visual fatigue in hospital digitizers was reported at a 59%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">9</a> There is no evidence regarding CVS frequency in university graduate students. Being a population at high-risk of presenting CVS due to frequent use of VDT devices, and acknowledging the negative effect in productivity that the syndrome can have, this study aimed to describe CVS prevalence in university graduate students from a private university in Lima, Peru.MethodologyStudy designObservational type study, cross-sectional descriptive in Postgraduate School students of a private university located in Lima, capital of Peru.Population and sampleThe population of the study comprised 410 college students enrolled in the first half of 2019. Sample size was calculated on the NetQuest website with the following considerations: 5% error margin, 95% confidence interval and an expected proportion of students with CVS of 50%. A total sample of 199 surveyed students was obtained. Around 200 students filled in a survey, although 7 were poorly executed and therefore not included in the analysis. Of the remaining, 87 participants that referred having any of the refractory pathologies evaluated (57 referred myopia, 40 astigmatism and 21 hyperopia) were excluded. The final sample to analyze was 106 students.Main variableTo classify participants as CVS, the survey used was validated by Seguí et al. in which frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms were evaluated: (i) "burning"; (ii) "itching"; (iii) "foreign body sensation"; (iv) "tearing"; (v) "excessive blinking"; (vi) "ocular redness"; (vii) "eye pain"; (viii) "heavy eyelids"; (ix) "ocular dryness"; (x) "blurred vision"; (xi) "double vision"; (xii) "difficulty to focus up close"; (xiii) "increased light sensitivity"; (xiv) "colored halos surrounding objects"; (xv) "feeling of seeing worse", and (xvi) "headache". Frequency was evaluated in 3 categories with a score from 0 to 2 (never = 0, seldom = 1, usually or always = 2) and intensity with 2 categories (moderate = 1, intense = 2). If a symptom was marked as "never" presented, the intensity question was not filled. To calculate the final score, first the symptoms’ frequency score for intensity is multiplied. Subsequently, this result is recoded as a 0 = 0, 1 or 2 = 1 and 4 = 2. Finally, the result is added to each of the symptoms. A score greater than or equal to 6 includes an individual in the CVS category. This survey was applied to each device subjects referred to use, evaluating in which CVS was present more frequently. Likewise, the frequency of exposure to devices with VDT (mobile phone, electronic tablet, computer), general factors (age, sex, faculty) and ophthalmological refractive background (use of glasses, myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism) was evaluated. Ophthalmological records were evaluated in order to exclude students that have these expressions, since they can cause CVS symptoms.Data collection and processingThe instrument was applied during class hours, with permission from the teacher in charge. The pollsters were research team members that gave instructions for the correct filling of the form and made a voluntary invitation to participate. Afterwards, complete surveys and signed informed consents were digitized with the Microsoft Excel 2016 program.Statistical analysisThe database was imported into the statistics program R V3.2 where the analysis was performed. Categorical variables were tabulated in absolute and relative frequencies. Furthermore, prevalence of general CVS was also determined by gender, age, faculty and device time use. Bivariate comparisons were made with the chi square test.Ethical considerationsThis project was approved by the Faculty of Health Sciences ethics committee from the Peruvian Union University. All participants gave their informed consent prior to data collection. No personal data were recorded, respecting the privacy and confidentiality principles of the World Medical Association’s Helsinki declaration.ResultsOut of the 106 graduate students included in the study 58.5% were men and 41.5% women. The average age was 34.4 ± 6.1 years. In total, 33.0% belonged to the Faculty of Theology, 30.2% to the Faculty of Education, 21.7% to the Faculty of Health Sciences and 15.1% to the Faculty of Business Sciences. A majority of 99.1% reported using mobile phones, 97.2% laptops and 74.5% electronic tablets. CVS prevalence was 62.3% (CI 95%: 52.3–71.5).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the relation between sociodemographic characteristics and CVS. It was found that a greater proportion of female students (70.5%) presented CVS than male students (56.5%), but without statistically significant differences. Regarding the age group, it was discovered that the largest proportion of students with CVS was in the 21–30 year group (70.0%) and in the over 40 years group (88.2%), showing statistically significant differences (p = 0.004). In the Faculty of Business Sciences 75.0% of the students presented CVS, being the faculty with the highest prevalence. Out of the students that referred using a laptop, 63.1% presented CVS.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows CVS prevalence according to the device and its time of use. Among the students that use laptops, the group that had the highest CVS incidence was the one that worked with them from 7 to 10 h per day (63.6%); however, this did not differ much from that found in the group that used them 1–3 h per day (63.0%). Regarding the use of mobile phones, it is observed that 66.7% of students that used the device from 7 to 10 h per day presented CVS. On the contrary, in groups that used the device from 1 to 3 h or 4 to 6 h per day the syndrome’s incidence was much lower, 32.5% and 34.0%, respectively. This difference is expressed in a statistically significant manner (p = 0.030). Finally, regarding the use of electronic tablets, there were no significant differences between proportions.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>DiscussionComputers and devices with VDT have become one of the main tools for college students; simultaneously, CVS has arisen as a frequent health problem in this population. In the studied sample CVS prevalence was 62%, without significant differences between males and females. The most frequently used devices were mobile phones and laptops. Out of the participants with CVS, 66.7% reported using mobile phones from 7 to 10 h a day, this amount of hours being much greater than that of the general population, where an average use of around 3 h and 40 min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">10</a> is estimated.CVS prevalence in the studied sample was similar to that reported by other research in university students that presented incidence levels of 51–71%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045">9,11,12</a> It must be taken into account that the symptom assessment tool associated to CVS has been different in between the studies; in our case we use the questionnaire validated by Seguí et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> No differences were found between male and female prevalence; however, there are reports that indicate that this syndrome is more frequent in women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">12</a> The majority of students belonged to business sciences; similar to what is reported by Tawil et al., who showed that business career students presented CVS 1.6 more times than medicine students.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">6</a> The most frequently used devices were mobile phones and laptops, as reported in other studies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">11</a> It is interesting to note that students that reported being exposed to screens between 1 and 3 h had a CVS prevalence similar to those that were exposed from 7 to 10 h. These figures concur with the reported by Mowatt et al., where more than 40% of participants used devices for more than 6 h; however, no significant difference for this factor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">8</a> was found. Reddy et al. reported that 90% of the evaluated students that presented symptoms associated to CVS used computers for more than 2 continuous hours per day,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">14</a> and it has even been reported that exposure of only 1 continuous hour to an electronic tablet screen can increase astenopia signs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">15</a>Although the physiopathological mechanisms that cause CVS are not yet fully understood, it is believed that decrease of the blinking rate and greater accommodation efforts are two possible underlying causes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075">15,16</a> Portello et al. reported that lack of blinking or incomplete blinks were associated to an increase in CVS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">17</a> symptoms. In addition, during computer screen use, especially on desktop screens, users usually adopt an angle of sight that exposes a greater ocular surface area compared to reading with low gaze,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">16</a> which could explain the dry eye feeling and ocular discomfort. Simultaneously, computer work demands saccadic accommodation (continuous focusing) and verge (alignment) eye movements, all of which imply constant muscle activity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090">18,19</a> The screen pixel density significantly influences image quality and, therefore, visual performance. It has been shown that low image quality increases visual effort which in turn increases visual fatigue and dry eye symptoms.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080">16,20</a> Another associated mechanism is exposure to blue light; it has been shown that decreasing exposure to this light reduces visual fatigue.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">21</a> Finally, some of the most common causes of visual fatigue during the use of computers or devices with VDT include uncorrected refractive errors and presbyopia.The present study’s findings are important because they provide information on a very frequent but underreported syndrome in the country and it could have repercussions on the quality of life of people that are affected by it. Being able to identify some of the factors related to this syndrome allows the proposal of strategies to avoid its appearance or improving the conditions of the vulnerable population, university students in particular. Reddy et al. indicated that strategies such as looking at distant objects for some time during work, looking at the monitor from below eye level, ocular massages and using eye lubricants helped reduce symptoms. In contrast, taking regular pauses during work and using screen filters to reduce "radiation" were not useful.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">13</a> It is clear that regular ophthalmological examinations should be carried out to maintain visual health and prevent CVS.This study had some limitations that must be addressed. In the literature, other factors associated to development of CVS have been identified, such as distance to the VDT device, screen brightness intensity and environmental light among others that could not be analyzed in this study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030">6,12</a> These variables must be considered in future research. Another important limitation to remark is that ophthalmological antecedents and device time use were self-reported; therefore there could be memory bias. Finally, this study was carried out in a single headquarter; thus results can only be extrapolated to this population. However, there was a university population of diverse careers and age groups that could reasonably have sociodemographic and cultural characteristics similar to other university populations of Peru.ConclusionIn conclusion, 3 out of 5 graduate college students exhibited CVS, a similar prevalence to that reported in other populations. This syndrome becomes particularly relevant in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, where screen exposure hours have increased.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">22</a> It is recommended to expand the study of factors associated to CVS in future investigations and also possible interventions that could help reduce this pathology.FundingThe present study has not received specific aid from public sector agencies, commercial sector or non-profit entities.Conflict of interestNo conflicts of interests have been declared by the authors." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:13 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1583663" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425291" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1583662" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425290" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Population and sample" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Main variable" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Data collection and processing" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethical considerations" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack559419" "titulo" => "Acknowledgement" ] 12 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-06-10" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-01" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425291" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Computer vision syndrome" 1 => "Vision problems" 2 => "Postgraduate students" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425290" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Síndrome visual informático" 1 => "Problemas de visión" 2 => "Estudiantes de posgrado" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "BackgroundIn recent decades, several studies have found a strong association between prolonged use of video display terminals and ophthalmological symptoms encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome (CVS). Few studies have addressed this syndrome in graduate students. MethodsObservational, cross-sectional descriptive study. A total of 106 postgraduate students were surveyed without ophthalmological pathologies. The diagnosis of CVS was made by means of the questionnaire of Seguí et al. validated in Spanish, which evaluates the frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms. ResultsThe prevalence of CVS among graduate university students was 62.3% (95% CI: 52.3–71.5). It was found that the highest proportion of students with the syndrome was in the group of older than 40 years old (88.2%) and in the group 21–30 years old (70.0%), showing statistically significant differences (p = 0.004). According to the device and its time of use, students who used the mobile phone for 7–10 h a day showed a higher prevalence of CVS compared to those who used the device for less time (p = 0.030). The business School had the highest prevalence (75.0%). ConclusionThree out of every five graduate students presented CVS with this prevalence being like reported in other populations. There is a need to investigate possible interventions that can help reduce this entity." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "AntecedentesEn las últimas décadas diversos estudios han encontrado una fuerte asociación entre el uso prolongado de los videoterminales y síntomas oftalmológicos englobados en el denominado síndrome visual informático (SVI). Pocos estudios han abordado este síndrome en estudiantes de posgrado. MétodosEstudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal. Se encuestó a 106 estudiantes universitarios de posgrado sin patologías oftalmológicas. El diagnóstico de SVI se realizó mediante el cuestionario de Seguí et al. validado en castellano, el cual evalúa la frecuencia e intensidad de 16 síntomas oculares. ResultadosLa prevalencia de SVI de los estudiantes universitarios de posgrado fue del 62,3% (IC 95%: 52,3–71,5). Se encontró que la mayor proporción de estudiantes con el síndrome estuvo en el grupo mayor de 40 años (88,2%) y en el grupo de 21–30 años (70,0%), mostrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,004). Según el dispositivo y su tiempo de uso se observó que los estudiantes que utilizaban el teléfono móvil de 7 a 10 h diarias presentaron una prevalencia de SVI mayor en comparación con quienes utilizaban el dispositivo menos tiempo (p = 0,030). La Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales presentó la prevalencia más elevada (75,0%). ConclusiónTres de cada cinco estudiantes universitarios de posgrado presentaron SVI, siendo esta prevalencia similar a lo reportado en otras poblaciones. Es necesario que se investiguen posibles intervenciones que puedan ayudar a reducir esta entidad." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusión" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Please cite this article as: Fernandez-Villacorta D, Soriano-Moreno AN, Galvez-Olortegui T, Agui-Santivañez N, Soriano-Moreno DR, Benites-Zapata VA. Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2021;96:515–520." ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Computer visual syndrome</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No = 40 (37.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes = 66 (62.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (29.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (70.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (43.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">35 (56.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21−30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (30.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (70.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31−35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (33.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (66.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36−40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21 (60.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (40.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">>40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (11.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (88.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Faculty \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.328 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Education \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (31.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (68.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Business \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (25.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (75.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Health \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (39.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (60.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Theology \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (48.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 (51.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Uses laptop \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.547 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (66.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (33.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38 (36.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">65 (63.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Uses mobile phone \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.361 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (100%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 (0.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 (37.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">66 (62.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Uses tablet \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.751 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (39.2%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48 (60.8%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (33.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">18 (66.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2712666.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Calculated with the chi square test." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Sociodemographic characteristics and computer visual syndrome in graduate students." ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0010" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Computer visual syndrome</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">*</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Using laptop (103)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">44 (42.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59 (57.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1–3 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (37.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (63.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.504 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4–6 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (48.1%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 (51.9%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7–10 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (36.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (63.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Using mobile phone (105)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">64 (61.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 (39.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1–3 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (67.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (32.5%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.030 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4–6 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (66.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (34.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7–10 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (33.3%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (66.7%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Using tablet (27)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19 (70.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (29.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1–3 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (71.4%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (28.6%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4–6 h per day \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (75.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (25.0%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2712665.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Calculated with the chi square test." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Prevalence of computer visual syndrome according to the device used and time of use in postgraduate students." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Riesgos y daños a la salud derivados del uso de videoterminal" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. 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Computer visual syndrome in graduate students of a private university in Lima, Perú

Síndrome visual informático en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú

D. Fernandez-Villacortaa, A.N. Soriano-Morenoa,

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andsor19@gmail.com
andersonsoriano@upeu.edu.pe

Corresponding author.

, T. Galvez-Olorteguib,c, N. Agui-Santivañeza, D.R. Soriano-Morenoa, V.A. Benites-Zapatad

a Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Escuela de Medicina Humana, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, Peru

b Unidad de Oftalmología Basada en Evidencias (Oftalmoevidencia), Scientia Clinical and Epidemiological Research Institute, Trujillo, Peru

c Departamento de Oftalmología, Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Yrigoyen, Lima, Peru

d Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Lima, Peru

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of devices with monitors known as Video Terminals &#40;VDT&#41; &#40;computer&#44; mobile phone&#44; tablet&#41; has increased considerably in recent decades&#46; Exposure to VDT has been associated with dermatological conditions&#44; muscle-skeletal disorders and visual symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The latter are encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome &#40;CVS&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have found a strong association between the prolonged use of VDTs and ophthalmological symptoms with a directly proportional correlation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#8211;5</span></a> Worldwide&#44; among VDT users&#44; ophthalmological symptoms prevalence varies from 64 to 90&#37;&#46; It is estimated that approximately 60 million people present this syndrome&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;7</span></a> In the population of university students&#44; this syndrome is much more prevalent&#44; reaching in some cases up to 81&#37; of affected students&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> This phenomenon is explained by the frequent use of VDT for academic activities&#44; entertainment and social media&#46; It has been observed that symptoms significantly increase in students that use computers for more than 2&#160;h&#46; The main ocular symptoms referred by subjects are eye fatigue&#44; irritation&#44; burning sensation&#44; redness&#44; blurred vision and double vision&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Said symptoms can negatively impact students&#8217; daily work&#44; affecting their productivity&#44; efficiency&#44; time administration&#44; health and general well-being&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although CVS can be easily prevented decreasing the hours of computer use&#44; a million new cases are reported worldwide every year&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In South America&#44; evidence is limited&#46; In Peru&#44; only one study published in 2012 has explored this topic&#46; Prevalence of visual fatigue in hospital digitizers was reported at a 59&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> There is no evidence regarding CVS frequency in university graduate students&#46; Being a population at high-risk of presenting CVS due to frequent use of VDT devices&#44; and acknowledging the negative effect in productivity that the syndrome can have&#44; this study aimed to describe CVS prevalence in university graduate students from a private university in Lima&#44; Peru&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Observational type study&#44; cross-sectional descriptive in Postgraduate School students of a private university located in Lima&#44; capital of Peru&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Population and sample</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population of the study comprised 410 college students enrolled in the first half of 2019&#46; Sample size was calculated on the NetQuest website with the following considerations&#58; 5&#37; error margin&#44; 95&#37; confidence interval and an expected proportion of students with CVS of 50&#37;&#46; A total sample of 199 surveyed students was obtained&#46; Around 200 students filled in a survey&#44; although 7 were poorly executed and therefore not included in the analysis&#46; Of the remaining&#44; 87 participants that referred having any of the refractory pathologies evaluated &#40;57 referred myopia&#44; 40 astigmatism and 21 hyperopia&#41; were excluded&#46; The final sample to analyze was 106 students&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Main variable</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To classify participants as CVS&#44; the survey used was validated by Segu&#237; et al&#46; in which frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms were evaluated&#58; &#40;i&#41; &#34;burning&#34;&#59; &#40;ii&#41; &#34;itching&#34;&#59; &#40;iii&#41; &#34;foreign body sensation&#34;&#59; &#40;iv&#41; &#34;tearing&#34;&#59; &#40;v&#41; &#34;excessive blinking&#34;&#59; &#40;vi&#41; &#34;ocular redness&#34;&#59; &#40;vii&#41; &#34;eye pain&#34;&#59; &#40;viii&#41; &#34;heavy eyelids&#34;&#59; &#40;ix&#41; &#34;ocular dryness&#34;&#59; &#40;x&#41; &#34;blurred vision&#34;&#59; &#40;xi&#41; &#34;double vision&#34;&#59; &#40;xii&#41; &#34;difficulty to focus up close&#34;&#59; &#40;xiii&#41; &#34;increased light sensitivity&#34;&#59; &#40;xiv&#41; &#34;colored halos surrounding objects&#34;&#59; &#40;xv&#41; &#34;feeling of seeing worse&#34;&#44; and &#40;xvi&#41; &#34;headache&#34;&#46; Frequency was evaluated in 3 categories with a score from 0 to 2 &#40;never&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44; seldom&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#44; usually or always&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41; and intensity with 2 categories &#40;moderate&#160;&#61;&#160;1&#44; intense&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#41;&#46; If a symptom was marked as &#34;never&#34; presented&#44; the intensity question was not filled&#46; To calculate the final score&#44; first the symptoms&#8217; frequency score for intensity is multiplied&#46; Subsequently&#44; this result is recoded as a 0&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44; 1 or 2&#160;&#61;&#160;1 and 4&#160;&#61;&#160;2&#46; Finally&#44; the result is added to each of the symptoms&#46; A score greater than or equal to 6 includes an individual in the CVS category&#46; This survey was applied to each device subjects referred to use&#44; evaluating in which CVS was present more frequently&#46; Likewise&#44; the frequency of exposure to devices with VDT &#40;mobile phone&#44; electronic tablet&#44; computer&#41;&#44; general factors &#40;age&#44; sex&#44; faculty&#41; and ophthalmological refractive background &#40;use of glasses&#44; myopia&#44; hyperopia&#44; astigmatism&#41; was evaluated&#46; Ophthalmological records were evaluated in order to exclude students that have these expressions&#44; since they can cause CVS symptoms&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Data collection and processing</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The instrument was applied during class hours&#44; with permission from the teacher in charge&#46; The pollsters were research team members that gave instructions for the correct filling of the form and made a voluntary invitation to participate&#46; Afterwards&#44; complete surveys and signed informed consents were digitized with the Microsoft Excel 2016 program&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The database was imported into the statistics program R V3&#46;2 where the analysis was performed&#46; Categorical variables were tabulated in absolute and relative frequencies&#46; Furthermore&#44; prevalence of general CVS was also determined by gender&#44; age&#44; faculty and device time use&#46; Bivariate comparisons were made with the chi square test&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This project was approved by the Faculty of Health Sciences ethics committee from the Peruvian Union University&#46; All participants gave their informed consent prior to data collection&#46; No personal data were recorded&#44; respecting the privacy and confidentiality principles of the World Medical Association&#8217;s Helsinki declaration&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Out of the 106 graduate students included in the study 58&#46;5&#37; were men and 41&#46;5&#37; women&#46; The average age was 34&#46;4&#160;&#177;&#160;6&#46;1&#160;years&#46; In total&#44; 33&#46;0&#37; belonged to the Faculty of Theology&#44; 30&#46;2&#37; to the Faculty of Education&#44; 21&#46;7&#37; to the Faculty of Health Sciences and 15&#46;1&#37; to the Faculty of Business Sciences&#46; A majority of 99&#46;1&#37; reported using mobile phones&#44; 97&#46;2&#37; laptops and 74&#46;5&#37; electronic tablets&#46; CVS prevalence was 62&#46;3&#37; &#40;CI 95&#37;&#58; 52&#46;3&#8211;71&#46;5&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the relation between sociodemographic characteristics and CVS&#46; It was found that a greater proportion of female students &#40;70&#46;5&#37;&#41; presented CVS than male students &#40;56&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; but without statistically significant differences&#46; Regarding the age group&#44; it was discovered that the largest proportion of students with CVS was in the 21&#8211;30&#160;year group &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41; and in the over 40 years group &#40;88&#46;2&#37;&#41;&#44; showing statistically significant differences &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;004&#41;&#46; In the Faculty of Business Sciences 75&#46;0&#37; of the students presented CVS&#44; being the faculty with the highest prevalence&#46; Out of the students that referred using a laptop&#44; 63&#46;1&#37; presented CVS&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows CVS prevalence according to the device and its time of use&#46; Among the students that use laptops&#44; the group that had the highest CVS incidence was the one that worked with them from 7 to 10&#160;h per day &#40;63&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#59; however&#44; this did not differ much from that found in the group that used them 1&#8211;3&#160;h per day &#40;63&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46; Regarding the use of mobile phones&#44; it is observed that 66&#46;7&#37; of students that used the device from 7 to 10&#160;h per day presented CVS&#46; On the contrary&#44; in groups that used the device from 1 to 3&#160;h or 4 to 6&#160;h per day the syndrome&#8217;s incidence was much lower&#44; 32&#46;5&#37; and 34&#46;0&#37;&#44; respectively&#46; This difference is expressed in a statistically significant manner &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;030&#41;&#46; Finally&#44; regarding the use of electronic tablets&#44; there were no significant differences between proportions&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Computers and devices with VDT have become one of the main tools for college students&#59; simultaneously&#44; CVS has arisen as a frequent health problem in this population&#46; In the studied sample CVS prevalence was 62&#37;&#44; without significant differences between males and females&#46; The most frequently used devices were mobile phones and laptops&#46; Out of the participants with CVS&#44; 66&#46;7&#37; reported using mobile phones from 7 to 10&#160;h a day&#44; this amount of hours being much greater than that of the general population&#44; where an average use of around 3&#160;h and 40&#160;min<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> is estimated&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">CVS prevalence in the studied sample was similar to that reported by other research in university students that presented incidence levels of 51&#8211;71&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9&#44;11&#44;12</span></a> It must be taken into account that the symptom assessment tool associated to CVS has been different in between the studies&#59; in our case we use the questionnaire validated by Segu&#237; et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> No differences were found between male and female prevalence&#59; however&#44; there are reports that indicate that this syndrome is more frequent in women&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The majority of students belonged to business sciences&#59; similar to what is reported by Tawil et al&#46;&#44; who showed that business career students presented CVS 1&#46;6 more times than medicine students&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> The most frequently used devices were mobile phones and laptops&#44; as reported in other studies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> It is interesting to note that students that reported being exposed to screens between 1 and 3&#160;h had a CVS prevalence similar to those that were exposed from 7 to 10&#160;h&#46; These figures concur with the reported by Mowatt et al&#46;&#44; where more than 40&#37; of participants used devices for more than 6&#160;h&#59; however&#44; no significant difference for this factor<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> was found&#46; Reddy et al&#46; reported that 90&#37; of the evaluated students that presented symptoms associated to CVS used computers for more than 2 continuous hours per day&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> and it has even been reported that exposure of only 1 continuous hour to an electronic tablet screen can increase astenopia signs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although the physiopathological mechanisms that cause CVS are not yet fully understood&#44; it is believed that decrease of the blinking rate and greater accommodation efforts are two possible underlying causes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15&#44;16</span></a> Portello et al&#46; reported that lack of blinking or incomplete blinks were associated to an increase in CVS<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> symptoms&#46; In addition&#44; during computer screen use&#44; especially on desktop screens&#44; users usually adopt an angle of sight that exposes a greater ocular surface area compared to reading with low gaze&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> which could explain the dry eye feeling and ocular discomfort&#46; Simultaneously&#44; computer work demands saccadic accommodation &#40;continuous focusing&#41; and verge &#40;alignment&#41; eye movements&#44; all of which imply constant muscle activity&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18&#44;19</span></a> The screen pixel density significantly influences image quality and&#44; therefore&#44; visual performance&#46; It has been shown that low image quality increases visual effort which in turn increases visual fatigue and dry eye symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16&#44;20</span></a> Another associated mechanism is exposure to blue light&#59; it has been shown that decreasing exposure to this light reduces visual fatigue&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Finally&#44; some of the most common causes of visual fatigue during the use of computers or devices with VDT include uncorrected refractive errors and presbyopia&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study&#8217;s findings are important because they provide information on a very frequent but underreported syndrome in the country and it could have repercussions on the quality of life of people that are affected by it&#46; Being able to identify some of the factors related to this syndrome allows the proposal of strategies to avoid its appearance or improving the conditions of the vulnerable population&#44; university students in particular&#46; Reddy et al&#46; indicated that strategies such as looking at distant objects for some time during work&#44; looking at the monitor from below eye level&#44; ocular massages and using eye lubricants helped reduce symptoms&#46; In contrast&#44; taking regular pauses during work and using screen filters to reduce &#34;radiation&#34; were not useful&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It is clear that regular ophthalmological examinations should be carried out to maintain visual health and prevent CVS&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study had some limitations that must be addressed&#46; In the literature&#44; other factors associated to development of CVS have been identified&#44; such as distance to the VDT device&#44; screen brightness intensity and environmental light among others that could not be analyzed in this study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#44;12</span></a> These variables must be considered in future research&#46; Another important limitation to remark is that ophthalmological antecedents and device time use were self-reported&#59; therefore there could be memory bias&#46; Finally&#44; this study was carried out in a single headquarter&#59; thus results can only be extrapolated to this population&#46; However&#44; there was a university population of diverse careers and age groups that could reasonably have sociodemographic and cultural characteristics similar to other university populations of Peru&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; 3 out of 5 graduate college students exhibited CVS&#44; a similar prevalence to that reported in other populations&#46; This syndrome becomes particularly relevant in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic&#44; where screen exposure hours have increased&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> It is recommended to expand the study of factors associated to CVS in future investigations and also possible interventions that could help reduce this pathology&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Funding</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The present study has not received specific aid from public sector agencies&#44; commercial sector or non-profit entities&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0125">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interests have been declared by the authors&#46;</p></span></span>"
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              "titulo" => "Ethical considerations"
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          "identificador" => "xack559419"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgement"
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        12 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
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      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
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    "fechaRecibido" => "2020-06-10"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2020-12-01"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425291"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "Computer vision syndrome"
            1 => "Vision problems"
            2 => "Postgraduate students"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1425290"
          "palabras" => array:3 [
            0 => "S&#237;ndrome visual inform&#225;tico"
            1 => "Problemas de visi&#243;n"
            2 => "Estudiantes de posgrado"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In recent decades&#44; several studies have found a strong association between prolonged use of video display terminals and ophthalmological symptoms encompassed in the so-called computer visual syndrome &#40;CVS&#41;&#46; Few studies have addressed this syndrome in graduate students&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Observational&#44; cross-sectional descriptive study&#46; A total of 106 postgraduate students were surveyed without ophthalmological pathologies&#46; The diagnosis of CVS was made by means of the questionnaire of Segu&#237; et al&#46; validated in Spanish&#44; which evaluates the frequency and intensity of 16 ocular symptoms&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of CVS among graduate university students was 62&#46;3&#37; &#40;95&#37; CI&#58; 52&#46;3&#8211;71&#46;5&#41;&#46; It was found that the highest proportion of students with the syndrome was in the group of older than 40 years old &#40;88&#46;2&#37;&#41; and in the group 21&#8211;30 years old &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#44; showing statistically significant differences &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;004&#41;&#46; According to the device and its time of use&#44; students who used the mobile phone for 7&#8211;10&#160;h a day showed a higher prevalence of CVS compared to those who used the device for less time &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#46;030&#41;&#46; The business School had the highest prevalence &#40;75&#46;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three out of every five graduate students presented CVS with this prevalence being like reported in other populations&#46; There is a need to investigate possible interventions that can help reduce this entity&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Background"
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      "es" => array:3 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas diversos estudios han encontrado una fuerte asociaci&#243;n entre el uso prolongado de los videoterminales y s&#237;ntomas oftalmol&#243;gicos englobados en el denominado s&#237;ndrome visual inform&#225;tico &#40;SVI&#41;&#46; Pocos estudios han abordado este s&#237;ndrome en estudiantes de posgrado&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio observacional&#44; descriptivo de corte transversal&#46; Se encuest&#243; a 106 estudiantes universitarios de posgrado sin patolog&#237;as oftalmol&#243;gicas&#46; El diagn&#243;stico de SVI se realiz&#243; mediante el cuestionario de Segu&#237; et al&#46; validado en castellano&#44; el cual eval&#250;a la frecuencia e intensidad de 16 s&#237;ntomas oculares&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La prevalencia de SVI de los estudiantes universitarios de posgrado fue del 62&#44;3&#37; &#40;IC 95&#37;&#58; 52&#44;3&#8211;71&#44;5&#41;&#46; Se encontr&#243; que la mayor proporci&#243;n de estudiantes con el s&#237;ndrome estuvo en el grupo mayor de 40 a&#241;os &#40;88&#44;2&#37;&#41; y en el grupo de 21&#8211;30 a&#241;os &#40;70&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#44; mostrando diferencias estad&#237;sticamente significativas &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;004&#41;&#46; Seg&#250;n el dispositivo y su tiempo de uso se observ&#243; que los estudiantes que utilizaban el tel&#233;fono m&#243;vil de 7 a 10&#160;h diarias presentaron una prevalencia de SVI mayor en comparaci&#243;n con quienes utilizaban el dispositivo menos tiempo &#40;p&#160;&#61;&#160;0&#44;030&#41;&#46; La Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales present&#243; la prevalencia m&#225;s elevada &#40;75&#44;0&#37;&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Tres de cada cinco estudiantes universitarios de posgrado presentaron SVI&#44; siendo esta prevalencia similar a lo reportado en otras poblaciones&#46; Es necesario que se investiguen posibles intervenciones que puedan ayudar a reducir esta entidad&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "M&#233;todos"
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            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Please cite this article as&#58; Fernandez-Villacorta D&#44; Soriano-Moreno AN&#44; Galvez-Olortegui T&#44; Agui-Santiva&#241;ez N&#44; Soriano-Moreno DR&#44; Benites-Zapata VA&#46; S&#237;ndrome visual inform&#225;tico en estudiantes universitarios de posgrado de una universidad privada de Lima&#44; Per&#250;&#46; Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol&#46; 2021&#59;96&#58;515&#8211;520&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Computer visual syndrome</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;29&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;43&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">35 &#40;56&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>21&#8722;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;70&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>31&#8722;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36&#8722;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">15 &#40;88&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Faculty</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;328&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Education&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10 &#40;31&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;68&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Business&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;25&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;75&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Health&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;39&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;60&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Theology&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17 &#40;48&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;51&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uses laptop</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;547&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38 &#40;36&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">65 &#40;63&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uses mobile phone</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;361&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;100&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0 &#40;0&#46;0&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">39 &#40;37&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;62&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Uses tablet</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;751&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;39&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48 &#40;60&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;33&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18 &#40;66&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Characteristics&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Computer visual syndrome</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">p<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010">&#42;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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