Editorial
Corruption in science: fraud in research publications
Corrupción en la ciencia: fraude en las publicaciones
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The choroidal thinning (white arrow) at nasal level could be physiological and attributable to the patient’s myopia. Subfoveal hyperreflectivity resolved at two weeks (B) leaving a minimal sequel of subfoveal RPE thickening at 1.5 months (C). The outer nasal layers progressively recovered (B and C). In A-OCT 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">en-face,</span> at ellipsoid layer level, hyperreflective points were observed surrounding the papilla (green arrow) at debut (D). After two weeks (E), these peripapillary hyperreflective points decreased but hyporeflective spots were observed (white arrow), which correlate with the disruption of the outer retina in autofluorescence. After 1.5 months (F), hyporeflective spots decreased and white peripapillary spots disappeared. The A-OCT 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3 showed at choriocapillary level two apparent hypoperfusion spots in the debut of the disease (G), which correlate with the shadow of the subfoveal column hyperreflectivity.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Moll-Udina, I. Hernanz, M. Dotti, V. Llorenç, A. Adán" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Moll-Udina" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Hernanz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Dotti" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "V." "apellidos" => "Llorenç" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." 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Montero de Espinosa" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "J.Á." "apellidos" => "Fernández-Vigo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jose.fernandez-vigo@fernandez-vigo.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "I." "apellidos" => "Montero de Espinosa" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Centro Internacional de Oftalmología Avanzada, Madrid y Badajoz, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Grupo de Estudio Sobre ética en Oftalmología, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Corrupción en la ciencia: fraude en las publicaciones" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">"Scientific Misconduct in Publication: Situation Analysis and Specific Types"</span> is the title of a recently published doctoral thesis from Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (Santiago de Compostela, Spain) which has garnered widespread attention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At first glance, it's quite startling. Research on misconduct in publications? Is there enough fraud to merit this focus? Surprised by the headline, we delve deeper. Although we are not experienced scientific journal editors, we are thesis supervisors or reviewers for notable journals. Therefore, those of us who have strived to make ethics our way of life must speak up. Any scientific work, regardless of its format, involves immense effort that should not be tarnished by those who turn deception into their “scientific modus operandi,” risking that we all get measured with the same stick, leading to reputational damage for us and for our professional activities, which should be marked by the pursuit of truth. That is intolerable.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As we’ll discuss later, Mario Bunge wisely made observations over 20 years ago on fraud in biomedical fields. In a previous editorial, we categorized clinical researchers into 2 groups: vocational researchers, who will never cheat, and “curricular” researchers, who publish for personal gain, whatever that may be.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A limited literature review highlighted 2 notable headlines in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nature</span>: “More than 10,000 research articles were retracted in 2023: a new record” with the subheading, “Integrity experts claim this is only the tip of the iceberg.”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> And a different one from May 2024: “Biomedical article retractions quadruple in 20 years.”<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A recent study examining the Retraction Watch database for medicine categorizes 8 reasons for retraction as scientific misconduct: data fabrication, plagiarism, duplication, ethical violations, conflicts of interest, authorship issues, lack of informed consent, and compromised peer review.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Among these, 83.8% occurred in original articles in clinical medicine, 62.3% were due to scientific misconduct, and 69.3% involved multiple retraction reasons. Among authors, 90% of the first or last signatories had only 1 retraction. Two authors had more than 100 retractions each. There are persistent fraudulent authors: one has 98.8% of their publications retracted. A serious side effect: 3.2% of retracted articles were cited more than 100 times, and 1.5% more than 200 times, meaning that false data have been used to support further research, misguiding other authors.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our scientific environment, approximately 1 out of a total of 18,621 retractions studied involved Spanish authors, and 74% were reported in the field biomedicine.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Broadly speaking, we see 2 ethically acceptable types of errors: unintentional errors and malicious errors. In cases of unintentional errors, the author retracts their work independently, and the scientific community may disregard the mistake. However, they must correct its bibliographic and methodological consequences. In contrast, if intentional fraud is detected, the journal must retract the article. In extreme cases, we encounter “paper mills” that manufacture articles for sale, many of which are entirely fabricated.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This is a colossal, almost absurd problem. How have we reached this point? In our view, the primary cause is a lack of ethics. The second cause is ambition in any form—professional, personal prestige, vanity, addiction to rewards, financial gain, employment, or career advancement.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mario Bunge was one of the most influential scientific philosophers in the transition from the 20th to the 21st century. In one of his most renowned books,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> there is, as far as we know, no mention of scientific fraud. However, in a 2000 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">La Nación</span> newspaper article entitled “Scientific Fraud,” he analyzed the emerging issue with dismay. He deemed fraud a crime, claiming that in biomedical research, it is driven by 2 main reasons: “One is that doctors are trained as craftsmen, not scientists, making them more susceptible to deceit and self-deceit than basic researchers. The other reason is that researchers in this area face more pressure to publish than in any other.”</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">But the biggest harm is societal, eroding the trust not only of the scientific community but also of the public that helps fund research. This is trust in researchers to seek the truth and communicate it if found. This links to the concept of reputational damage, so prevalent today, which obliges companies and professionals to uphold strict ethical codes that fraudsters ignore.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retracted publications are expected to rise as new review tools make misconduct more detectable. Universities, for example, now mandate plagiarism checks in scholarly and academic work.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">How do we fight fraud? There are many approaches, but education in ethical-scientific values is key. Several reports and statements should be required reading for novice researchers and mandatory for all researchers to follow, such as the Singapore Statement on Research Integrity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> or the well-known Declaration of Helsinki.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition, project managers should avoid delegating work to apprentices, intensify quality control, and certainly increase rigor, penalties, and “name” fraudsters, who, lacking any shame, persist in their deception. Even so, we must try.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None declared.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Assignment of rights</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors certify that this work has neither been published nor is under consideration for publication in any other journal. 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