was read the article
array:23 [ "pii" => "S0187623613710610" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71061-0" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01" "aid" => "71061" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2013;26:45-57" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1775 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 44 "HTML" => 1025 "PDF" => 706 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0187623613710622" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71062-2" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01" "aid" => "71062" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2013;26:59-73" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 920 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 28 "HTML" => 637 "PDF" => 255 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Experimental data on SOA formation from mixtures of anthropogenic and biogenic organic compounds" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "59" "paginaFinal" => "73" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 2421 "Ancho" => 1738 "Tamanyo" => 459833 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Time series with parent VOCs and SOA concentration. Range in light blue indicates aerosol concentration assuming 1.0 and 1.5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> (X axis represents local time).</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "M.G. Vivanco, M. Santiago, M. Sánchez, M.A. Clavero" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.G." "apellidos" => "Vivanco" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Santiago" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Sánchez" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.A." "apellidos" => "Clavero" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "E. Borrás, M. Ródenas, F. Alacreu, M. Vázquez, E. Clemente, R. Porras, A. Muñoz" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Borrás" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Ródenas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "F." "apellidos" => "Alacreu" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M." "apellidos" => "Vázquez" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Clemente" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Porras" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Muñoz" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Stein" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Stein" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623613710622?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/01876236/0000002600000001/v2_201505081728/S0187623613710622/v2_201505081728/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0187623613710609" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71060-9" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01" "aid" => "71060" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2013;26:27-43" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 997 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 18 "HTML" => 646 "PDF" => 333 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Storms Generator Method That Preserves Their Historical Statistical Characteristics. Application To Mexico City Basin Daily Rainfall Fields" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "27" "paginaFinal" => "43" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0075" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 15" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg" "Alto" => 689 "Ancho" => 1202 "Tamanyo" => 81788 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SEIi</span> and maximum precipitation (synthetic storms). Second procedure.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "R. Domínguez-Mora, M.L. Arganis-Juárez, A. Mendoza-Reséndiz, E. Carrizosa-Elizondo" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "R." "apellidos" => "Domínguez-Mora" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.L." "apellidos" => "Arganis-Juárez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Mendoza-Reséndiz" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "E." "apellidos" => "Carrizosa-Elizondo" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "B. EchavarrÍa-Soto" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "B." "apellidos" => "EchavarrÍa-Soto" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623613710609?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/01876236/0000002600000001/v2_201505081728/S0187623613710609/v2_201505081728/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The effects of elevation on thermal bioclimatic conditions in Uludağ (Turkey)" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "45" "paginaFinal" => "57" ] ] "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "O. Çalişkan" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "O." "apellidos" => "Çalişkan" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "caliskanonur1@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Educational Sciences, Ankara University-Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "N. Türkoğlu" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "N." "apellidos" => "Türkoğlu" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Letters, Ankara University-Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "A. Matzarakis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "A." "apellidos" => "Matzarakis" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Meteorological Institute, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr 10, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 748 "Ancho" => 1743 "Tamanyo" => 241483 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Probability of occurrence of different thermal sensations in Bursa and Uludağ, 1975-2006.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a name="p46"></a>People’s thermal perception depends on air temperature, air humidity, wind speed and radiation fluxes, as well as their personal body energy balance. When the environmental conditions are suitable for human heat balance, they feel comfortable. Any disruption to this balance results in thermal stress (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fanger, 1972</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Landsberg, 1972</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Auliciems, 2005</a>). There are indices that use various methods to determine the thermal conditions. These indices use meteorological data to reveal the effects of the ambient conditions on people. While there are rather simple comfort indices calculated by including several meteorological parameters (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e.g</span>., heat stress, windchill, apparent temperature), there are also more complex indices that include physiological thermoregulatory reactions as a variable in the calculation: predicted mean vote (PMV) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Fanger, 1972</a>), effective temperature (ET), standard effective temperature (SET) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Gagge <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 1986</a>) and Klima-Michel-model (KMM) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Jendritzky and Nübler, 1981</a>). There are some bibliographical studies on the historical development and the types of thermal comfort indices that currently exist (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Landsberg, 1972</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Driscoll, 1992</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Parsons, 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Auliciems, 2005</a>). The physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) is a thermal index based on the human energy balance; it includes thermo-physiological variables and yields results in centigrade degrees (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Mayer and Höppe, 1987</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Höppe, 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Matzarakis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 1999</a>). Thus, as PET analyzes the bioclimatic conditions for a given setting, it also allows for comparisons as it uses variables stemming from human thermophysiology in the calculations and yields concrete results.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study area of this work lies in the Marmara Region, in northwestern Turkey. Data from two meteorological stations, Bursa and Uludağ, were used. Having an altitude of 100 m, the geographical coordinates of Bursa meteorological station are 40º 11’ N and 29º 04’ E. Uludağ meteorological station has an altitude of 1878<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m and its coordinates are 40º 08’ N and 29º 05’ E. Even though the city centers of Bursa and Uludağ are close (15 km, air distance), the altitude difference creates different geographical and climatic conditions (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). According to Köppen’s climate classification, Bursa has a moderate climate with temperate winter and hot and dry summers. Uludağ, on the other hand, has severe winters and short and humid summers. This study aims to use PET values to compare the bioclimatic conditions of Bursa and Uludağ, which lie close to each other but at different altitudes, and reveal the changes that occur throughout the years. The information acquired from this study will help to understand the changes in thermal comfort conditions according to elevation. In order to find the vertical changes of PET values, the data obtained from the stations that have different altitudes will be very useful. This paper also analyzes the vertical variations of meteorological parameters that have positive and/or negative impact on thermal bioclimatic conditions. The effects of elevation on outdoor conditions can be used also for economical purposes, because Bursa and Uludağ have great potential for tourism and recreational outdoor activities. Although this is the first study that investigates the vertical changes of thermal perceptions, there are many researches that focus on the bioclimatic conditions in several parts of Turkey (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e.g</span>., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Çiçek, 2003</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Topay and Yılmaz, 2004</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Yılmaz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>., 2007</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Toy and Yılmaz, 2010</a>). There are also some studies on the spatiotemporal distribution of the climate and the impacts of some issues (urbanization, climate change, deforestation, etc.) on the meteorological parameters in Turkey (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e.g</span>., <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Türkeş <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>., 1995</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">2002</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Tayanç <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>., 1997</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">2009</a>).<a name="p47"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Data and methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Meteorological data</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study uses air temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness, wind speed, daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and global radiation data measured daily at 07:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST (local standard time) between 1975 and 2006 at Bursa and Uludağ meteorological stations. Of the 11 688 items of data available, eight belonging to February 29 on leap years were excluded. Data for each parameter from Bursa meteorological station were used to calculate the daily mean thermal perception (PET) value at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST on all the 11 680 days included in the study. In Uludağ meteorological station, missing data were excluded from calculations and 11 460 thermal perception values were obtained.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Thermal bioclimatic index</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The role of thermal indices in the concrete explanation of bioclimatic conditions and thus the understanding of human reactions to meteorological variables has long been known (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Landsberg, 1972</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Büttner (1938)</a> stated that an understanding of the effects of thermal conditions on human heat balance is essential for an understanding of the effects of climate on humans. The term “thermal comfort” refers to human satisfaction with environments that are conducive to dispersing heat produced by human metabolism, thus providing a thermal balance between humans and the environment (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">ISO, 2002</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">ASHRAE, 2004</a>).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, the PET index, which starts from human energy balance and uses thermo-physiological variables, was used. PET is essentially based on the Munich Energy Balance Model for Individuals (MEMI) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Höppe, 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">VDI, 1998</a>) and Gagge’s two-node model (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Gagge <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 1971</a>). It is equal<a name="p48"></a> to the reaction of the body thermal balance of a 35-year-old, 175-cm-tall male involved in a 80 W activity and wearing clothing with a 0.9 clo heat resistance, to the conditions in a typical indoor area. Outdoor meteorological conditions are calculated by taking into account the human heat balance. In a typical indoor area, climatic assumptions taken as reference are given below (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Höppe, 1999</a>):<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mean radiant temperature is equal to air temperature (Tmrt = Ta).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Air speed (wind) is 0.1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Water vapor pressure is 12 hPa (water vapor pressure when Ta = 20 ºC and relative humidity is approximately 50%).</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2.3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Calculation of PET values</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET values were calculated by using meteorological data on the RayMan program. The RayMan model can calculate thermo-physiological temperature from data such as air temperature, vapor pressure, wind speed and cloudiness or global radiation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Matzarakis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>., 2007</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">2010</a>). Thermal perceptions calculated as PET values also include the thermo-physiological effects on humans (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>). In this study, the PET values obtained for the two stations were represented in monthly frequencies and monthly mean graphics (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Lin and Matzarakis, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Zaninović and Matzarakis, 2009</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Çalışkan <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>., 2011</a>). In order to examine the distribution over the time in more detail, daily and 10-day mean PET values between 1975 and 2006 were analyzed.<a name="p49"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results</span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Daily and monthly PET values</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the daily mean PET values between 1975 and 2006, the lowest values in both stations occurred in late January, and the highest in late July and early August. The mean annual PET value was 12.9 ºC in Bursa and 0.7 ºC in Uludağ. Daily mean maximum difference between the two stations was 16.5 ºC, daily mean minimum difference was 8.4º, and daily mean difference was 12.1ºC. The difference was lowest during winter (December: 11.3 ºC; January: 10.6 ºC; February: 11.7 ºC). The highest difference between the two stations occurred during summer (June: 13.7 ºC; July: 13.4 ºC; August: 13 ºC). The difference was equal during autumn and spring, which are transition seasons in Bursa (12 ºC). Having a very short summer, Uludağ has mean PET values below zero between October and May (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest thermal perception differences between Bursa and Uludağ occurred at 14:00 LST, and the lowest at 7:00 LST. The daily means of thermal perceptions at 21:00 LST were very close. The differences that occurred at 7:00 LST do not have any seasonal meaning. For instance, the difference was highest in February (9.5 ºC) and June (9.5 ºC), followed by April (8.9 ºC). Thus, the difference was not higher in a specific month. For seven PET values, the lowest differences<a name="p50"></a> were seen in September (7 ºC). There was an annual mean difference of 8.4 ºC between the PET values of Bursa and Uludağ at 7:00 LST (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While the difference of PET values at 14:00 LST in Bursa and Uludağ increased during the summer (June: 18.8 ºC; July: 18.9 ºC; August: 19 ºC), they decreased during the winter (December: 14.4 ºC; February: 14.2 ºC; January: 13.1 ºC). After the summer, the highest differences were seen in autumn (September: 18.6 ºC; October: 17.9 ºC; November: 16.6 ºC). The difference between daily 14:00 LST PET values was relatively low in spring (March: 14.3 ºC; April: 16.1 ºC; May: 16.3 ºC). In this last season, the mean annual difference between PET values was 16.5 ºC. In the period when the air temperature decreased, the difference between thermal perceptions diminished too. On the contrary, differences increased with the rising of air temperature (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest PET values at 21:00 LST were seen in summer (June: 13º C; July: 12.8º C; August: 12.4 ºC). The differences were lower in winter (December: 10.4 ºC; January: 10.6 ºC; February: 11.7 ºC). The annual mean difference at 21:00 LST was 11.5 ºC. Since the differences between summer and winter were not high, a balanced distribution was seen (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the physiological stress degrees that correspond to 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST, as well as the monthly mean PET values in Bursa and Uludağ stations, PETs lower than –10 ºC were seen in Uludağ in mornings and afternoons in December, January and February. This also continued into the afternoons in January. PETs between 0º C and –10 ºC that occur during morning hours in early spring and late autumn, regress to extreme cold and very cold stress towards afternoon, but the stress gains intensity in the evening hours. Moderate cold stress can occur, although rarely, in the middle of the summer in Uludağ. According to monthly PET mean values, a rather different structure exists in Bursa and Uludağ. A short cold stress emerged in morning and evening hours in December, January and February, and decreased towards noon. Starting from late March, cold stress decreased and thermal comfort increased in April and May. Similar conditions prevailed in October. From June through September, comfortable conditions emerged in the morning and evening, giving way to heat stress during afternoon hours. July and August afternoons exhibited intensive heat stress (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>).<a name="p51"></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3.2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Ten-day frequency of PET values</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean daily PET value frequencies between 1975 and 2006 are displayed in 10-day intervals in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a>, which shows the different levels of year-round cold stress in Uludağ. PET values below –10ºC occurred here in December, January and February with 40% frequency, and PET values below zero were seen during this entire period (100%). Conditions without thermal stress emerged in July and August with a low frequency (5-10%), and the remaining months exhibited varying levels of cold stress. From June to August, slight heat stress was rarely seen (0.1-0.5%) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Located 1778<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m below Uludağ, Bursa has higher thermal perception values. In Bursa, where cold and cool conditions prevail from November through the end of March, there was approximately a 50% frequency of days with no thermal stress in May and October. PET values exceeded 23 ºC in June, thus causing heat stress. In July and August, there was approximately a 20-30% frequency of strong heat stress and very rare excessive heat stress (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>).</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to PET values at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST in Uludağ, varying levels of cold stress were experienced throughout the year, which became more severe between November and March. Comfortable conditions could be seen in the morning in July and August with a frequency of 5-6%, and moderate cold stress was common in the evening even in midsummer. From October to late April, cold stress occurred in Uludağ even in the afternoon. It was alleviated between May and September. Thermal comfort improved between July and August, and there was a 20-25% frequency of comfortable hours in both months (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Bursa, cold stress was generally seen in mornings and evenings between September and May. The stress intensifies in December, January and February, and peaks in January. Thermal comfort values increased during afternoon hours. In April-May and September-October, the frequency of thermal stress not present in the afternoon was 10-15%. The most suitable period for human comfort was during the morning in June and July. Evenings were cool and heat stress occurred in the afternoon. Particularly in July and August, there was a 20% frequency of heat stress in the afternoon (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>).<a name="p52"></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between air temperature and elevation is generally explained trough the lapse rate, which is mainly formed as a result of atmosphere heating up to 70% from the earth surface. Thus, temperature falls as one gets farther away from the heat source. Temperature has been shown to fall approximately 0.3 ºC every 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m in free atmosphere within a wet adiabatic lapse rate, and 1 ºC within<a name="p53"></a> a dry adiabatic lapse rate (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Fairbridge and Oliver, 2005</a>). As it is easy to understand, explain and use, the lapse rate is generally accepted to be 0.5ºC/100 m. Depending on the lapse rate in free atmosphere and the altitude of locations, temperature changes can be different. The relationship between the altitude of a place and its climate is more complex and controlled by factors such as the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere or atmospheric boundary layer and the different heat exchange rates.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">PET values calculated by using air temperature, relative humidity, cloudiness, wind speed, daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature and global radiation data recorded daily at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST in Bursa and Uludağ meteorological stations between 1975 and 2006, show that Uludağ has much colder bioclimatic conditions than Bursa. The most important reason for this is the difference in altitude between them. Being 1778<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m higher than Bursa (100 m), Uludağ ’s (1878 m) annual mean temperature (Ta) is 9.7 ºC lower. The thermal perception (PET) difference between the two stations is 12.1 ºC. Uludağ is colder than Bursa, and perceived colder mainly because of the thinner atmosphere layer and thus the smaller greenhouse concentration above it. Long wavelength radiation from the earth, conduction, convection and latent heat transfer keep less transmitted heat. This is best displayed by the difference in PET values between the two stations, which peaks in summer afternoons when the incoming solar energy is highest. During morning hours, when global radiation is relatively low, the differences are also lower (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Humidity is one of the most important components of thermal perception. In addition, water vapor is the most common greenhouse gas found in the atmosphere. It affects the temperature not only through its role in keeping and redistributing long wave radiation from the earth, but also with conduction and latent heat transfer. As the air cools, so does its humidity content. Relative humidity is higher in Bursa in the morning and evening and higher in Uludağ in the afternoon. According to annual means, Uludağ has 14.8% higher relative humidity in the afternoon. Even though the humidity conditions in Uludağ increase the thermal perception values, it has 165 snow-covered days annually. For this reason, the mean temperature decreases and thus PET values diminish. Snow cover, which has the highest albedo rate (75-95%), prevents the ground and air from heating by reflecting radiation at a short wave length (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Sellers, 1965</a>). In Bursa, the average number of snow-covered days in one year is only 10. Another important climatological event caused by humidity in the atmosphere is cloudiness. It may affect the temperature balance of a given place negatively by reflecting the energy from the sun, or positively by keeping the heat released by the ground. According to annual mean values, cloudiness is more common in Bursa in the morning and evening and in Uludağ in the afternoon. In the summer, when the difference between the thermal perception values in Bursa and Uludağ is highest, the latter is one-tenth to 1.3-tenths more overcast at 14:00 LST. This finding also supports that the increasing difference between PET values is due to the increase in the radiation rate that reaches Bursa (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>).</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important meteorological parameter that affects PET values is wind speed. Blowing 0.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s faster on average annually in Uludağ, the wind changes in favor of Bursa in the afternoon. Particularly between March and September, differences can reach 0.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s. The main reason is that although the fastest wind blows at 14:00 LST throughout the year in Bursa (annual mean 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s, summer mean 3.6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s), it blows at a similar speed in Uludağ throughout the day (annual mean 2.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m/s). This happens because the pressure difference causes the wind to blow from Uludağ to Bursa. The temperature difference caused by elevation is the most important factor of this feature. The cooling afternoon wind has an important role in the reduced heat stress experienced on summer evenings (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>).<a name="p54"></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another factor that infuences Bursa and Uludağ ’s climatic characteristics is the altitude of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which may change between 1000 and 2000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m from the surface depending on topography and latitude (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Balling and Cerveny, 2005</a>). As Bursa leans against Uludağ but is located in a tectonic plain, its PBL is higher and its wind and turbulence develop more slowly and in a larger layer owing to heat transfer. On the other hand, PBL develops much lower in Uludağ, particularly in winter, and wind and turbulence move faster and in a more narrow area. As a result, low PET values appear particularly between October and April thus leading to extreme cold stress.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although independent from elevation, Bursa’s urban and Uludağ ’s rural locations constitute another factor that affects PET values and needs to be emphasized. Urban areas are different from rural areas regarding their texture (type and color of surface material) and pattern (surface geometry and topography). The absorption of radiation is also more complex in cities. Increased surface area, higher heat absorption by artifcial surfaces, increased radiation transfer due to canyon geometries, increased mean radiant temperature, urban patterns that obstruct the wind, decreasing<a name="p55"></a> relative humidity, and the presence of more greenhouse gases and emissions in the atmosphere (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Landsberg, 1981</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Oke, 1997</a>) make physiological equivalent temperatures increase. As a result, rural areas get heated and cooled more quickly than urban areas.</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study agree with those of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Zaninović <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>. (2006)</a> from the analysis of climatic and bioclimatic conditions, trends and variability in the mountainous areas of Croatia and Slovenia during the period 1955-2004. Similar to Uludağ, Zavi¢zan (1594<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m asl) in the Croatian Dinaric Alps and Kredarica (2514<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m asl) in the Slovenian Julian Alps, have very cold thermal conditions, varying from very cold winters to cold and cool summers. Very cold stress is dominant in both stations from September to May, as in Uludağ. Similarly, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Matsoukis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>. (2009)</a> have found that mountainous Nafpaktia region (676-1455 m) provided clearly improved air temperature and thermal comfort conditions in comparison with Athens during the period July 1-August 31, 2006. The relation between Bursa and Uludağ can also be compared with the bioclimatic conditions of Freiburg (269<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m asl) and Feldberg (1493<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m asl), in Germany. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Endler <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et. al</span>. (2010)</a> found that the cold stress (PET < 0 ºC) in Feldberg (123 days per year) was two times greater than in Freiburg (59 days per year), while the heat stress (PET > 35 ºC) was two times smaller (nine and 19 days per year, respectively) during the period 1961-1990. The thermally acceptable days (18 ºC > PET > 29 ºC) in Feldberg (61 days per year) are less than in Freiburg (84 days per year) because of its altitude. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Kamoutsis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>. (2010)</a> have studied human thermal comfort conditions in two different mountainous regions in Greece during the summer. They found that areas about 1340<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m asl are more suitable for tourism and recreation activities. Likewise, thermal perceptions in Uludağ are more pleasant than in Bursa during summer afternoons.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results are presented in 10-day intervals (decas) because of their closer relation to holiday and visitors periods. An analysis based on monthly resolution is not detailed enough for tourism and recreation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Lin and Matzarakis, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Zaninovic and Matzarakis, 2009</a>).</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusions</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the analysis of bioclimatic conditions in Bursa and Uludağ, the latter has thermal conditions that cause cold stress most of the year. Even in the summer, severe cold stress is experienced in the mornings and particularly in the evenings. Despite this, comfortable conditions prevail during the summer afternoon hours. The different energy budget of the surface in Uludağ owing to its altitude and the mostly higher surface albedo owing to snowfall cause lower PETs and thermally uncomfortable conditions.</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Located 1778<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m below Uludağ, Bursa experiences heat stress during summer afternoon hours, particularly throughout July and August. Bursa has also a high frequency of excessive heat stress. This being said, mornings and evenings during the same time of the year may have comfortable, even cool, conditions. Between November and March, lower levels of cold stress may occur. Morning hours are colder in this season than evening hours. In autumn and spring, afternoon hours witness thermally favorable conditions for human health. Between December and February, slight cold stress may be felt.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is a 12 ºC thermal comfort difference between Bursa and Uludağ, which decreases to 9 ºC in winter and increases to 15 ºC in summer. The weather in Uludağ seems to be 13 ºC cooler to a person who suffers from the heat of Bursa in July (temperature, humidity, wind, cloudiness). In January, on the other hand, those who think Bursa is cold should feel better knowing that Uludağ <a name="p56"></a> is 11 ºC colder. The mean PET values of Bursa and Uludağ decrease 0.67 ºC every 100 m. The differences between PET values in both locations are higher than air temperature, showing the importance of using a thermal index instead of air temperature.<a name="p57"></a></p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres498971" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres498972" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec520435" "titulo" => "Key words" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Data and methodology" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Meteorological data" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Thermal bioclimatic index" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Calculation of PET values" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Daily and monthly PET values" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ten-day frequency of PET values" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Referencias" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-10-18" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-07-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Key words" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec520435" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Thermal comfort index" 1 => "physiologically equivalent temperature" 2 => "bioclimatic conditions" 3 => "effect of elevation" 4 => "environmental" 5 => "atmospheric changes" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se comparan las condiciones térmicas bioclimáticas registradas en las estaciones meteorológicas de Bursa (100 m) y Uludağ (1878 m) a las 7:00, 14:00 y 21:00 horas de 1975 a 2006. Para ello se utiliza la temperatura fsiológica equivalente (TFE), que se calcula por medio de parámetros meteorológicos. Se analizaron y valoraron los efectos de las condiciones ambientales y atmosféricas dependientes de la altura sobre la percepción térmica <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">(i.e</span>., TFE). El análisis mostró que la diferencia anual media de los valores TFE en Bursa y Uludağ fue de 12 ºC. Esta diferencia fue menor en invierno (9 ºC TFE) y mayor en verano (15 ºC TFE). La mayor diferencia en los valores TFE se registró en la tarde (16 ºC TFE) y la menor en la mañana (9 ºC TFE). Las diferencias se deben a la mayor altitud y al mayor albedo debido a las nevadas. Esto ocasiona valores TFE más bajos y por lo tanto condiciones térmicas menos confortables. Los valores TFE medios para Bursa y Uludağ decrecen 0.67 ºC por cada 100 m.</p></span>" ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study compares the thermal bioclimatic conditions recorded at Bursa (100 m) and Uludağ (1878 m) meteorological stations at 7:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST (local standard time) between 1975 and 2006, by using the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET), which is calculated from meteorological parameters. The effects of elevation-dependent environmental and atmospheric conditions on thermal perception (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i.e</span>., PET) values were analyzed and assessed. The analysis showed that the mean annual difference between PET values in Bursa and Uludağ was 12 ºC. The difference was lower in winter (9 ºC PET) and higher in summer (15 ºC PET). The highest difference between PET values occurred in the afternoon (16 ºC PET) and the lowest difference occurred in the morning (8.4 ºC PET). The differences occur as a result of high altitude and higher surface albedo due to snowfall, which leads to lower PET values and thus to less comfortable thermal conditions. The mean PET values of Bursa and Uludağ decrease 0.67 ºC every 100 m.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1106 "Ancho" => 1155 "Tamanyo" => 283904 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location map of Bursa and Uludağ meteorological stations.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1230 "Ancho" => 1769 "Tamanyo" => 233379 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differences between PET values of Uludağ and Bursa at 07:00, 14:00, 21:00 LST and monthly means (1975-2006).</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 699 "Ancho" => 1771 "Tamanyo" => 173307 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Annual course of 10-day mean values of thermal sensation (PET) at 07.00, 14.00 and 21.00 LST in Bursa and Uludağ from 1975 through 2006.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 748 "Ancho" => 1743 "Tamanyo" => 241483 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Probability of occurrence of different thermal sensations in Bursa and Uludağ, 1975-2006.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1918 "Ancho" => 1765 "Tamanyo" => 650212 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Probability of occurrence of different thermal sensations at 07:00, 14:00 and 21:00 LST in Bursa and Uludağ, 1975-2006.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table I" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PET (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Thermal perception \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Grade of physiological stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Very cold \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Extreme cold stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cold \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Strong cold stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Cool \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate cold stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Slightly cool \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Slight cold stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Comfortable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">No thermal stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Slightly warm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Slight heat stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Warm \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Moderate heat stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Hot \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Strong heat stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">--------------- \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">------------------------------ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Very hot \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Extreme heat stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796568.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ranges of physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) for different grades of thermal perception and physiological stress on human beings. Internal heat production: 80 W; heat transfer resistance of the clothing: 0.9 clo (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Matzarakis and Mayer 1996</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">1997</a>).</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table II" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameters (ΔBursa-ΔUludağ) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Feb \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Apr \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">May \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jun \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jul \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aug \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sep \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Oct \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Nov \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Dec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Year \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 07:00 LST temperature (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 14:00 LST temperature (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 21:00 LST temperature (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean temperature (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 07:00 LST relative humidity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">21.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">26.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">28.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">23.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">4.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 14:00 LST relative humunity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–11.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–13.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–13.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–12.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–18.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–19.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–18.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–16.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–13.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–14.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–14.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 21:00 LST relative humidity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–2.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–2.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean relative humidity (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">3.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">5.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">6.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">2.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–3.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 07:00 LST cloudiness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 14:00 LST cloudiness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean 21:00 LST cloudiness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean cloudiness \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">07:00 LST mean wind (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14:00 LST mean wind (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">0.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21:00 LST mean wind (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean wind (m/s) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–1.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">–0.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">07:00:00 PET (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">9.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">7.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">8.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">14:00:00 PET (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">19.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">18.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">17.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">14.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">16.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">21:00:00 PET (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Mean PET (ºC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">10.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">13.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">11.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="top">12.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796569.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Differences between Bursa and Uludağ according to various meteorological parameters and PET values.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Referencias" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:39 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "ASHRAE, 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Standard 55-2004" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "ASHRAE" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy" "fecha" => "2004" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Auliciems, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comfort, clothing and health" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Auliciems" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Applied climatology: Principles and practice" "paginaInicial" => "155" "paginaFinal" => "174" "serieFecha" => "2005" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Balling, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Winds and wind systems" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.C Balling" 1 => "R.S. Cerveny" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Encyclopedia of world climatology" "paginaInicial" => "813" "paginaFinal" => "820" "serieFecha" => "2005" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Büttner, 1938" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Büttner" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Physikalische bioklimatologie: Probleme und methoden" "paginaInicial" => "155" "serieFecha" => "1938" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Çalışkan, 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The climate and bioclimate of Bursa (Turkey) from the perspective of tourism, theoretical and applied climatology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O Çalışkan" 1 => "İ Çiçek" 2 => "A. Matzarakis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Theor. Appl. Climatol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "107" "paginaInicial" => "417" "paginaFinal" => "425" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Çiçek, 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "İ. Çiçek" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ankara’da Şehirleşmenin Biyoklimatik Koşullar Üzerine Etkisi. Prof. Dr. Sırrı Erinç Anısına Klimatoloji Çalıştayı 2002 11-13 Nisan 2002" "fecha" => "2003" "numero" => "121" "paginaInicial" => "145" "paginaFinal" => "157" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Driscoll, 1992" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermal comfort indexes. Current uses and abuses" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "D.M. Driscoll" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat. Weather Digest" "fecha" => "1992" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "33" "paginaFinal" => "38" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Endler, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vertical gradient of climate change and climate tourism conditions in the Black Forest" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C Endler" 1 => "K Oehler" 2 => "A. Matzarakis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00484-009-0251-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "45" "paginaFinal" => "61" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19705164" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "Fairbridge, 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Lapse rate" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "W.R Fairbridge" 1 => "J.E. Oliver" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Encyclopedia of world climatology" "paginaInicial" => "448" "paginaFinal" => "450" "serieFecha" => "2005" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Fanger, 1972" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P.O. Fanger" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Thermal comfort" "paginaInicial" => "244" "serieFecha" => "1972" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Gagge, 1971" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiological regulatory response" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.P Gagge" 1 => "J.A Stolwijk" 2 => "Y. Nishi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "ASHRAE Transactions" "fecha" => "1971" "volumen" => "77" "paginaInicial" => "247" "paginaFinal" => "257" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Gagge, 1986" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A standard predictive index of human response of the thermal environment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A.P Gagge" 1 => "A.P Fobelets" 2 => "L.G. Berglund" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "ASHRAE Transactions" "fecha" => "1986" "volumen" => "92" "paginaInicial" => "709" "paginaFinal" => "731" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Höppe, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The physiological equivalent temperature —a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Höppe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "71" "paginaFinal" => "75" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10552310" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "ISO, 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Standard 7726" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "ISO" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ergonomics of the thermal environment —instruments for measuring physical quantities" "fecha" => "2002" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Jendritzky, 1981" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A model analysing the urban thermal environment in physiologically significant terms" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G Jendritzky" 1 => "W. Nübler" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arch. Meteor. Geophys. Bioclimatol" "fecha" => "1981" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "313" "paginaFinal" => "326" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Kamoutsis, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A comparative study of human thermal comfort conditions in two mountainous regions in Greece during summer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A. Kamoutsis" 1 => "A Matsoukis" 2 => "K Chronopoulos" 3 => "E. Manoli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Global Nest J" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "401" "paginaFinal" => "408" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Landsberg, 1972" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The assessment of human bioclimate: A limited review of physical parameters" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "H.E. Landsberg" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geneve: World Meteorological Organization (Technical Note, 331" "fecha" => "1972" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Landsberg, 1981" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "H.E. Landsberg" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "The urban climate" "paginaInicial" => "275" "serieFecha" => "1981" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Lin, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "T.P Lin" 1 => "A. Matzarakis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00484-007-0122-7" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "52" "paginaInicial" => "281" "paginaFinal" => "290" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17940808" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Matzarakis, 1996" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Another kind of environmental stress: Thermal stress" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A Matzarakis" 1 => "H. Mayer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "WHO News" "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "18" "paginaInicial" => "7" "paginaFinal" => "10" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Matzarakis, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Heat stress in Greece" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "A Matzarakis" 1 => "H. Mayer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "41" "paginaInicial" => "34" "paginaFinal" => "39" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334573" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "Matzarakis, 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Applications of a universal thermal index: Physiological equivalent temperature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Matzarakis" 1 => "H Mayer" 2 => "M.G. Iziomon" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "76" "paginaFinal" => "84" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10552311" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "Matzarakis, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modeling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments—application of the RayMan model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Matzarakis" 1 => "F Rutz" 2 => "H. Mayer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00484-006-0061-8" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "323" "paginaFinal" => "334" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17093907" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "Matzarakis, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modeling radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments: Basics of the RayMan model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Matzarakis" 1 => "F Rutz" 2 => "H. Mayer" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00484-009-0261-0" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "131" "paginaFinal" => "139" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19756771" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "Matsoukis, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Air temperature and thermal comfort conditions in mountainous and urban regions" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "A Matsoukis" 1 => "A Kamoutsis" 2 => "A. Chronopoulou-Sereli" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "I.j.s.d" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "357" "paginaFinal" => "363" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "Mayer, 1987" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "H Mayer" 1 => "P. Höppe" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Theor. Appl. Climatol" "fecha" => "1987" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "43" "paginaFinal" => "49" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "Oke, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urban climates and global environmental change" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "T.R. Oke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Applied climatology: Principles and practice" "paginaInicial" => "273" "paginaFinal" => "287" "serieFecha" => "1997" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "Parsons, 2003" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K.C. Parsons" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Human thermal environments: The effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance" "paginaInicial" => "527" "serieFecha" => "2003" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "Sellers, 1965" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "W.D. Sellers" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Physical climatology" "paginaInicial" => "272" "serieFecha" => "1965" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "Tayanç, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Annual and seasonal air temperature trend patterns of climate change and urbanization effects in relation with air pollutants in Turkey" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M Tayanç" 1 => "M Karaca" 2 => "O. Yenigün" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Jour. Geophys. Res" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "1909" "paginaFinal" => "1921" ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "Tayanç, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Climate change in Turkey for the half century" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M Tayanç" 1 => "U Im" 2 => "M Dogruel" 3 => "M. Karaca" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Climatic Change" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "94" "paginaInicial" => "483" "paginaFinal" => "502" ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "Topay, 2004" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Biyoklimatik Konfora Sahip Alanların Belirlenmesinde CBS’den Yararlanma Olanakları: Muğla İli Örneği" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M Topay" 1 => "B. Yılmaz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Proceedings of 3th GIS Days in Turkey" "fecha" => "2004" "paginaInicial" => "425" "paginaFinal" => "434" ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "Toy, 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermal sensation of people performing recreational activities in shadowy environment: A case study from Turkey" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S Toy" 1 => "S. Yılmaz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Theor. Appl. Climatol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "329" "paginaFinal" => "343" ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "Türkeş, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variations and trends in annual mean air temperatures in Turkey with respect to climatic variability" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M Türkeş" 1 => "M.U Sümer" 2 => "G. Kılıç" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Climatol" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "557" "paginaFinal" => "569" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "Türkeş, 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Revaluation of trends and changes in mean, maximum and minimum temperatures of Turkey for the period 1929-1999" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M Türkeş" 1 => "M.U Sümer" 2 => "I. Demir" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Climatol" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "947" "paginaFinal" => "977" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "VDI, 1998" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "VDI" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Guideline VDI3787. Part I: Environmental meteorology. Methods for the human biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for the urban and regional planning at regional level" "paginaInicial" => "52" "serieFecha" => "1998" ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "Yılmaz, 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Human thermal comfort over three different land surfaces during summer in the city of Erzurum, Turkey" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S Yılmaz" 1 => "S Toy" 2 => "H. Yılmaz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Atmósfera" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "289" "paginaFinal" => "297" ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "Zaninovic, 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Thermal comfort trends and variability in the Croatian and Slovenian mountains" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K Zaninovic" 1 => "A Matzarakis" 2 => "T. Cegnar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Meteorol. Z" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "243" "paginaFinal" => "251" ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "Zaninovic, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The biometeorological leaflet as a means of conveying climatological information to tourists and the tourism industry" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "K Zaninovic" 1 => "A. Matzarakis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00484-009-0219-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int. J. Biometeorol" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "369" "paginaFinal" => "374" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19377893" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/01876236/0000002600000001/v2_201505081728/S0187623613710610/v2_201505081728/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/01876236/0000002600000001/v2_201505081728/S0187623613710610/v2_201505081728/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623613710610?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
Year/Month | Html | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
2024 October | 30 | 2 | 32 |
2024 September | 54 | 7 | 61 |
2024 August | 55 | 3 | 58 |
2024 July | 45 | 3 | 48 |
2024 June | 51 | 3 | 54 |
2024 May | 42 | 9 | 51 |
2024 April | 48 | 6 | 54 |
2024 March | 44 | 4 | 48 |
2024 February | 50 | 5 | 55 |
2024 January | 38 | 2 | 40 |
2023 December | 47 | 5 | 52 |
2023 November | 23 | 9 | 32 |
2023 October | 18 | 4 | 22 |
2023 September | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2023 August | 20 | 4 | 24 |
2023 July | 13 | 2 | 15 |
2023 June | 9 | 4 | 13 |
2023 May | 22 | 10 | 32 |
2023 April | 29 | 0 | 29 |
2023 March | 15 | 2 | 17 |
2023 February | 19 | 2 | 21 |
2023 January | 20 | 2 | 22 |
2022 December | 18 | 5 | 23 |
2022 November | 16 | 6 | 22 |
2022 October | 16 | 5 | 21 |
2022 September | 20 | 12 | 32 |
2022 August | 15 | 11 | 26 |
2022 July | 18 | 6 | 24 |
2022 June | 16 | 8 | 24 |
2022 May | 18 | 9 | 27 |
2022 April | 28 | 4 | 32 |
2022 March | 45 | 13 | 58 |
2022 February | 77 | 7 | 84 |
2022 January | 44 | 5 | 49 |
2021 December | 29 | 7 | 36 |
2021 November | 17 | 9 | 26 |
2021 October | 20 | 16 | 36 |
2021 September | 21 | 8 | 29 |
2021 August | 22 | 17 | 39 |
2021 July | 15 | 7 | 22 |
2021 June | 15 | 4 | 19 |
2021 May | 16 | 7 | 23 |
2021 April | 43 | 20 | 63 |
2021 March | 16 | 4 | 20 |
2021 February | 11 | 7 | 18 |
2021 January | 15 | 6 | 21 |
2020 December | 23 | 5 | 28 |
2020 November | 23 | 5 | 28 |
2020 October | 12 | 5 | 17 |
2020 September | 21 | 8 | 29 |
2020 August | 16 | 5 | 21 |
2020 July | 11 | 1 | 12 |
2020 June | 8 | 5 | 13 |
2020 May | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2020 April | 12 | 1 | 13 |
2020 March | 14 | 3 | 17 |
2020 February | 19 | 4 | 23 |
2020 January | 18 | 4 | 22 |
2019 December | 8 | 2 | 10 |
2019 November | 8 | 4 | 12 |
2019 October | 11 | 3 | 14 |
2019 September | 12 | 4 | 16 |
2019 August | 4 | 7 | 11 |
2019 July | 10 | 10 | 20 |
2019 June | 26 | 18 | 44 |
2019 May | 95 | 45 | 140 |
2019 April | 51 | 25 | 76 |
2019 March | 10 | 1 | 11 |
2019 February | 11 | 12 | 23 |
2019 January | 10 | 0 | 10 |
2018 December | 3 | 5 | 8 |
2018 November | 11 | 0 | 11 |
2018 October | 9 | 12 | 21 |
2018 September | 24 | 5 | 29 |
2018 August | 11 | 3 | 14 |
2018 July | 7 | 15 | 22 |
2018 June | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2018 May | 7 | 15 | 22 |
2018 April | 8 | 1 | 9 |
2018 March | 14 | 0 | 14 |
2018 February | 11 | 3 | 14 |
2018 January | 12 | 1 | 13 |
2017 December | 12 | 0 | 12 |
2017 November | 13 | 6 | 19 |
2017 October | 12 | 9 | 21 |
2017 September | 9 | 20 | 29 |
2017 August | 11 | 1 | 12 |
2017 July | 13 | 3 | 16 |
2017 June | 26 | 20 | 46 |
2017 May | 17 | 21 | 38 |
2017 April | 9 | 7 | 16 |
2017 March | 10 | 59 | 69 |
2017 February | 11 | 2 | 13 |
2017 January | 21 | 2 | 23 |
2016 December | 17 | 11 | 28 |
2016 November | 16 | 7 | 23 |
2016 October | 28 | 8 | 36 |
2016 September | 24 | 4 | 28 |
2016 August | 20 | 7 | 27 |
2016 July | 14 | 1 | 15 |
2016 June | 16 | 13 | 29 |
2016 May | 16 | 22 | 38 |
2016 April | 10 | 12 | 22 |
2016 March | 22 | 27 | 49 |
2016 February | 19 | 24 | 43 |
2016 January | 16 | 24 | 40 |
2015 December | 21 | 21 | 42 |
2015 November | 13 | 21 | 34 |
2015 October | 14 | 31 | 45 |
2015 September | 12 | 18 | 30 |
2015 August | 34 | 6 | 40 |
2015 July | 34 | 19 | 53 |
2015 June | 25 | 13 | 38 |
2015 May | 27 | 17 | 44 |
2015 April | 30 | 16 | 46 |
2015 March | 15 | 12 | 27 |
2015 February | 6 | 20 | 26 |
2015 January | 5 | 2 | 7 |