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Vol. 42. Issue S1.
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Pages 16-23 (September 2010)
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Vol. 42. Issue S1.
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
Pages 16-23 (September 2010)
El reto del manejo diario de la diabetes tipo 2 en atención primaria
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La diabetes mellitus y el riesgo cardiovascular. ¿Es necesario el tratamiento integral de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular?
Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk. Is integrated therapy of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors necessary?
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Domingo Orozco Beltrána,
Corresponding author
atencion.primari@umh.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Carlos de la Sen Fernándeza, Vicente Gil Guilléna, Concepción Carratalá Munueraa, Jorge Navarro Pérezb
a Cátedra de Medicina de Familia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández, San Juan, Alicante, España
b Departamento de Medicina, Universitat de València, València, España
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Resumen

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (CV) son la primera causa de muerte en la población española, tanto en personas diabéticas como no diabéticas. En la diabetes, la enfermedad CV es entre 2 y 4 veces más frecuente, más precoz y más agresiva. Con las medidas actuales se puede llegar a una prevención del ∼50% de la enfermedad CV. Los factores de riesgo CV en la diabetes son la hipertensión arterial (HTA), la dislipemia, el tabaquismo, la obesidad y el sedentarismo. Más del 80% de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 presenta HTA y dislipemia, y aproximadamente un 15% sigue fumando. Pero menos de un 10% tiene todos estos factores controlados. Aunque la dislipemia es el factor más condicionante y el menos tratado, el mayor beneficio para la prevención CV se obtiene con la intervención integral sobre todos los factores de riesgo, reduciendo la presión arterial por debajo de 140/80 mmHg, el colesterol unido a lipoproteínas de baja densidad (cLDL) por debajo de 100 mg/dl, favoreciendo el abandono del tabaquismo, la realización regular de ejercicio, y manteniendo un peso lo más cercano al deseable (índice de masa corporal < 25 kg/m2). En prevención secundaria o con microangiopatía, los objetivos pueden ser más estrictos (130/80 mmHg de presión arterial y 80 mg/dl de cLDL). El tratamiento farmacológico debe incluir siempre un inhibidor de la enzima de conversión de la angiotensina o un antagonista del receptor de la angiotensina II y una estatina. La aspirina debe reservarse para pacientes en prevención secundaria o con riesgo CV muy alto. En consecuencia, las intervenciones deberían priorizarse según el riesgo previsible para cada paciente, que se puede estimar mediante la escala SCORE u otras como Regicor o UKPDS, considerándose que un riesgo CV alto es un SCORE > 5%. Estos pacientes de más riesgo deberían ser los subsidiarios de recibir atención más personalizada.

Palabras clave:
Riesgo
Diabetes tipo 2
Enfermedad cardiovascular
Prevención
Atención primaria
Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the first cause of death in the Spanish population among both diabetics and non-diabetics. In diabetes, CVD is between 2 and 4 times more frequent, earlier and more aggressive. With current measures, approximately 50% of CVD can be prevented. The risk factors for CVD in diabetes are hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity and sedentariness. More than 80% of patient with type 2 diabetes have hypertension and dyslipidemia and approximately 15% continue to smoke. However, all these factors are controlled in at least 10%. Although dyslipidemia is the most influential and least treated factor, the greatest benefit for CVD prevention is obtained with integrated intervention on all risk factors, reducing blood pressure to below 140/80 mmHg, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) to below 100 mg/dl, encouraging smoking cessation, regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2). In secondary prevention or persons with microvascular disease, the targets may be stricter (blood pressure 130/80 mmHg and LDL-c 80 mg/dl). Drug treatment should always include an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and a statin. Aspirin should be reserved for patients in secondary prevention or with very high CV risk. Consequently, interventions should be prioritized according to the foreseeable risk for each patient, which can be estimated through the SCORE scale or other scales such as Regicor or UKPDS, with a SCORE > 5% indicating high risk. These high-risk patients should receive personalized care.

Keywords:
Risk
Type 2 diabetes
Cardiovascular disease
Prevention
Primary care
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