Re-analysis of pluvial precipitation in southern Brazil

array:22 ["pii" => "S018762361471104X" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.1016/S0187-6236(14)71104-X" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-04-01" "aid" => "71104" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2014" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2014;27:103-15" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 760 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 29 "HTML" => 484 "PDF" => 247 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0187623614711051" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.1016/S0187-6236(14)71105-1" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-04-01" "aid" => "71105" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2014;27:117-40" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1006 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 34 "HTML" => 754 "PDF" => 218 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Climate downscaling over southern South America for present-day climate (1970-1989) using the MM5 model. Mean, interannual variability and internal variability" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "117" "paginaFinal" => "140" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 1494 "Ancho" => 945 "Tamanyo" => 190457 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A schematic graph of precipitation (circles) and temperature (stars) reliability of the MM5 regional model simulation (red: DJF; green: MAM; blue: JJA; orange: SON)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Fernanda Cabré" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fernanda" "apellidos" => "Cabré" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Silvina Solman, Mario Núñez" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Silvina" "apellidos" => "Solman" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mario" "apellidos" => "Núñez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623614711051?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/01876236/0000002700000002/v2_201505081734/S0187623614711051/v2_201505081734/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Re-analysis of pluvial precipitation in southern Brazil" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "103" "paginaFinal" => "115" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Jonas Teixeira Nery, Ana Claudia Carfan" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Jonas" "apellidos" => "Teixeira Nery" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "jonas@ourinhos.unesp.br" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Claudia Carfan" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Av. Vitalina Marcusso 1500, 19910-206-Ourinhos, SP, Brasil" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author:" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0065" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 13" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg" "Alto" => 1086 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 127917 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 2000." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "1IntroductionBrazil is a very large country, with different rainfall and temperature regimes. From north to south, there is a wide variety of climates with distinct regional characteristics. The southern region is greatly influenced by mid-altitude systems due to its latitudinal location, in which frontal systems are the main cause of rainfall throughout the year.The annual distribution of rainfall in southern Brazil (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>) is fairly uniform. The average annual rainfall ranges from 1250 to 2000mm (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">INPE-MTC, 1996</a>). Atmospheric phenomena operating in this region during the winter consist of frontal systems and cyclonic vortices at high levels (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Gan and Rao, 1991</a>). The trajectory of these systems is closely related to the position and intensity of the subtropical jet in South America and the low-level jet (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kousky and Cavalcanti, 1984</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Some cases of precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil are linked to specific external phenomena, such as climate teleconnections. Therefore, it is very important to study the atmospheric circulation in these cases to improve the understanding of processes that interact in this region. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kousky and Cavalcanty (1984)</a>, precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil are sometimes associated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These authors concluded that during 1982-1983 El Niño (negative<a name="p104"></a> phase of ENSO), a well-defined subtropical jet stream over South America and to the eastern south Pacific Ocean, along with several blocking situations at mid-altitudes, has favored the entrance of active frontal systems in southern Brazil, thus explaining the excessive rainfall observed in the region during this period. Moreover, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rao and Hada (1990)</a> showed that the precipitation variability in southernmost Brazil is significant and some global anomalies in the atmospheric behavior can affect precipitation in this region. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Berlato (1992)</a> analyzed the interannual rainfall variability and concluded that such variability is the primary factor in the fluctuation of agricultural production in southern Brazil. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Diaz et al. (1998)</a> associated the rainfall in southern Brazil with the surface temperatures of the Pacific and the tropical South Atlantic oceans and concluded that ENSO plays a key role in the interannual rainfall variability in this region.The southern region of Brazil has a vast coastal area that determines the precipitation dynamics in this area, under the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. So, besides the entrance of frontal systems, this region presents other important dynamics that explain the rainfall regimen, especially in the southernmost of Brazil. The southern state of Rio Grande do Sul is dominated by climate dynamics that explain heavy rains in this region, sometimes even reaching the state of Santa Catarina, such as cold fronts, ENSO and advection of moist air from the South Atlantic, for example. This region is characterized as cyclogenetic. In the summer period, the confluence of moist air from the Amazon plays an important role for rainfall in this region, causing heavy rains in a short period.According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Fontana and Berlato (1997)</a>, the precipitation climatology during ENSO events shows that for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the warm phase of this phenomenon (El Niño) precipitation above the climatological average is observed in nearly all months of the year, but especially in two distinct periods.The main period of ENSO occurrence is during the spring, especially during October and November, with another period at the end of the following year’s autumn, during May and June. A similar trend was registered by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Grimm et al. (1997)</a> for the state of Paraná. In this ENSO phase, impacts are greater in the northwestern half of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with average increases in precipitation from 40 to over 60mm. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Grimm et al. (1997)</a> demonstrated that in spring, the southwestern and coastal regions of the state of Paraná are the most influenced by this phenomenon.During the cold phase (La Niña), the state of Rio Grande do Sul has precipitation below the climatological average, compared with periods of the year coinciding with the warm phase (El Niño). As for the spatial distribution, the western region is the most affected region, with reductions from 80 to 120mm in most of the stage, with differences increasing from east to west (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Fontana and Berlato, 1997</a>). Importantly, areas under higher ENSO influence on precipitation of the southern region are located precisely where agriculture is also highly important, emphasizing the need for further detailing and quantification of this influence, since agricultural activity is probably the major beneficiary of this information.ENSO is a large-scale system that affects the southern region of Brazil. Several studies (and reality itself) have shown that ENSO plays an important role in the climate anomalies of precipitation in Rio Grande do Sul. The best-known climate anomalies, which also have greater impact, are related to the rainfall regime, although the thermal regime can also be modified. El Niño is associated with weaker trade winds and is characterized by the warming of superficial waters in the tropical Pacific where atmospheric pressures are reduced compared to normal pressures.<a name="p105"></a> In contrast, La Niña is characterized by the cooling of superficial waters in the tropical Pacific and greater intensity of trade winds, which reach speeds above average.This study re-analyzed rainfall in the southern region of Brazil based on an updated and homogenized database.2Materials and methodsDue to problems inherent to the measuring of climatic factors, climatological series are frequently incomplete. However, some studies require these series to be complete; therefore the filling of missing observations can be performed considering the spatial continuity of values observed for climatic factors related to the missing data in the series. This process is called spatial prediction and requires knowledge of monitoring stations on the spatial location where values were observed (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Guijarro, 2004</a>).There are two different groups of tests that can be used to perform this analysis, namely absolute and relative tests (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Costa and Soares, 2009</a>). In the first group, the test is applied separately to the series of each station. In the second group, the test uses the series of neighboring stations, which are presumably homogeneous. Besides detecting breaks in the structure of series, the tests indicate the dates when they occurred. In this study, the test of neighboring stations was used.Any climatological study that uses series of observations should apply a homogenization method to fill the missing data and detect anomalous trends produced by meteorological conditions. In this study, a set of functions was used for this purpose, based on the R software (a statistical package that can be easily installed on a personal computer). This open source code software works with different operating systems (NG-Linux, Solaris, and Windows, for example), providing a wide array of statistical and graphical applications (e.g., to develop scientific studies). It has a General Public License (GPL) and can be easily adapted to the user’s preferences (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Guijarro, 2004</a>).Understanding the behavior of pluvial precipitation over southern Brazil required estimating position measurements (measures that provide an insight into the behavior of the studied data set), as well as mean and dispersion measurements. A 35-year period (from 1976 to 2010) was chosen for the analysis of pluvial precipitation in the study areas. The statistical parameters used for the analysis of rainfall series at each region analyzed were mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient, maximum, minimum, and amplitude.The pluvial precipitation amplitude considered the difference between the highest value within the period examined (total annual) and the lowest rainfall value for the same period.Principal component analysis (PCA) was originally introduced by Pearson in 1901 and Hottelling in 1933 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Everitt and Der, 1977</a>). This is a factorial technique to summarize the dimension of the initial matrix of data, based on the central idea of constructing new synthetic variables obtained from linear combinations of initial characteristics, whose result is called principal components. These new variables allowed obtaining a synthesis of the information contained within a large number of variables presented in the initial data set.This synthesis is quite useful to understand the structure implicit in these data. Another advantage is the possibility to apply it later under optimum conditions, using these results with other classical multivariate techniques. The results obtained by PCA can be presented in the graphic form called factorial plan.The application of PCA to a large data set is interesting only to determine linear combinations of original variables, which explain as much as possible the variation in the initial data. Strictly speaking, the PCA demands no validity condition, i.e. this technique does not require any theoretical assumption of the existence of a causal model, probability distribution, for the data. This prevents the establishment of any cause-effect relationship between variables, even when existing. Under no circumstances hidden variables are assumed, that is, underlying factors. The PCA is only a technique to reduce dimensions.According to the purpose of analyzing the rainfall contribution, 93 rainfall series were selected in the southern region from a larger data set, which provided support for the application of the methodology for homogenization and filling of missing data in selected series. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> shows the spatial distribution of these series.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Geostatistics was also employed to construct the semivariogram that allowed finding the best model for interpolation. In the case of rainfall, the Krige interpolation method is useful since the appropriate model is chosen. The Surfer software is efficient to<a name="p106"></a> draw isolines and has inbuilt methods of interpolation and useful models to draw isolines with better spatial representation of the variable analyzed. The model that best fits the isohyets in this work was the Gaussian model, for the Krige interpolation method.3Results and discussionAccording to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>, rainfall in the southern region ranged from approximately 1400mm to 1800mm. The highest rainfall was concentrated in the central part of this region and the lowest in the northwest region of the state of Paraná and southern state of Rio Grande do Sul.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia>The spatial dispersion shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a> was calculated through the standard deviation that measures how far rainfall values deviate from the mean. It estimates the dispersion of data, but can also be considered as a measure of data variability. Values in the region varied approximately from 300-450mm, indicating a greater variability in the western portion of the southern region, but without a clear variability in the rainfall series.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>It should be highlighted that it is a variability measure for a period of 35 years, i.e. climatological variability for the study region. This can be observed in the calculation of the variation coefficient (relative measure of variability) in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fonseca and Martins (1996)</a>, most of this area has an<a name="p107"></a> average dispersion of data, without values below 10% (low dispersion) or above 30% (high dispersion).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>The highest amplitudes in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>, as well as the maximum rainfall were concentrated in the west-central part of the region. This figure shows values for 1976, considered a year under moderate El Niño event. Despite being considered an ENSO year (warm phase), anomalies were negative in great part of the southern region.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Calculating anomalies is important for the estimation of rainfall variability. In this case, annual anomalies were calculated. Negative anomalies mean that the area had rainfall values below the climatological average. Positive anomalies mean that the area had rainfall values above the climatological average for the study area.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0035">Figures 7-14</a> show the spatial distribution of the calculated anomalies in the study area, in which marked rainfall variability was observed, with some years being wetter and others drier. Thus, the climatic dynamics that allowed this annual variability could be inferred.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia>The 1982-1983 ENSO event was intense in southern Brazil, especially in 1983, with values above 1000mm in the central part of the study area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figures 7</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">8</a> illustrate two El Niño events with significant differences between them. The year 1982 marked the onset of the ENSO event (warm phase), but the greatest anomalies occurred in 1983 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>).<a name="p108"></a> Thus, the intensity of El Niño events is not refected uniformly in the amount of precipitation in southern Brazil. In 1976, rainfall was below the climatological average in a large part of the southern region (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>). In the 1982-1983 ENSO event (warm phase), rainfall was above the climatological average throughout the southern region.One of the driest periods in southeastern and southern Brazil affected Paraná and Santa Catarina, with negative and intense anomalies in both states (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a>). Values of 600mm (negative anomalies) were found in the state of Paraná, i.e. rainfall was below the climatological average. The state of Rio Grande do Sul was not affected by negative anomalies, showing variability in this region.In the 1997-1998 El Niño event (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figs. 11</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">12</a>), rainfall was above the average in both years with marked rainfall and a pluviometric variability compared to the 1982-1983 event. Both events were considered of remarkable intensity.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a> lists the values of total annual precipitation, standard deviation (SD), amplitude, and three-month periods of rainfall (December, January and February [DJF], June, July and August [JJA]) for each rainfall series in southern Brazil. Values were based on each event (e.g., the total is relative to the period of occurrence of each event). This table presents total rainfall values for the 1982-83 El Niño event, which show total rainfall values above the climatological<a name="p109"></a> value, i.e. rainfall above the average throughout the region. The rainiest quarter, in general, was DJF. Variability, based on the standard deviation, was high, approximately between 140 and 700mm.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Anomalies in 2000 and 2005 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Figs. 13</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">14</a>) presented marked variability, but their values were not too high in relation to other years. In 2000 there was an area where anomaly values were equal to<a name="p110"></a> zero, i.e. values were within the climatological average in that year and area. On the other hand, negative anomalies (rainfall below the average) were also found in the eastern state of Paraná. In the other areas, rainfall was above the climatological average (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig. 13</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 14</a> shows anomalies during 2005. The central area of this region presented positive anomalies, that is, the state of Santa Catarina had rainfall above the average, while most of the states of Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul had negative anomalies.During the wet season, rainfall in the southern region presented maximum variability in Santa Catarina and Paraná, especially on the coast. Lower rainfalls were observed in December, January and February in the southernmost region of Rio Grande do Sul (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Fig. 15</a>). The spatial distribution for the wet and dry period is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Figures 15</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">16</a>, respectively. Rainfalls were more homogeneous in the dry season due to the action of frontal systems that cause more homogeneous rainfall in the study area. The convective and frontal systems, besides local heating, cause more heterogeneous rainfalls (wet period).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia>The major effects of La Niña in Brazil are: (a) rapid passage of cold fronts on the southern region; (b) temperature close to the climatological average<a name="p111"></a> or slightly below the average in the southeast region during the winter; (c) arrival of cold fronts up to the northeastern region, especially the coast of states of Bahia, Sergipe and Alagoas; (d) a trend to abundant rains in northern and eastern Amazonia; (e) possibility of rainfall above the average in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil; (f) rainfall well above the average in the eastern region of the southern states; (g) and drought in the western region of these states and in Paraguay.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Figure 17</a> shows the configuration of five homogeneous regions in southern Brazil. These areas are important to evidence the spatial variability of the rainfall regime in the southern region. The analysis of each homogeneous region indicates this variability through some statistical parameters.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia>Groups were generated for each homogeneous region. For example, group I was generated based on multivariate analysis, including four rainfall series; group II included nine series; group III, 12 series; group IV, 19 series; group V, 12 series; and finally group VI, 10 series. A chart was then created for each group with the mean values of these series. These charts are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0090">Figures 18-23</a>, which allowed the analysis of rainfall variability for each homogeneous region. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables II-VI</a> show significant meteorological parameters for specific stations in the generated groups.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0090"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0095"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0100"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0105"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0110"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0115"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia>Group II included part of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, presenting coherence with the rainfall regime in this region, with marked annual wave according to the transition of these two states in relation to Rio Grande do Sul, and with homogeneous rainfall regime along the months.Group IV included the rainfall series of the western regions in the three states. The relative variability of this region is higher than 20%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table VI</a> shows values for group V, basically formed by a great part of Rio Grande do Sul, with rainfall values between 1370 and 1820mm. Its relative variability is between 16 and 25%, but the structure of its monthly rainfall distribution has a homogeneous pattern, i.e. without marked variability from month to month.In general, multivariate analysis created homogeneous subregions inside each region, preserving the rainfall characteristics of the larger areas.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0090">Figures 18</a> to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0115">23</a> illustrate the temporal evolution of anomalies for each group. In group I, the year 1983<a name="p112"></a> showed an anomaly of 800mm (i.e. rainfall was 800mm higher than the climatological average). This group consisted of two homogeneous coastal areas in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. The year 2003 also showed a marked anomaly (approximately 600mm), whereas 1978, 1979 and 1985 presented negative anomalies (approximately –400mm). The period 1988-1992 showed negative anomalies, i.e. rainfall<a name="p113"></a> values were lower than the climatological average in this homogeneous area, with year 1989 presenting the lowest irregular values (below –400mm). In 2003 precipitation was also below the climatological average. In 14 of the 35 years analyzed rainfall was below the climatological average, whereas 16 years showed values above the average.For the same temporal evolution of group II, the values of anomalies were significant but not as pronounced as in group I (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0095">Fig. 19</a>). This homogeneous area involves the mid-eastern region of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina. Rainfalls in 1983 and 1998 were above the climatological average (600mm). Variability in the rainfall pattern from one area to another was detected. In 1985, the anomaly was approximately –600mm, characterizing it as a drier year in this homogeneous area, compared with group I, previously analyzed. In this group, 12<a name="p114"></a> years with negative anomalies and 13 years with positive anomalies were recorded in the study area.The temporal evolution of anomalies for the homogeneous regions of groups III and IV are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0100">Figures 20</a>and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0105">21</a>. The difference of rainfall values for these two groups compared to preceding groups is remarkable. Group III presented rainfall values well above the average in 1983 (1000mm above the climatological average) and 1998, with anomaly greater than 800mm. Negative anomalies were also significant in this area. In 1978, 1985, 1991 and 2006, negative anomalies were lower than –600mm. This group is located at the mid part of the southern region, with areas of Paraná, Santa Catarina and northern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Positive anomalies occurred in nine years, and negative anomalies occurred in 13 years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0100">Fig. 20</a>). In this group, precipitation was above the average in 17 years and below the average in 14 years.The homogeneous area corresponding to group IV is located to the west of the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0105">Fig. 21</a>). This group presented anomalies with values lower than other groups. For example, the years 1983, 1997, 1998 and 2002 presented positive anomalies above 400mm and below 600mm. Marked negative anomalies occurred in 1978, 1985, 1988, 1999, 2006 and 2007. In group IV, rainfall value was above the average in 14 years and below the average in 17 years, within the study period.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0110">Figures 22</a>and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0115">23</a> show anomalies for the homogeneous regions corresponding to groups V and VI, respectively. Group V corresponds to practically the entire state of Rio Grande do Sul, i.e. the southernmost part of the southern region, and presented a marked anomaly in 2002, 800mm higher than in 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 ENSO events (warm phase), considered the most intense events in the last three decades. The northern and northwestern state of Paraná, corresponding to group VI, presented values of anomalies below 600mm, highlighting 1980 and 2006, with values greater than 400mm of positive anomalies.It is worth mentioning the negative anomaly in 1982 (–400mm) in this homogeneous classified area.<a name="p115"></a> In group V precipitation values were above the climatological average in 14 years and below the average in 17 years. For group VI, 11 years within the study period presented rainfall above the average, and 10 years below the average.4ConclusionThe filling of gaps and the homogenization carried out based on the R environment and Climatol subroutine is satisfactory, generating a more reliable database to perform statistical inferences, allowing a better ordination of data used.There was a marked rainfall variability in southern Brazil, and part of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina had a well-marked annual wave, with maximum in the summer and minimum in the winter. In other areas, the rainfall structure was distinct, with rainfall distributed over the year.The precipitation value was analyzed for some years, and spatial and temporal (annual) variability was detected. In general, the southern region had rainfall above the climatological average during El Niño years. Also, not all ENSO events (warm phase, El Niño) produce the same rainfall response for this region.Anomalies also presented a marked variability from year to year. In 1976, values of anomalies were low, i.e. rainfall was not far above the average. In 1982, there were anomalies above 100mm, i.e. 100mm above the climatological average. In 1983 (considered a year of intense El Niño), the Southern region presented markedly positive anomalies in almost the entire study area.In 1982, positive anomalies were verified, with rainfall above the average: 400mm in the northwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul. In the next year (1983), the anomaly was even more positive, with values above 1000mm (i.e., 1000mm above the average).In 1985, negative anomalies were observed in great part of the southern region, with values of –600mm in the mid part of the state of Paraná.Precipitation was also evidently higher than the average in this region, with anomaly values exceeding 900mm in the western region of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres498985" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres498986" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec520442" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-11-01" "fechaAceptado" => "2013-11-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec520442" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Anomalies" 1 => "variability" 2 => "ENSO" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "En este estudio se analiza la precipitación en el sur de Brasil con base en un conjunto de datos proporcionados por la Agencia Nacional del Agua de Brasil que abarcan el periodo 1976-2010. Los datos se homogeneizaron usando el software R y la subrutina Climatol, que permite completar la información faltante. Se extrajeron las isoyetas mediante el software Geostatistics para obtener un semivariograma correspondiente a cada análisis. Se observó una variabilidad interanual notable en esta región, con anomalías positivas en la fase caliente (El Niño) y anomalías negativas en la fase fría (La Niña) del fenómeno ENSO. Además, las respuestas de estas variaciones en toda la región no fueron uniformes, ya que se observó variabilidad interanual y entre eventos." ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "This study examined precipitation in southern Brazil based on a data set provided by the Brazilian National Water Agency, covering the period from 1976 to 2010. Data were homogenized using the R software and the Climatol subroutine, which allow completing missing data. Isohyets were drawn using the Geostatistics software to obtain a semivariogram for each analysis. There was a remarkable interannual variability in this region, with positive anomalies in the warm phase (El Niño) and negative anomalies in the cold phase (La Niña) of ENSO. Also, the responses of this variability were not uniform in the entire region, since there was variability from year to year and from event to event." ] ] "multimedia" => array:29 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 925 "Ancho" => 940 "Tamanyo" => 75759 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Annual rainfall distribution in southern Brazil." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1088 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 90031 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of rainfall data in southern Brazil." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1093 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 132035 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of rainfall (climatological average)." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1088 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 133076 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of the spatial dispersion for the period 1976-2010." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1084 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 123360 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Analysis of the relative variability for the period 1976-2010, in percentages." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1093 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 144319 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Rainfall amplitude for the year 1976." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1088 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 125301 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1976." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1097 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 140281 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1982." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1088 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 141785 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1983." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1086 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 143065 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1985." ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1089 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 136464 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1997." ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 1085 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 168937 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1998." ] ] 12 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0065" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 13" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg" "Alto" => 1086 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 127917 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 2000." ] ] 13 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0070" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 14" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg" "Alto" => 1080 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 150767 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 2005." ] ] 14 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0075" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 15" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg" "Alto" => 1092 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 126554 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of rainfall (climatological average) during the wet period (December-February) in southern Brazil." ] ] 15 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0080" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 16" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg" "Alto" => 1092 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 122345 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Spatial distribution of rainfall (climatological average) during the dry period (December-February) in southern Brazil." ] ] 16 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0085" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 17" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr17.jpeg" "Alto" => 1080 "Ancho" => 942 "Tamanyo" => 140885 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Homogeneous regions generated with multivariate analysis." ] ] 17 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0090" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 18" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr18.jpeg" "Alto" => 597 "Ancho" => 947 "Tamanyo" => 50618 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Temporal evolution of rainfall anomalies for group I." ] ] 18 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0095" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 19" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr19.jpeg" "Alto" => 555 "Ancho" => 946 "Tamanyo" => 47664 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Temporal evolution of rainfall anomalies for group II." ] ] 19 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0100" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 20" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr20.jpeg" "Alto" => 672 "Ancho" => 947 "Tamanyo" => 51780 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Temporal evolution of rainfall anomalies for group III." ] ] 20 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0105" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 21" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr21.jpeg" "Alto" => 625 "Ancho" => 946 "Tamanyo" => 52656 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Temporal evolution of rainfall anomalies for group IV." ] ] 21 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0110" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 22" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr22.jpeg" "Alto" => 643 "Ancho" => 946 "Tamanyo" => 50375 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Temporal evolution of rainfall anomalies for group V." ] ] 22 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0115" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 23" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr23.jpeg" "Alto" => 660 "Ancho" => 946 "Tamanyo" => 48404 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Temporal evolution of rainfall anomalies for group VI." ] ] 23 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table I" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SD: standard deviation; DJF: December, January, February; JJA: June, July, August; PR: state of Paraná; SC: state of Santa Catarina; RS: state of Rio Grande do Sul." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Code \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Amplitude \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DJF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">JJA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Sertaneja (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3577 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">109 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">450 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1337 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">524 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Diamante do Norte (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3299 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">332 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1145 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">410 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Santana do Itararé (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3539 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">408 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1186 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">654 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Guapirama (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3669 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">108 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">434 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">933 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">705 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Adrianópolis (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3449 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">354 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">904 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">768 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Marechal C. de Rondon (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">4021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">480 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1217 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">930 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Morretes (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">4781 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">352 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1574 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">956 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Prudentópolis (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">4030 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">107 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">360 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">827 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1133 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Rio Negro (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">4053 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">469 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">932 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1207 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Campo Belo do Sul (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">4726 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">142 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">681 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">879 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1787 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Lajes (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3246 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">85 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">363 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">669 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1145 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Iporã (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">4183 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">137 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">539 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">758 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">821 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Três Passos (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3126 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">349 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">729 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">900 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Ijuí (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3983 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">106 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">344 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">595 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">558 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Itaqui (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3384 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">382 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1386 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">649 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Tapes (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">3676 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">238 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">952 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1134 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Canguçu (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">2837 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">319 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">749 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">939 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Cachoeira do Sul (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">2846 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">289 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">684 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="middle">1004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796593.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Total annual precipitation for each rainfall series in southern Brazil (in mm)." ] ] 24 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table II" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SD: standard deviation; VC: variation coefficient; Qs: upper quartile; Qi: lower quartile; Ampl.: amplitude." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qs (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qi (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl. (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Morretes (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2155 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">338 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2348 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1973 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1533 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">R. Pequeno (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2044 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">356 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2284 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1730 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1227 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">T. do Sul (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1585 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">291 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1777 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1354 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1247 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">75 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">T. de Areia (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1880 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">402 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2123 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1583 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1857 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">P. Grande (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1848 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">371 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2170 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1527 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1317 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796592.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean precipitation, standard deviation, variation coefficient, upper and lower quartiles, and amplitude, for specific stations in group I." ] ] 25 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table III" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SD: standard deviation; VC: variation coefficient; Qs: upper quartile; Qi: lower quartile; Ampl.: amplitude." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qs (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qi (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl. (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Pitanga (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1781 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">316 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2054 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1579 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1524 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Lapa (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1511 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">263 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1725 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1341 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Rio Negro (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1551 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">304 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1768 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1385 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1317 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">A. Carlos (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1890 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">414 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2095 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2415 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Lajes (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1517 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">300 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1693 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1339 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1694 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Curitibanos (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1610 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">350 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1850 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1367 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796591.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean precipitation, standard deviation, variation coefficient, upper and lower quartiles, and amplitude, for specific stations in group II." ] ] 26 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table IV" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SD: standard deviation; VC: variation coefficient; Qs: upper quartile; Qi: lower quartile; Ampl.: amplitude." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qs (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qi (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl. (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">U. da Vitória (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1705 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">390 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1862 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1515 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1875 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Anitápolis (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1858 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">318 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2049 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1617 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1406 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Paim Filho (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1789 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">339 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1474 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1339 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Constantina (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1784 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">378 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2066 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1569 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1612 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">G. das Missões (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1488 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">312 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1680 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1251 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1247 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796594.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean precipitation, standard deviation, variation coefficient, upper and lower quartiles, and amplitude, for specific stations in group III." ] ] 27 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table V" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SD: standard deviation; VC: variation coefficient; Qs: upper quartile; Qi: lower quartile; Ampl.: amplitude." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qs (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qi (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl. (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Palotina (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1494 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">327 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1641 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1305 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1398 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Laranjeiras S. (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1957 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">394 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2233 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1639 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1574 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Foz do Iguaçu (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1769 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">394 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2090 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1495 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1506 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Romelandia (SC) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2029 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">418 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2267 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1710 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1888 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Salgado Filho (PR) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1839 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">459 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2129 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1447 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2050 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Santo Ângelo (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1716 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">437 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2045 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1520 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1816 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796590.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean precipitation, standard deviation, variation coefficient, upper and lower quartiles, and amplitude, for specific stations in group I V." ] ] 28 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table VI" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "SD: standard deviation; VC: variation coefficient; Qs: upper quartile; Qi: lower quartile; Ampl.: amplitude." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qs (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Qi (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl. (mm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Veranópolis (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1471 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">229 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1615 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1306 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">970 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Jaguari (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1820 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">434 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">2000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1482 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1818 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Tapes (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1609 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">298 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1855 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1365 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1104 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Itaqui (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1635 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">384 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1876 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1389 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1447 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Sta do Livramento (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1456 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">360 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1692 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1204 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1659 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="middle">Rio Grande (RS) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1371 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">319 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1591 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1172 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="middle">1313 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab796589.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean precipitation, standard deviation, variation coefficient, upper and lower quartiles, and amplitude, for specific stations in group V." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:12 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Berlato, 1992" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The climate forecasting application in the decision-making process for the southern region of Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "Berlato M.A." ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "titulo" => "Workshop report on ENSO and seasonal to interannual climate variability, socio-economic impacts, forecasting and applications to the decision making process" "fecha" => "1992" "paginaInicial" => "14" "paginaFinal" => "16" "editorial" => "Florianópolis, Santa Catarina" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Brazil" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Costa and Soares, 2009" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Homogenization of climate data: Review and new perspectives using geostatistics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Costa A.C." 1 => "A. Soares" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Math. Biosci." "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "41" "paginaInicial" => "291" "paginaFinal" => "305" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Diaz et al., 1998" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relationships between precipitation anomalies in Uruguay and southern Brazil and sea surface temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Diaz A." 1 => "C.D. Studzinki" 2 => "C.R. Mechoso" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. 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Martins" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:6 [ "edicion" => "6a" "titulo" => "Curso de Estatística" "fecha" => "1996" "paginaInicial" => "320" "editorial" => "Atlas" "editorialLocalizacion" => "São Paulo" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Fontana and Berlato, 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relação entre El Niño- scilação Sul (ENOS), precipitação e rendimento de milho no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Fontana D.C." 1 => "M.A. Berlato" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras." "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "31" "paginaInicial" => "39" "paginaFinal" => "46" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Gan and Rao, 1991" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Surface cyclogenesis over South America" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Gan M.A." 1 => "V.B. Rao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mon. Wea. Rev." "fecha" => "1991" "volumen" => "119" "paginaInicial" => "1293" "paginaFinal" => "1302" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Grimm et al., 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Grimm A.M." 1 => "A.K. Guetter" 2 => "P.H. 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Boletim de Monitoramento e Análise Climática" "fecha" => "1996" "paginaInicial" => "39" "editorial" => "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais-Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia" "editorialLocalizacion" => "São Paulo" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Kousky and Cavalcanti, 1984" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Eventos El Niño – Oscilação Sul: características, evolução e anomalias de precipitação" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Kousky V.E." 1 => "I.F. Cavalcanti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ciências e Cultura" "fecha" => "1984" "volumen" => "36" "paginaInicial" => "1888" "paginaFinal" => "1889" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Rao and Hada, 1990" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characteristics of rainfall over Brazil: Annual variations and connections with the southern oscillations" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Rao V.B." 1 => "K. Hada" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Theor. Appl. Climatol" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "81" "paginaFinal" => "91" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/01876236/0000002700000002/v2_201505081734/S018762361471104X/v2_201505081734/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/01876236/0000002700000002/v2_201505081734/S018762361471104X/v2_201505081734/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S018762361471104X?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Jonas Teixeira Nery

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jonas@ourinhos.unesp.br

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, Ana Claudia Carfan

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Av. Vitalina Marcusso 1500, 19910-206-Ourinhos, SP, Brasil

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Brazil is a very large country&#44; with different rainfall and temperature regimes&#46; From north to south&#44; there is a wide variety of climates with distinct regional characteristics&#46; The southern region is greatly influenced by mid-altitude systems due to its latitudinal location&#44; in which frontal systems are the main cause of rainfall throughout the year&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The annual distribution of rainfall in southern Brazil &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; is fairly uniform&#46; The average annual rainfall ranges from 1250 to 2000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">INPE-MTC&#44; 1996</a>&#41;&#46; Atmospheric phenomena operating in this region during the winter consist of frontal systems and cyclonic vortices at high levels &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Gan and Rao&#44; 1991</a>&#41;&#46; The trajectory of these systems is closely related to the position and intensity of the subtropical jet in South America and the low-level jet &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kousky and Cavalcanti&#44; 1984</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some cases of precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil are linked to specific external phenomena&#44; such as climate teleconnections&#46; Therefore&#44; it is very important to study the atmospheric circulation in these cases to improve the understanding of processes that interact in this region&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Kousky and Cavalcanty &#40;1984&#41;</a>&#44; precipitation anomalies in southern Brazil are sometimes associated with El Ni&#241;o&#47;Southern Oscillation &#40;ENSO&#41;&#46; These authors concluded that during 1982-1983 El Ni&#241;o &#40;negative<a name="p104"></a> phase of ENSO&#41;&#44; a well-defined subtropical jet stream over South America and to the eastern south Pacific Ocean&#44; along with several blocking situations at mid-altitudes&#44; has favored the entrance of active frontal systems in southern Brazil&#44; thus explaining the excessive rainfall observed in the region during this period&#46; Moreover&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Rao and Hada &#40;1990&#41;</a> showed that the precipitation variability in southernmost Brazil is significant and some global anomalies in the atmospheric behavior can affect precipitation in this region&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Berlato &#40;1992&#41;</a> analyzed the interannual rainfall variability and concluded that such variability is the primary factor in the fluctuation of agricultural production in southern Brazil&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Diaz <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1998&#41;</a> associated the rainfall in southern Brazil with the surface temperatures of the Pacific and the tropical South Atlantic oceans and concluded that ENSO plays a key role in the interannual rainfall variability in this region&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The southern region of Brazil has a vast coastal area that determines the precipitation dynamics in this area&#44; under the influence of the Atlantic Ocean&#46; So&#44; besides the entrance of frontal systems&#44; this region presents other important dynamics that explain the rainfall regimen&#44; especially in the southernmost of Brazil&#46; The southern state of Rio Grande do Sul is dominated by climate dynamics that explain heavy rains in this region&#44; sometimes even reaching the state of Santa Catarina&#44; such as cold fronts&#44; ENSO and advection of moist air from the South Atlantic&#44; for example&#46; This region is characterized as cyclogenetic&#46; In the summer period&#44; the confluence of moist air from the Amazon plays an important role for rainfall in this region&#44; causing heavy rains in a short period&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Fontana and Berlato &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#44; the precipitation climatology during ENSO events shows that for the state of Rio Grande do Sul&#44; in the warm phase of this phenomenon &#40;El Ni&#241;o&#41; precipitation above the climatological average is observed in nearly all months of the year&#44; but especially in two distinct periods&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main period of ENSO occurrence is during the spring&#44; especially during October and November&#44; with another period at the end of the following year&#8217;s autumn&#44; during May and June&#46; A similar trend was registered by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Grimm <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a> for the state of Paran&#225;&#46; In this ENSO phase&#44; impacts are greater in the northwestern half of the state of Rio Grande do Sul&#44; with average increases in precipitation from 40 to over 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Grimm <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;1997&#41;</a> demonstrated that in spring&#44; the southwestern and coastal regions of the state of Paran&#225; are the most influenced by this phenomenon&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the cold phase &#40;La Ni&#241;a&#41;&#44; the state of Rio Grande do Sul has precipitation below the climatological average&#44; compared with periods of the year coinciding with the warm phase &#40;El Ni&#241;o&#41;&#46; As for the spatial distribution&#44; the western region is the most affected region&#44; with reductions from 80 to 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in most of the stage&#44; with differences increasing from east to west &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Fontana and Berlato&#44; 1997</a>&#41;&#46; Importantly&#44; areas under higher ENSO influence on precipitation of the southern region are located precisely where agriculture is also highly important&#44; emphasizing the need for further detailing and quantification of this influence&#44; since agricultural activity is probably the major beneficiary of this information&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">ENSO is a large-scale system that affects the southern region of Brazil&#46; Several studies &#40;and reality itself&#41; have shown that ENSO plays an important role in the climate anomalies of precipitation in Rio Grande do Sul&#46; The best-known climate anomalies&#44; which also have greater impact&#44; are related to the rainfall regime&#44; although the thermal regime can also be modified&#46; El Ni&#241;o is associated with weaker trade winds and is characterized by the warming of superficial waters in the tropical Pacific where atmospheric pressures are reduced compared to normal pressures&#46;<a name="p105"></a> In contrast&#44; La Ni&#241;a is characterized by the cooling of superficial waters in the tropical Pacific and greater intensity of trade winds&#44; which reach speeds above average&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study re-analyzed rainfall in the southern region of Brazil based on an updated and homogenized database&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to problems inherent to the measuring of climatic factors&#44; climatological series are frequently incomplete&#46; However&#44; some studies require these series to be complete&#59; therefore the filling of missing observations can be performed considering the spatial continuity of values observed for climatic factors related to the missing data in the series&#46; This process is called spatial prediction and requires knowledge of monitoring stations on the spatial location where values were observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Guijarro&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are two different groups of tests that can be used to perform this analysis&#44; namely absolute and relative tests &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Costa and Soares&#44; 2009</a>&#41;&#46; In the first group&#44; the test is applied separately to the series of each station&#46; In the second group&#44; the test uses the series of neighboring stations&#44; which are presumably homogeneous&#46; Besides detecting breaks in the structure of series&#44; the tests indicate the dates when they occurred&#46; In this study&#44; the test of neighboring stations was used&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Any climatological study that uses series of observations should apply a homogenization method to fill the missing data and detect anomalous trends produced by meteorological conditions&#46; In this study&#44; a set of functions was used for this purpose&#44; based on the R software &#40;a statistical package that can be easily installed on a personal computer&#41;&#46; This open source code software works with different operating systems &#40;NG-Linux&#44; Solaris&#44; and Windows&#44; for example&#41;&#44; providing a wide array of statistical and graphical applications &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; to develop scientific studies&#41;&#46; It has a General Public License &#40;GPL&#41; and can be easily adapted to the user&#8217;s preferences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">Guijarro&#44; 2004</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding the behavior of pluvial precipitation over southern Brazil required estimating position measurements &#40;measures that provide an insight into the behavior of the studied data set&#41;&#44; as well as mean and dispersion measurements&#46; A 35-year period &#40;from 1976 to 2010&#41; was chosen for the analysis of pluvial precipitation in the study areas&#46; The statistical parameters used for the analysis of rainfall series at each region analyzed were mean&#44; standard deviation&#44; variation coefficient&#44; maximum&#44; minimum&#44; and amplitude&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The pluvial precipitation amplitude considered the difference between the highest value within the period examined &#40;total annual&#41; and the lowest rainfall value for the same period&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Principal component analysis &#40;PCA&#41; was originally introduced by Pearson in 1901 and Hottelling in 1933 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Everitt and Der&#44; 1977</a>&#41;&#46; This is a factorial technique to summarize the dimension of the initial matrix of data&#44; based on the central idea of constructing new synthetic variables obtained from linear combinations of initial characteristics&#44; whose result is called principal components&#46; These new variables allowed obtaining a synthesis of the information contained within a large number of variables presented in the initial data set&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This synthesis is quite useful to understand the structure implicit in these data&#46; Another advantage is the possibility to apply it later under optimum conditions&#44; using these results with other classical multivariate techniques&#46; The results obtained by PCA can be presented in the graphic form called factorial plan&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The application of PCA to a large data set is interesting only to determine linear combinations of original variables&#44; which explain as much as possible the variation in the initial data&#46; Strictly speaking&#44; the PCA demands no validity condition&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e</span>&#46; this technique does not require any theoretical assumption of the existence of a causal model&#44; probability distribution&#44; for the data&#46; This prevents the establishment of any cause-effect relationship between variables&#44; even when existing&#46; Under no circumstances hidden variables are assumed&#44; that is&#44; underlying factors&#46; The PCA is only a technique to reduce dimensions&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the purpose of analyzing the rainfall contribution&#44; 93 rainfall series were selected in the southern region from a larger data set&#44; which provided support for the application of the methodology for homogenization and filling of missing data in selected series&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Figure 2</a> shows the spatial distribution of these series&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Geostatistics was also employed to construct the semivariogram that allowed finding the best model for interpolation&#46; In the case of rainfall&#44; the Krige interpolation method is useful since the appropriate model is chosen&#46; The Surfer software is efficient to<a name="p106"></a> draw isolines and has inbuilt methods of interpolation and useful models to draw isolines with better spatial representation of the variable analyzed&#46; The model that best fits the isohyets in this work was the Gaussian model&#44; for the Krige interpolation method&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Results and discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Figure 3</a>&#44; rainfall in the southern region ranged from approximately 1400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm to 1800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The highest rainfall was concentrated in the central part of this region and the lowest in the northwest region of the state of Paran&#225; and southern state of Rio Grande do Sul&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The spatial dispersion shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Figure 4</a> was calculated through the standard deviation that measures how far rainfall values deviate from the mean&#46; It estimates the dispersion of data&#44; but can also be considered as a measure of data variability&#46; Values in the region varied approximately from 300-450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; indicating a greater variability in the western portion of the southern region&#44; but without a clear variability in the rainfall series&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It should be highlighted that it is a variability measure for a period of 35 years&#44; i&#46;e&#46; climatological variability for the study region&#46; This can be observed in the calculation of the variation coefficient &#40;relative measure of variability&#41; in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Figure 5</a>&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Fonseca and Martins &#40;1996&#41;</a>&#44; most of this area has an<a name="p107"></a> average dispersion of data&#44; without values below 10&#37; &#40;low dispersion&#41; or above 30&#37; &#40;high dispersion&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest amplitudes in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Figure 6</a>&#44; as well as the maximum rainfall were concentrated in the west-central part of the region&#46; This figure shows values for 1976&#44; considered a year under moderate El Ni&#241;o event&#46; Despite being considered an ENSO year &#40;warm phase&#41;&#44; anomalies were negative in great part of the southern region&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calculating anomalies is important for the estimation of rainfall variability&#46; In this case&#44; annual anomalies were calculated&#46; Negative anomalies mean that the area had rainfall values below the climatological average&#46; Positive anomalies mean that the area had rainfall values above the climatological average for the study area&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0035">Figures 7-14</a> show the spatial distribution of the calculated anomalies in the study area&#44; in which marked rainfall variability was observed&#44; with some years being wetter and others drier&#46; Thus&#44; the climatic dynamics that allowed this annual variability could be inferred&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 1982-1983 ENSO event was intense in southern Brazil&#44; especially in 1983&#44; with values above 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the central part of the study area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Figures 7</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">8</a> illustrate two El Ni&#241;o events with significant differences between them&#46; The year 1982 marked the onset of the ENSO event &#40;warm phase&#41;&#44; but the greatest anomalies occurred in 1983 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>&#41;&#46;<a name="p108"></a> Thus&#44; the intensity of El Ni&#241;o events is not refected uniformly in the amount of precipitation in southern Brazil&#46; In 1976&#44; rainfall was below the climatological average in a large part of the southern region &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46; In the 1982-1983 ENSO event &#40;warm phase&#41;&#44; rainfall was above the climatological average throughout the southern region&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the driest periods in southeastern and southern Brazil affected Paran&#225; and Santa Catarina&#44; with negative and intense anomalies in both states &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig&#46; 10</a>&#41;&#46; Values of 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;negative anomalies&#41; were found in the state of Paran&#225;&#44; i&#46;e&#46; rainfall was below the climatological average&#46; The state of Rio Grande do Sul was not affected by negative anomalies&#44; showing variability in this region&#46;</p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 1997-1998 El Ni&#241;o event &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Figs&#46; 11</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">12</a>&#41;&#44; rainfall was above the average in both years with marked rainfall and a pluviometric variability compared to the 1982-1983 event&#46; Both events were considered of remarkable intensity&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a> lists the values of total annual precipitation&#44; standard deviation &#40;SD&#41;&#44; amplitude&#44; and three-month periods of rainfall &#40;December&#44; January and February &#91;DJF&#93;&#44; June&#44; July and August &#91;JJA&#93;&#41; for each rainfall series in southern Brazil&#46; Values were based on each event &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e&#46;g</span>&#46;&#44; the total is relative to the period of occurrence of each event&#41;&#46; This table presents total rainfall values for the 1982-83 El Ni&#241;o event&#44; which show total rainfall values above the climatological<a name="p109"></a> value&#44; i&#46;e&#46; rainfall above the average throughout the region&#46; The rainiest quarter&#44; in general&#44; was DJF&#46; Variability&#44; based on the standard deviation&#44; was high&#44; approximately between 140 and 700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anomalies in 2000 and 2005 &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Figs&#46; 13</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">14</a>&#41; presented marked variability&#44; but their values were not too high in relation to other years&#46; In 2000 there was an area where anomaly values were equal to<a name="p110"></a> zero&#44; i&#46;e&#46; values were within the climatological average in that year and area&#46; On the other hand&#44; negative anomalies &#40;rainfall below the average&#41; were also found in the eastern state of Paran&#225;&#46; In the other areas&#44; rainfall was above the climatological average &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig&#46; 13</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Figure 14</a> shows anomalies during 2005&#46; The central area of this region presented positive anomalies&#44; that is&#44; the state of Santa Catarina had rainfall above the average&#44; while most of the states of Paran&#225; and Rio Grande do Sul had negative anomalies&#46;</p><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the wet season&#44; rainfall in the southern region presented maximum variability in Santa Catarina and Paran&#225;&#44; especially on the coast&#46; Lower rainfalls were observed in December&#44; January and February in the southernmost region of Rio Grande do Sul &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Fig&#46; 15</a>&#41;&#46; The spatial distribution for the wet and dry period is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Figures 15</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">16</a>&#44; respectively&#46; Rainfalls were more homogeneous in the dry season due to the action of frontal systems that cause more homogeneous rainfall in the study area&#46; The convective and frontal systems&#44; besides local heating&#44; cause more heterogeneous rainfalls &#40;wet period&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The major effects of La Ni&#241;a in Brazil are&#58; &#40;a&#41; rapid passage of cold fronts on the southern region&#59; &#40;b&#41; temperature close to the climatological average<a name="p111"></a> or slightly below the average in the southeast region during the winter&#59; &#40;c&#41; arrival of cold fronts up to the northeastern region&#44; especially the coast of states of Bahia&#44; Sergipe and Alagoas&#59; &#40;d&#41; a trend to abundant rains in northern and eastern Amazonia&#59; &#40;e&#41; possibility of rainfall above the average in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil&#59; &#40;f&#41; rainfall well above the average in the eastern region of the southern states&#59; &#40;g&#41; and drought in the western region of these states and in Paraguay&#46;</p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Figure 17</a> shows the configuration of five homogeneous regions in southern Brazil&#46; These areas are important to evidence the spatial variability of the rainfall regime in the southern region&#46; The analysis of each homogeneous region indicates this variability through some statistical parameters&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Groups were generated for each homogeneous region&#46; For example&#44; group I was generated based on multivariate analysis&#44; including four rainfall series&#59; group II included nine series&#59; group III&#44; 12 series&#59; group IV&#44; 19 series&#59; group V&#44; 12 series&#59; and finally group VI&#44; 10 series&#46; A chart was then created for each group with the mean values of these series&#46; These charts are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0090">Figures 18-23</a>&#44; which allowed the analysis of rainfall variability for each homogeneous region&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables II-VI</a> show significant meteorological parameters for specific stations in the generated groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0090"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0095"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0100"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0105"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0110"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0115"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Group II included part of the states of Paran&#225; and Santa Catarina&#44; presenting coherence with the rainfall regime in this region&#44; with marked annual wave according to the transition of these two states in relation to Rio Grande do Sul&#44; and with homogeneous rainfall regime along the months&#46;</p><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Group IV included the rainfall series of the western regions in the three states&#46; The relative variability of this region is higher than 20&#37;&#46;</p><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table VI</a> shows values for group V&#44; basically formed by a great part of Rio Grande do Sul&#44; with rainfall values between 1370 and 1820<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Its relative variability is between 16 and 25&#37;&#44; but the structure of its monthly rainfall distribution has a homogeneous pattern&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e</span>&#46; without marked variability from month to month&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general&#44; multivariate analysis created homogeneous subregions inside each region&#44; preserving the rainfall characteristics of the larger areas&#46;</p><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0090">Figures 18</a> to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0115">23</a> illustrate the temporal evolution of anomalies for each group&#46; In group I&#44; the year 1983<a name="p112"></a> showed an anomaly of 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;i&#46;e&#46; rainfall was 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm higher than the climatological average&#41;&#46; This group consisted of two homogeneous coastal areas in the states of Paran&#225; and Santa Catarina&#46; The year 2003 also showed a marked anomaly &#40;approximately 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#44; whereas 1978&#44; 1979 and 1985 presented negative anomalies &#40;approximately &#8211;400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; The period 1988-1992 showed negative anomalies&#44; i&#46;e&#46; rainfall<a name="p113"></a> values were lower than the climatological average in this homogeneous area&#44; with year 1989 presenting the lowest irregular values &#40;below &#8211;400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; In 2003 precipitation was also below the climatological average&#46; In 14 of the 35 years analyzed rainfall was below the climatological average&#44; whereas 16 years showed values above the average&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the same temporal evolution of group II&#44; the values of anomalies were significant but not as pronounced as in group I &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0095">Fig&#46; 19</a>&#41;&#46; This homogeneous area involves the mid-eastern region of the states of Paran&#225; and Santa Catarina&#46; Rainfalls in 1983 and 1998 were above the climatological average &#40;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41;&#46; Variability in the rainfall pattern from one area to another was detected&#46; In 1985&#44; the anomaly was approximately &#8211;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; characterizing it as a drier year in this homogeneous area&#44; compared with group I&#44; previously analyzed&#46; In this group&#44; 12<a name="p114"></a> years with negative anomalies and 13 years with positive anomalies were recorded in the study area&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The temporal evolution of anomalies for the homogeneous regions of groups III and IV are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0100">Figures 20</a>and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0105">21</a>&#46; The difference of rainfall values for these two groups compared to preceding groups is remarkable&#46; Group III presented rainfall values well above the average in 1983 &#40;1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm above the climatological average&#41; and 1998&#44; with anomaly greater than 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Negative anomalies were also significant in this area&#46; In 1978&#44; 1985&#44; 1991 and 2006&#44; negative anomalies were lower than &#8211;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; This group is located at the mid part of the southern region&#44; with areas of Paran&#225;&#44; Santa Catarina and northern state of Rio Grande do Sul&#46; Positive anomalies occurred in nine years&#44; and negative anomalies occurred in 13 years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0100">Fig&#46; 20</a>&#41;&#46; In this group&#44; precipitation was above the average in 17 years and below the average in 14 years&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The homogeneous area corresponding to group IV is located to the west of the states of Paran&#225;&#44; Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0105">Fig&#46; 21</a>&#41;&#46; This group presented anomalies with values lower than other groups&#46; For example&#44; the years 1983&#44; 1997&#44; 1998 and 2002 presented positive anomalies above 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and below 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Marked negative anomalies occurred in 1978&#44; 1985&#44; 1988&#44; 1999&#44; 2006 and 2007&#46; In group IV&#44; rainfall value was above the average in 14 years and below the average in 17 years&#44; within the study period&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0110">Figures 22</a>and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0115">23</a> show anomalies for the homogeneous regions corresponding to groups V and VI&#44; respectively&#46; Group V corresponds to practically the entire state of Rio Grande do Sul&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e</span>&#46; the southernmost part of the southern region&#44; and presented a marked anomaly in 2002&#44; 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm higher than in 1982-1983 and 1997-1998 ENSO events &#40;warm phase&#41;&#44; considered the most intense events in the last three decades&#46; The northern and northwestern state of Paran&#225;&#44; corresponding to group VI&#44; presented values of anomalies below 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; highlighting 1980 and 2006&#44; with values greater than 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of positive anomalies&#46;</p><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is worth mentioning the negative anomaly in 1982 &#40;&#8211;400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; in this homogeneous classified area&#46;<a name="p115"></a> In group V precipitation values were above the climatological average in 14 years and below the average in 17 years&#46; For group VI&#44; 11 years within the study period presented rainfall above the average&#44; and 10 years below the average&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusion</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The filling of gaps and the homogenization carried out based on the R environment and Climatol subroutine is satisfactory&#44; generating a more reliable database to perform statistical inferences&#44; allowing a better ordination of data used&#46;</p><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There was a marked rainfall variability in southern Brazil&#44; and part of the states of Paran&#225; and Santa Catarina had a well-marked annual wave&#44; with maximum in the summer and minimum in the winter&#46; In other areas&#44; the rainfall structure was distinct&#44; with rainfall distributed over the year&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The precipitation value was analyzed for some years&#44; and spatial and temporal &#40;annual&#41; variability was detected&#46; In general&#44; the southern region had rainfall above the climatological average during El Ni&#241;o years&#46; Also&#44; not all ENSO events &#40;warm phase&#44; El Ni&#241;o&#41; produce the same rainfall response for this region&#46;</p><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anomalies also presented a marked variability from year to year&#46; In 1976&#44; values of anomalies were low&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">i&#46;e</span>&#46; rainfall was not far above the average&#46; In 1982&#44; there were anomalies above 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; i&#46;e&#46; 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm above the climatological average&#46; In 1983 &#40;considered a year of intense El Ni&#241;o&#41;&#44; the Southern region presented markedly positive anomalies in almost the entire study area&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1982&#44; positive anomalies were verified&#44; with rainfall above the average&#58; 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the northwestern state of Rio Grande do Sul&#46; In the next year &#40;1983&#41;&#44; the anomaly was even more positive&#44; with values above 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm above the average&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1985&#44; negative anomalies were observed in great part of the southern region&#44; with values of &#8211;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the mid part of the state of Paran&#225;&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Precipitation was also evidently higher than the average in this region&#44; with anomaly values exceeding 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm in the western region of the states of Paran&#225; and Santa Catarina&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
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      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este estudio se analiza la precipitaci&#243;n en el sur de Brasil con base en un conjunto de datos proporcionados por la Agencia Nacional del Agua de Brasil que abarcan el periodo 1976-2010&#46; Los datos se homogeneizaron usando el software R y la subrutina Climatol&#44; que permite completar la informaci&#243;n faltante&#46; Se extrajeron las isoyetas mediante el software Geostatistics para obtener un semivariograma correspondiente a cada an&#225;lisis&#46; Se observ&#243; una variabilidad interanual notable en esta regi&#243;n&#44; con anomal&#237;as positivas en la fase caliente &#40;El Ni&#241;o&#41; y anomal&#237;as negativas en la fase fr&#237;a &#40;La Ni&#241;a&#41; del fen&#243;meno ENSO&#46; Adem&#225;s&#44; las respuestas de estas variaciones en toda la regi&#243;n no fueron uniformes&#44; ya que se observ&#243; variabilidad interanual y entre eventos&#46;</p></span>"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study examined precipitation in southern Brazil based on a data set provided by the Brazilian National Water Agency&#44; covering the period from 1976 to 2010&#46; Data were homogenized using the R software and the Climatol subroutine&#44; which allow completing missing data&#46; Isohyets were drawn using the Geostatistics software to obtain a semivariogram for each analysis&#46; There was a remarkable interannual variability in this region&#44; with positive anomalies in the warm phase &#40;El Ni&#241;o&#41; and negative anomalies in the cold phase &#40;La Ni&#241;a&#41; of ENSO&#46; Also&#44; the responses of this variability were not uniform in the entire region&#44; since there was variability from year to year and from event to event&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the spatial dispersion for the period 1976-2010&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Analysis of the relative variability for the period 1976-2010&#44; in percentages&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial anomalies of rainfall in 1997&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spatial distribution of rainfall &#40;climatological average&#41; during the wet period &#40;December-February&#41; in southern Brazil&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; DJF&#58; December&#44; January&#44; February&#59; JJA&#58; June&#44; July&#44; August&#59; PR&#58; state of Paran&#225;&#59; SC&#58; state of Santa Catarina&#59; RS&#58; state of Rio Grande do Sul&#46;</p>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Code&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Total&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Amplitude&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DJF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">JJA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Sertaneja &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3577&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">109&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">450&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1337&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">524&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Diamante do Norte &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3299&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">332&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1145&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">410&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Santana do Itarar&#233; &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3539&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">408&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1186&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">654&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Guapirama &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3669&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">108&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">434&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">933&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">705&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Adrian&#243;polis &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3449&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">354&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">904&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">768&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Marechal C&#46; de Rondon &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">4021&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">117&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">480&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1217&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">930&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Morretes &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">4781&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">352&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1574&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">956&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Prudent&#243;polis &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">4030&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">107&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">827&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1133&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Rio Negro &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">4053&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">117&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">469&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">932&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1207&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Campo Belo do Sul &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">4726&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">142&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">681&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">879&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1787&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Lajes &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3246&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">363&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">669&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1145&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Ipor&#227; &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">4183&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">137&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">539&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">758&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">821&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Tr&#234;s Passos &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3126&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">349&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">729&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">900&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Iju&#237; &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3983&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">106&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">344&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">595&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">558&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Itaqui &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3384&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">382&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1386&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">649&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Tapes &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">3676&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">238&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">952&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1134&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cangu&#231;u &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">2837&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">319&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">749&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">939&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Cachoeira do Sul &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">2846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">289&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">684&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="middle">1004&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab796593.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Total annual precipitation for each rainfall series in southern Brazil &#40;in mm&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      24 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table II"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; VC&#58; variation coefficient&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#58; upper quartile&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>&#58; lower quartile&#59; Ampl&#46;&#58; amplitude&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl&#46; &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Morretes &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2155&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">338&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2348&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1973&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1533&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">R&#46; Pequeno &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2044&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">356&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2284&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1730&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1227&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">T&#46; do Sul &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1585&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">291&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1777&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1354&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">T&#46; de Areia &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1880&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">402&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2123&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1583&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1857&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">P&#46; Grande &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1848&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">371&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2170&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1527&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab796592.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean precipitation&#44; standard deviation&#44; variation coefficient&#44; upper and lower quartiles&#44; and amplitude&#44; for specific stations in group I&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      25 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table III"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0155" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; VC&#58; variation coefficient&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#58; upper quartile&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>&#58; lower quartile&#59; Ampl&#46;&#58; amplitude&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl&#46; &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Pitanga &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1781&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">316&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2054&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1579&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1524&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Lapa &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1511&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">263&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1725&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1341&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Rio Negro &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1551&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">304&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1768&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1385&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1317&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">A&#46; Carlos &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1890&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">414&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2095&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1629&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2415&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Lajes &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1517&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">300&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1693&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1694&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Curitibanos &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1610&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">350&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1850&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1367&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1629&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab796591.png"
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0150" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean precipitation&#44; standard deviation&#44; variation coefficient&#44; upper and lower quartiles&#44; and amplitude&#44; for specific stations in group II&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      26 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table IV"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0165" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; VC&#58; variation coefficient&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#58; upper quartile&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>&#58; lower quartile&#59; Ampl&#46;&#58; amplitude&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl&#46; &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">U&#46; da Vit&#243;ria &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1705&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">390&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1862&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1515&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1875&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Anit&#225;polis &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1858&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">318&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2049&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1617&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1406&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Paim Filho &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1789&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1474&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1339&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Constantina &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1784&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">378&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2066&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1569&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1612&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">G&#46; das Miss&#245;es &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1488&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">312&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1680&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1251&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1247&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
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                0 => "xTab796594.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0160" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean precipitation&#44; standard deviation&#44; variation coefficient&#44; upper and lower quartiles&#44; and amplitude&#44; for specific stations in group III&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      27 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table V"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0175" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; VC&#58; variation coefficient&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#58; upper quartile&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>&#58; lower quartile&#59; Ampl&#46;&#58; amplitude&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Station&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CV &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ampl&#46; &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">28&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Palotina &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1494&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">327&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1641&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1305&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1398&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Laranjeiras S&#46; &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1957&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2233&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1639&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1574&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Foz do Igua&#231;u &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1769&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">394&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2090&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1495&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1506&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Romelandia &#40;SC&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2029&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">418&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">21&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2267&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1710&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1888&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Salgado Filho &#40;PR&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1839&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">459&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2129&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1447&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2050&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="middle">Santo &#194;ngelo &#40;RS&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1716&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">437&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0185" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD&#58; standard deviation&#59; VC&#58; variation coefficient&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span>&#58; upper quartile&#59; Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>&#58; lower quartile&#59; Ampl&#46;&#58; amplitude&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="middle" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Q<span class="elsevierStyleInf">s</span> &#40;mm&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1615&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">434&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1482&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1818&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">24&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1876&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1389&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1447&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">360&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1692&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1204&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1659&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">319&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1591&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1172&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="middle">1313&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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                      "titulo" => "The climate forecasting application in the decision-making process for the southern region of Brazil"
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                        "titulo" => "Workshop report on ENSO and seasonal to interannual climate variability&#44; socio-economic impacts&#44; forecasting and applications to the decision making process"
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                        "paginaInicial" => "14"
                        "paginaFinal" => "16"
                        "editorial" => "Florian&#243;polis&#44; Santa Catarina"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Brazil"
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                    ]
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            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
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                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Homogenization of climate data&#58; Review and new perspectives using geostatistics"
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                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Math&#46; Biosci&#46;"
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            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Diaz et al&#46;&#44; 1998"
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                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
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                      "titulo" => "Relationships between precipitation anomalies in Uruguay and southern Brazil and sea surface temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
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                  "host" => array:1 [
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                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Climate"
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            3 => array:3 [
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                      "Libro" => array:5 [
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                        "tituloSerie" => "Theor&#46; Appl&#46; Climatol"
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                        "volumen" => "42"
                        "paginaInicial" => "81"
                        "paginaFinal" => "91"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
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  "url" => "/01876236/0000002700000002/v2_201505081734/S018762361471104X/v2_201505081734/en/main.assets"
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  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/01876236/0000002700000002/v2_201505081734/S018762361471104X/v2_201505081734/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
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]

Article information

ISSN: 01876236
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/S0187-6236(14)71104-X

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 October	18	3	21
2024 September	16	5	21
2024 August	18	2	20
2024 July	13	2	15
2024 June	16	4	20
2024 May	17	6	23
2024 April	17	6	23
2024 March	23	3	26
2024 February	28	7	35
2024 January	22	6	28
2023 December	15	4	19
2023 November	16	4	20
2023 October	9	6	15
2023 September	14	5	19
2023 August	10	8	18
2023 July	9	2	11
2023 June	6	2	8
2023 May	8	3	11
2023 April	5	0	5
2023 March	13	1	14
2023 February	6	4	10
2023 January	7	3	10
2022 December	6	4	10
2022 November	9	2	11
2022 October	6	5	11
2022 September	6	11	17
2022 August	13	6	19
2022 July	12	8	20
2022 June	16	4	20
2022 May	13	5	18
2022 April	10	9	19
2022 March	8	3	11
2022 February	14	3	17
2022 January	30	4	34
2021 December	26	5	31
2021 November	23	6	29
2021 October	15	9	24
2021 September	15	5	20
2021 August	18	6	24
2021 July	8	4	12
2021 June	4	5	9
2021 May	6	9	15
2021 April	21	3	24
2021 March	5	7	12
2021 February	4	7	11
2021 January	7	11	18
2020 December	9	5	14
2020 November	7	6	13
2020 October	10	4	14
2020 September	11	7	18
2020 August	14	6	20
2020 July	5	1	6
2020 June	4	1	5
2020 May	6	3	9
2020 April	1	1	2
2020 March	9	6	15
2020 February	8	1	9
2020 January	7	8	15
2019 December	6	9	15
2019 November	4	2	6
2019 October	9	5	14
2019 September	8	1	9
2019 August	6	1	7
2019 July	14	2	16
2019 June	15	10	25
2019 May	46	2	48
2019 April	26	17	43
2019 March	4	1	5
2019 February	8	1	9
2019 January	26	4	30
2018 December	1	4	5
2018 November	2	3	5
2018 October	2	7	9
2018 September	1	8	9
2018 August	4	9	13
2018 July	2	1	3
2018 June	0	6	6
2018 May	7	3	10
2018 April	1	3	4
2018 March	4	1	5
2018 February	1	2	3
2018 January	6	2	8
2017 December	6	0	6
2017 November	7	0	7
2017 October	7	4	11
2017 September	3	3	6
2017 August	11	1	12
2017 July	9	2	11
2017 June	9	0	9
2017 May	13	3	16
2017 April	11	7	18
2017 March	11	30	41
2017 February	8	4	12
2017 January	6	0	6
2016 December	12	2	14
2016 November	5	4	9
2016 October	16	6	22
2016 September	10	6	16
2016 August	9	1	10
2016 July	6	4	10
2016 June	6	3	9
2016 May	6	3	9
2016 April	4	4	8
2016 March	7	4	11
2016 February	9	4	13
2016 January	5	4	9
2015 December	7	2	9
2015 November	8	8	16
2015 October	14	2	16
2015 September	12	4	16
2015 August	4	3	7
2015 July	5	2	7
2015 June	2	2	4
2015 May	5	2	7
2015 April	2	7	9
2015 March	10	3	13
2015 February	5	1	6

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