Carriers of hepatitis C: should they all be vaccinated for hepatitis A?
Portadores de hepatitis C: ¿Tenemos que vacunarlos a todos frente a la hepatitis A?
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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "80" "paginaFinal" => "84" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "M Sans, S Escorza, D Villagrasa, E Comín, A Ezpeleta, C Batalla" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "M" "apellidos" => "Sans" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "S" "apellidos" => "Escorza" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "D" "apellidos" => "Villagrasa" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "E" "apellidos" => "Comín" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "A" "apellidos" => "Ezpeleta" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "Iniciales" => "C" "apellidos" => "Batalla" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Specialists in Family and Community Medicine, Dr. Pujol i Capsada Basic Heath Area, El Prat de Llobregat, Costa de Ponent Family and Community Medicine Teaching Unit, Barcelona, Spain." "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "affa" ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Portadores de hepatitis C: ¿Tenemos que vacunarlos a todos frente a la hepatitis A?" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<p class="elsevierStylePara">Introduction</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Recent years have seen a change in the epidemiological pattern of hepatitis A (HA). Epidemiological studies in Spain based on serological analyses carried out between 1977 and 1996 have shown a significant decrease in the prevalence of anti-HA antibodies in younger age groups.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In persons aged 11-14 years, the prevalence declined from 49% in 1977 to 30% in 1985, and to 4.6% in 1996. In persons aged 21-30 years the prevalence declined from 73% in 1977 to 58.5% in 1985. In 1996 the figure was 29.1% for persons 20-24 years old, and 42% for those aged 25-30 years. These data reflect a reduction in the incidence of HA in younger persons, and an increase in the number of persons susceptible to infection in older age groups, in which the disease is known to course with more, and more severe, symptoms.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1-9</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This change in the epidemiological pattern is also of relevance because of its implications for patients with chronic liver disease, mainly that caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), as in these patients, superinfection or coinfection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) implies an increased risk of fulminant hepatitis or death.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">10-13</span> In these groups of patients vaccination against HAV is recommended as a preventive measure, and has been shown to be effective in preventing infection.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14-18</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of immunization against HAV in persons with HCV infection, in order to identify susceptible individuals who could potentially benefit from HAV vaccination.</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Material and methods </p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="27v30n02-13034237tab01.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The study was done at the Dr. Pujol y Capsada Health Center, an urban center located in El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona province, Spain) serving a population of 12 000. The socioeconomic level of most inhabitants is low, and approximately 20% of the inhabitants are members of the Gypsy ethnic group.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">This descriptive, cross-sectional study was done between May 1999 and March 2000 and involved the population of individuals older than 14 years who were seen at this health center. Patients were initially identified from a computerized register of cases of chronic liver disease, persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or intravenous drug users (IVDU), and from the register of serological laboratory tests ordered during the previous 2 years to detect persons positive for HCV infection. The medical records of these patients were reviewed, and HAV serological testing was requested for those patients who had not undergone such testing. These patients were contacted in the course of a visit to the health center, by telephone or in writing.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The variables analyzed in this study were age, sex, presence of chronic liver disease, laboratory results for hepatitis B (HBcAb), hepatitis A (IgG, classified as positive or negative on the basis of the laboratory reference value), antecedents of vaccination for HB, intravenous drug use, and the results of serological testing for HIV (if such testing had been done).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The prevalence of immunization against HAV was analyzed in patients with HCV infection diagnosed at any time during their life.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The SPSS-PC software was used to generate descriptive statistics for the variables, with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.05 used to indicate statistical significance. 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the main findings. Chi-squared and Student´s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> tests were used for the bivariate analysis.</p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Results </p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the patients we studied, 134 were HCV-positive. Men made up 70.9% of this group (95% CI, 63.2%-78.6%), and 29.1% were women (95% CI, 21.4%-36.8%). Mean age was 41.75 years (SD, 16.55 years). Chronic liver disease was present in 93.3% (95% CI, 89%-97.5%), IVDU was recorded in 56.7% (95% CI, 48.3%-65.1%), HBcAb positivity was found in 56% (95% CI, 47.6%-64.4%), and HIV positivity was found in 32.8% (95% CI, 24.9%-40.8%) (Table 1).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Immunity to HA was tested in 75 patients (56%). The response to the request for testing was better in women, HIV-negative persons, persons with no history of IVDU, and persons with chronic liver disease (Table 1).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="27v30n02-13034237tab02.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Of the 59 patients (44%) in whom HA immunity could not be tested, 84.7% (95% CI, 75.6%-93.9%) did not respond to attempts to contact them by phone or in writing, 13.6% (95% CI, 4.8%-22.3%) were temporarily absent from their home (in prison or in a detoxification center, or away on holiday), and 1 patient (1.7%; 95% CI, 0%-5%) declined to be tested.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Mean age of the patients who were tested for HA immunity was 48.4 years (SD, 18 years); mean age in the group who did not undergo serological testing was 33.3 years (SD, 9.3 years; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span><.0001). Of patients with a current or previous history of IVDU, or who were positive for HIV, 37.8% agreed to be tested, vs. 84.6% of the patients with neither of these antecedents (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.0001). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of HAV infection between these groups (83.9% in the former group vs. 88.6% in all other patients).</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Serological tests for HA were positive in 86.7% (95% CI, 79.0%-94.4%) and negative in 13.3% (95% CI, 6.0%-21.0%). Mean age in the former group was 50.17 years (SD, 17.8 years), and mean age in the latter was 36.6 years (SD, 15.0 years; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic"> P</span>=.02). The prevalence of seropositivity among patients younger than 40 years was 75.7% (95% CI, 61.9%-89.5%), vs. 97.5% (95% CI, 92.3%-100%) in older patients (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>=.006). Table 2 summarizes the characteristics in patients who were positive and negative for HAV; no statistically significant differences were found.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="27v30n02-13034237tab03.gif"></img></p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">Discussion </p><hr></hr><p class="elsevierStylePara">La prevalencia de inmunización frente al VHA en pacientes infectados por el VHC es de un 86,5% en la muestra The prevalence of immunization against HAV in patients with HCV infection was 86.5% in the sample of persons we studied. This figure is similar to that reported in 1998 by Diago et al for a Valencian population. These authors studied patients hospitalized with chronic liver disease caused by HBV and HCV, who were similar in age to the population we studied. The prevalence of HAV infection in their study ranged from 75% to 90%<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span>.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Our sample did not differ in terms of sex, age or seroprevalence of HB in comparison to other studies<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1,10</span>, although the percentage of patients with a history of IVDU was higher in our sample than in the study by Diago et al.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> Coinfection with HIV could not be compared with earlier studies, as we found none that had investigated this factor.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the present study, most of the patients who declined HAV testing were HIV carriers or had a history of IVDU (62.2% of these patients refused testing), as compared to a refusal rate of 15.4% among all remaining patients. This response may reflect problems in locating the patients, and the tendency of these patients to reject preventive health interventions.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">The population we studied contained a high percentage of persons who were positive for HIV infection or who had a current or prior history of IVDU, and the prevalence of HAV infection might be expected to be higher in this group. However, we found no difference in the rate of HAV infection between the patients with these two antecedents and those without them.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Vaccination against HA is indicated for patients with chronic liver disease, and vaccination should be given systematically if the patient is seronegative.<span class="elsevierStyleSup">14-19</span></p><p class="elsevierStylePara">In the present study we found a higher proportion of HAV seronegative patients among those younger than 40 years, in whom seroprevalence was similar to that reported for patients aged 30-39 years in the general population (77.3%; 95% CI, 72.9%-81.8%).<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span> These figures mean that vaccination against HA should be recommended for all HCV-positive patients younger than 40 years, and for patients of any age with chronic liver disease who are seronegative.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Cost-benefit studies will be needed to determine whether serological testing should be done before vaccination in different age groups.</p><p class="elsevierStylePara"><img src="27v30n02-13034237tab04.gif"></img></p><p class="elsevierStylePara"> </p><p class="elsevierStylePara">Correspondence: Alicia Ezpeleta. ABS Dr. Pujol i Capsada. C/ Riu Anoia, 19. 08820 El Prat de Llobregat (Barcelona). España. E-mail: pcapsada@baixll.scs.es</p>" "pdfFichero" => "27v30n02a13034237pdf001.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec693008" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Hepatitis C" 1 => "Hepatitis A" 2 => "Vaccination" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "Aim. To investigate the prevalence of immunization against hepatitis A virus (HAV) in persons with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, in order to determine who should be vaccinated for the former. Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting. Urban health center serving 12 000 inhabitants. Participants. Patients older than 14 years positive for HCV infection. Main measures. Variables: presence of chronic liver disease, serological indications of hepatitis B, A, and immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection, vaccination for hepatitis B. Results. A total of 134 persons (70.9% men and 29.1% women) comprised the sample of patients positive for HCV infection. Mean age was 41.75 years (SD, 16.55 years). Nearly all patients (93.3%) had chronic liver disease, 56.7% were intravenous drug users, 56% were positive for Hbc antibodies and 32.8% were positive for HIV. Serological testing for HAV was done in 75 patients (56%); the result was positive in 86.7%. Mean age in this subgroup was 50.4 years (SD, 17.8 years). In the HAV-negative subgroup, mean age was 36.6 years (SD, 15 years; P=.02). Serological testing for HAV could not be done in 44% of the patients: 33.6% did not respond to attempts to contact them by telephone or in writing, 6% were temporarily away from home, and 1 patient declined to be tested. The response to requests to obtain blood samples was better in women (66.7%), HIV-negative patients (34.7%), persons who were not intravenous drug users (43.3%) and persons with chronic liver disease (60%). Conclusions. In persons younger than 40 years, the proportion of seronegative individuals is similar to that in the general population. Vaccination should be considered for all patients positive for HCV infection. In persons older than 40 years with chronic liver disease, the decision to vaccinate for HAV should be made in the light of serological findings." ] "es" => array:1 [ "resumen" => "Objetivo. Estudiar la prevalencia de inmunización frente al virus de la hepatitis A (VHA) en personas infectadas por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), con el fin de indicar la vacunación. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo transversal. Emplazamiento. Centro urbano (12.000 habitantes). Participantes. Pacientes positivos para el VHC mayores de 14 años. Mediciones principales. Variables: presencia de hepatopatía crónica, serologías de hepatitis B y A e inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), vacunación de hepatitis B. Resultados. La muestra de pacientes positivos para el VHC se componía de 134 personas, el 70,9% varones y el 29,1% mujeres. Edad media: 41,75 (DE, 16,55) años. El 93,3% presentaba hepatopatía crónica, el 56,7% era usuario de drogas por vía parenteral (UDVP), el 56% era HBcAc positivo y el 32,8% VIH positivo. La serología del VHA se realizó a 75 pacientes (56%), y fue positiva en el 86,7%. La edad media en los pacientes VHA+ era de 50,4 (DE, 17,8) años, y en VHA- de 36,6 (DE, 15) años (p = 0,02). Al 44% de los pacientes no se pudo determinar la serología VHA: un 33,6% no respondió a los mensajes telefónicos ni a las cartas enviadas, un 6% estaba ausente temporalmente y un caso no aceptó hacerse la analítica. La respuesta a la realización de la prueba fue mejor en las mujeres (66,7%), en pacientes VIH-(34,7%), en no UDVP (43,3%) y en hepatópatas crónicos (60%). Conclusiones. En menores de 40 años, la proporción de seronegativos es similar a la de la población general y se debería considerar la vacunación en todos los pacientes VHC+." ] ] "multimedia" => array:8 [ 0 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "tbl1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "27v30n02-13034237tab01.gif" "imagenAlto" => 743 "imagenAncho" => 730 "imagenTamanyo" => 46842 ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "tbl2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "27v30n02-13034237tab02.gif" "imagenAlto" => 570 "imagenAncho" => 361 "imagenTamanyo" => 19651 ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "tbl3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "27v30n02-13034237tab03.gif" "imagenAlto" => 569 "imagenAncho" => 354 "imagenTamanyo" => 15459 ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "tbl4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tablaImagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagenFichero" => "27v30n02-13034237tab04.gif" "imagenAlto" => 591 "imagenAncho" => 337 "imagenTamanyo" => 23866 ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" ] 5 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" ] 6 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" ] 7 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "tbl8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "copyright" => "Elsevier España" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bibliography" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:19 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Prevalencia de anti-VHA en pacientes con hepatopatías crónicas. 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ISSN: 02126567Original language: English
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| 2019 August | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2019 July | 7 | 16 | 23 |
| 2019 June | 28 | 14 | 42 |
| 2019 May | 107 | 43 | 150 |
| 2019 April | 50 | 10 | 60 |
| 2019 March | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2019 February | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2019 January | 4 | 7 | 11 |
| 2018 December | 7 | 10 | 17 |
| 2018 November | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2018 October | 8 | 8 | 16 |
| 2018 September | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 2018 August | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2018 July | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 June | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 2018 May | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 2018 April | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2018 March | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| 2018 February | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| 2018 January | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| 2017 December | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2017 November | 8 | 4 | 12 |
| 2017 October | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2017 September | 5 | 6 | 11 |
| 2017 August | 7 | 16 | 23 |
| 2017 July | 14 | 2 | 16 |
| 2017 June | 18 | 1 | 19 |
| 2017 May | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2017 April | 27 | 6 | 33 |
| 2017 March | 21 | 14 | 35 |
| 2017 February | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2017 January | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2016 December | 17 | 2 | 19 |
| 2016 November | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2016 October | 30 | 4 | 34 |
| 2016 September | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2016 August | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2016 July | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2016 June | 16 | 11 | 27 |
| 2016 May | 11 | 5 | 16 |
| 2016 April | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2016 March | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2016 February | 10 | 3 | 13 |
| 2016 January | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| 2015 December | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2015 November | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2015 October | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2015 September | 28 | 2 | 30 |
| 2015 August | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2015 July | 4 | 2 | 6 |
| 2015 June | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2015 May | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2015 April | 3 | 6 | 9 |
| 2015 March | 13 | 4 | 17 |
| 2015 February | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2015 January | 24 | 1 | 25 |
| 2014 December | 31 | 5 | 36 |
| 2014 November | 18 | 0 | 18 |
| 2014 October | 24 | 1 | 25 |
| 2014 September | 24 | 0 | 24 |
| 2014 August | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2014 July | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2014 June | 23 | 2 | 25 |
| 2014 May | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2014 April | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2014 March | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2014 February | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2014 January | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2013 December | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2013 November | 13 | 0 | 13 |
| 2013 October | 26 | 1 | 27 |
| 2013 September | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2013 August | 25 | 1 | 26 |
| 2013 July | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2002 June | 895 | 0 | 895 |
Show all
