Dust emission from different soil types in the northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

array:24 ["pii" => "S0187623617300097" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.04" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "73857" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "copyrightAnyo" => "2015" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2015;28:251-60" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 535 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 34 "HTML" => 348 "PDF" => 153 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0187623617300103" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.05" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "73858" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2015;28:261-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 532 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 28 "HTML" => 331 "PDF" => 173 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Evaluation of ensemble NWP models for dynamical downscaling of air temperature over complex topography in a hot climate: A case study from the Sultanate of Oman" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "261" "paginaFinal" => "269" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 2395 "Ancho" => 1533 "Tamanyo" => 311849 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Verification results for the Salalah station scatter plots for different forecasts: (a) T C-HRM-GME; (b) T C-HRM-ECMWF; (c) T C-COSMO-GME); (d) T C-COSMO-EC-MWF; (e) T C-Ensemble Mean); (f) Comparison of ensemble members, ensemble mean and observed monthly mean time series)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Yassine Charabi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Yassine" "apellidos" => "Charabi" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Sultan Al-Yahyai" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sultan" "apellidos" => "Al-Yahyai" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623617300103?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300103/v1_201703180150/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0187623617300085" "issn" => "01876236" "doi" => "10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.03" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01" "aid" => "73856" "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Atmósfera. 2015;28:243-50" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 530 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 24 "HTML" => 415 "PDF" => 91 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The impact of nitrogen fertilizer use on greenhouse gas emissions in an oil palm plantation associated with land use change" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "243" "paginaFinal" => "250" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 519 "Ancho" => 944 "Tamanyo" => 37866 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "GHG emissions during tha plantation stage of oil palm production." ] ] ] "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Faradiella Mohd Kusin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Faradiella" "apellidos" => "Mohd Kusin" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Nurul Izzati Mat Akhir" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nurul Izzati Mat" "apellidos" => "Akhir" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ferdaus Mohamat-Yusuff" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ferdaus" "apellidos" => "Mohamat-Yusuff" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Muhamad Awang" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Muhamad" "apellidos" => "Awang" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623617300085?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300085/v1_201703180150/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Dust emission from different soil types in the northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "251" "paginaFinal" => "260" ] ] "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Nirmala D. Desouza" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Nirmala D." "apellidos" => "Desouza" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "nirmala_devidas@yahoo.co.in" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "D. Blaise" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "D." "apellidos" => "Blaise" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Soil Physics, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Bhopal, India" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "autoresLista" => "Rajnish Kurchania, M.S. Qureshi" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rajnish" "apellidos" => "Kurchania" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.S." "apellidos" => "Qureshi" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 778 "Ancho" => 1616 "Tamanyo" => 184394 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) Global surface roughness. (b) Surface roughness over India. The threshold friction velocity at which dust particles are emitted from the surface in Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jaipur is 0.27, 0.24 and 0.23 m/s, respectively." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "1IntroductionDust storms due to dust emissions are a common phenomenon over many parts of the world and their environmental impact has been increasingly recognized (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Choobari et al., 2014</a>). Dust particles transported in the Earth's atmosphere have strong effects on air quality, human health, soil formation, ground water quality, crop growth and, more broadly, local and global climate. A very fine fraction of soil-derived dust has a significant forcing effect on the radiative budget (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Tegen and Lacis, 1996</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Forster et al, 2007</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">DeMott et al., 2010</a>). Like arid regions, semi-arid regions face the problem of wind erosion and experience dust storms (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Desouza et al., 2013</a>).Wind erosion leading to dust emission results from the impact of high wind speed on different types of soil surfaces. The impact of dust storms due to wind erosion can be evaluated by determining the dust concentration. This can be done by modeling dust emissions over different types of soils in arid and semi arid regions of the world. The development of the dust emission model requires pertinent datasets of meteorological and soil characteristics. For the last decade, input databases have been developed alongside to the advancements of explicit dust emission models. For continental scale applications, the development and the use of accurate databases (surface, soil, and meteorology) are prerequisites to model mineral dust correctly (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Laurent et al., 2010</a>).Within the deserts there are certain regions called as “hot spots” of dust production which can emit large amounts of dust. One among them is the Thar Desert, which is considered as the preferential source area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Ginoux et al., 2001</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tegen et al., 2002</a>). The Thar Desert situated in the northwest of India occupies an area greater than 20 million hectares. This region has very little vegetal cover due to its arid nature. In this part of the world, wind erosion is a serious problem because strong winds greater than 10km h–1 are common during the months of April to July. Wind speeds greater than 30 to 50km h–1 are also experienced. These strong winds cause dust storms and occasionally sandstorms leading to severe wind erosion and further land degradation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Santra et al., 2006</a>). The region of Thar Desert adjoins the fertile belt of the northern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of north India. The westerly winds transport sand and dust from the Thar Desert to the IGP during the pre-monsoon season (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Gautam et al., 2011</a>).Thus far, numerous studies conducted on dust storms in the Indian subcontinent were related to the radiative and optical properties of dust (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Tripathi et al, 2005</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Mishra and Tripathi, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Kaskaoutis et al., 2012</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Tiwari and Singh, 2013</a>). However, none of these studies for the Indian subcontinent reported about dust flux and emission efficiency. Therefore, the process of dust emission over India needs to be explored. Identification of dust emitting sources will enable us to focus on significant dust emitting regions over India and to characterize the dust emitting rates in response to environmental conditions. With such knowledge we will be better able to improve global dust models. Further, this data can be used as an input in dust emission models that would improve accuracy in predicting dust storms globally. Application of complex emission schemes in global and regional models is hampered by lack of required input data at scales of application as well as the inaccuracies of the driving meteorological and climate models (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gillette et al., 1974</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Alfaro et al., 1997</a>). Currently, theoretical knowledge predicts the vertical dust flux in models if the required input parameters are accurately determined (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Laurent et al., 2010</a>). The main objective of this paper was to investigate the role of soil particle size and texture and to study the IGP. We used a dust emission scheme that makes use of particle density, air density, friction Reynolds number, and friction velocity to obtain the threshold friction velocity and finally compute the horizontal dust flux.2Methodology2.1Study siteThe northwest and the IGP in north India were included in the study area (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). In the northwest we studied three locations, namely Jaisalmer, Bikaner, and Jaipur, which are in close proximity to the Thar Desert and have the maximum dust activity. Four locations (the most populated cities) were selected in the IGP, namely Patiala, New Delhi, Kanpur, and Gwalior. The IGP serves as a good source of aerosols as it is surrounded by aerosol emitting sources (like dry riverbeds), making it a hot spot for aerosol research (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Tripathi et al., 2005</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Mishra and Tripathi, 2008</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Kaskaoutis et al., 2012</a>). The entire northwestern region is arid and hot. Jaisalmer receives an annual rainfall less than 200mm. Bikaner has a mean annual rainfall ranging<a name="p3"></a> from 200 to 300mm, while Jaipur receives about 450 to 600mm rainfall annually. These areas are abundant with sandy soil types interspersed with dunes. The IGP has soils predominantly of alluvial origin. Patiala has a dry and hot summer and cold winters. New Delhi lies along the bed of the river Yamuna with an annual rainfall of approximately 675mm. Kanpur receives approximately 850mm of annual rainfall and lies close to the riverbed of the River Ganges. Gwalior lies to the south of New Delhi on the banks of River Chambal with an annual rainfall of 970mm. Most of the rainfall at all these locations is received from end of June to September. The global land cover map obtained from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Kim et al. (2013)</a> shows bare ground over northwestern India, shrubs, bare ground and cultivated crops over north India and the IGP (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Also the source function map, which represents the probability of dust uplift, showed a value nearly equal to unity over the great Indian Thar Desert, manifesting its importance as a good dust emitting source.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>2.2Soil sample collection and analysisSurface soil samples (0-0.15 m) were collected from three spots close to the India Meteorological Department observatory. Soil samples were air-dried before the texture analysis, which was done by determining the percentage of sand, silt and clay in a given soil following the pipette method outlined by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Gee and Bauder (1986)</a>. Based on the particle size distribution, soils were classified using the USDA soil texture triangle chart.2.3Data usedAs wind is the only driving force for dust emission to occur, the study of dust emission requires the knowledge of 10 m wind speed, the threshold velocity of wind erosion, and finally the surface condition under which the dust emission takes place (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Kim et al., 2013</a>). Wind speed at 10 m height was obtained from <a href="http://www.wunderground.com/">www.wunderground.com</a>. These data sets are often assimilated into numerical weather prediction models that produce gridded and even simulated weather forecasts, which may be for hours or days. Data corresponding to the pre-monsoon season for the period 2005-2013 was used.2.4Dust emissionThe methodology followed in this work is based on previous dust emission schemes for regional (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Marticorena et al., 1997</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Perez et al., 2006</a>) and global modeling systems (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tegen et al., 2002</a>). An important factor in dust emission is wind velocity. When wind velocity exceeds a certain threshold, dust emission takes place. This wind friction velocity is called threshold friction velocity. The empirical equations derived and analyzed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Marticorena et al. (1997)</a> based on formulations of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Iversen and White (1982)</a> were used to calculate the threshold friction velocity u*th. Formula (1) is used for the situation where 0.03 10, formula (2) is used.<a name="p4"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia>where<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>where B is the friction Reynolds number, Dp is the diameter of the soil particle, ρp is the particle density, ρa is the air density, and g the acceleration due to gravity.The expression for fluid saltation threshold due to the presence of soil moisture, derived by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Fecan et al. (1999)</a> for all soil types, is given in Eqs. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0020">(3)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0025">(4)</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia>where u *wt and u*ft are respectively the fluid saltation thresholds in the presence and absence of moisture; and w is the soils’ volumetric water content in percent.The amount of water that can be adsorbed onto the soil is a function of the clay content. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Fecan et al. (1999)</a> obtained the expression for water adsorption using the soil clay content given in Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0030">(5)</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia>where cs is the soil clay content in percent.2.5Dust emission efficiencyTo determine the dust emission efficiency (α) and mass of suspended particles with diameter less than 20μm we used the horizontal and vertical flux of particles mobilized at the soil surface (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995</a>). The vertical dust flux (F) corresponds to the mass of suspended particles with diameter less than 20μm passing through a surface parallel to the soil (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Sabre et al., 2007</a>). The horizontal flux (H) corresponds to the total mass of materials transported in saltation movement. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Shao et al. (1993)</a> the ratio of vertical dust flux to horizontal dust flux (i.e., F/H = α), provides the efficiency of dust emission or soil bombardment.The expression for horizontal dust flux (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">White, 1979</a>) is as follows:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia>where, u* is the friction velocity,ρa is the density of air, u *th is the threshold friction velocity, and g is the gravitational constant.According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Marticorena and Bergametti (1995)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Shao et al. (1993)</a>, the expression for vertical dust flux is given in Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">(7)</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia>where C = 2.78, δ is the source function, H is the horizontal dust flux, and α is the horizontal to vertical flux ratio, which is called efficiency of the dust release processes using Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0045">(8)</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia>Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0045">(8)</a> is valid for soils with clay percentage up to 20%. For soils with clay content > 20%, sandblasting efficiency is set constant to values proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tegen et al. (2002)</a>.Understanding the minimum value of the threshold is very important in dust emission physics. Dust aerosols are only rarely lifted by wind (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Loosmore and Hunt, 2000</a>); indeed, they are predominantly emitted by the impact of saltating particles on the soil surface (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gillette et al., 1974</a>).3Results and discussion3.1TopographyTopographic features of the surface are useful in determining the global distribution of dust sources (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Ginoux et al., 2001</a>). <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> indicates that the northwest and the IGP are associated with aeolian and alluvial soils, respectively, which are readily erodible (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Sharda et al., 2013</a>). These regions, therefore, can be associated with lows that have a<a name="p5"></a> deep accumulation of alluvial sediments (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Ginoux et al., 2001</a>). The sediments are composed of fine particles, which can be easily eroded by winds. Thus, physiochemical properties of surface soil have a significant influence on the occurrence and development of wind erosion leading to dust emission in the study area. Apart from this, another study conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Kim et al. (2013)</a> showed that the topographical depression is high over the Thar Desert, parts of north India and the IGP (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). Thus the probability of dust lift would be higher over these regions.3.2Soil texture and dust emissionDust emission as a result of wind erosion is related to regional geological environments and is affected by soil texture (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Abuduwaili and Mu, 2002</a>). Due to differences in soil texture, we observed spatial heterogeneity in dust flux and dust emission efficiency. Soil texture of the different regions under study is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>The soils of Bikaner and Jaisalmer are sandy in nature and interspersed with interdunes while those of Jaipur are loamy sands. Thus, these soils provide low dust flux values. On the other hand, in the IGP region, sandy loam to fine sandy loam and fine silty loam soil types are predominant (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Murthy et al., 1982</a>). Some locations such as Patiala and Gwalior have soils containing more than 20% clay. At Patiala, clay content was greater than 60% in the clayey soils. These soil types occur, besides the fine silty loam soils. Therefore, areas with greater clay content will have low dust flux and emission efficiency than locations with lower clay content.3.3Soil moisture and dust emissionApart from the percentage of sand, silt and clay, soil moisture content is also an important factor that affects soil erosion and dust emission. If the soil is moist, the viscosity of soil would increase and aggregation between soil particles will also increase. Accordingly, threshold friction velocity, windblown sand speed, and sand and dust particle transport rate would be altered (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Fecan et al., 1999</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Dong et al., 2002</a>). The maximum amount of adsorbed water w’ as a function of increasing amount of clay is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>. In the northwest regions of India, the least amount of soil-adsorbed water can be found over the locations of Jaisalmer and Bikaner, since the clay content there is < 10% and has more coarse particles. The amount of water adsorbed over Jaipur is the highest because the soils had average clay content of 17.5%. Water adsorption is governed by electrostatic interactions of the mineral surface with the polar water molecules. Since sandy soils generally contain lower density of net electric charges substantially less water is adsorbed compared to clayey soils (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Hillel, 1980</a>). Since water adsorbs more readily onto clay soils (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Hillel, 1980</a>), the volumetric fraction of water that soil can adsorb before capillary forces (ω’) become substantial increases with an increase in clay content as is evident from data in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>. For these soils the dominant dust production process is not saltation but abrasion. In sandy soils, presence of soil moisture creates substantial inter-particle forces that inhibit the initiation of saltation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Chepil, 1956</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Pye, 1987</a>). When relative humidity is low (< 65%), inter-particle forces are produced primarily by bonding of adjacent adsorbed water layers, whereas<a name="p6"></a> for high relative humidity (> 65%) this occurs primarily through the formation of water wedges around points of contact (capillary forces) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Hillel, 1980</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Ravi et al., 2006</a>). Water bridges form in sandy soils with low soil moisture contents compared to soils having greater amounts of clay, thereby producing substantial capillary force (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Belly, 1964</a>). From this data, we expect that dust emission efficiency would be lowest at locations containing high clay content such as Gwalior and Patialaclay because of strong cohesive forces, compared to other locations where sandy to sandy loam and silt loam soils are present.3.4Threshold friction velocity and horizontal dust fluxWe observed spatial heterogeneity for the threshold friction velocity over the northwest and north of the IGP. Further, surface roughness varied over this region. A change from rough to smooth usually increases the surface frictional stress consequently leading to a weakening of wind at the surface. The surface roughness map (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) shows that the surface is smooth over the great Indian Thar Desert as the surface roughness values are very low (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Prigent et al., 2005</a>; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Cheng et al., 2008</a>). Also, the value of surface roughness over most parts of the locations in northwest India (Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jaipur) ranges from 0.001 to 0.01. The value of surface roughness over New Delhi and its adjoining regions varies from 0.03 to 0.06. This change in surface roughness from the Thar Desert towards New Delhi leads to a weakening of winds at the surface.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>. Bikaner is similar to Jaisalmer; however, the soils of Bikaner consist of more fine sand particles than those over Jaisalmer, where they are coarse in nature. Similarly, Jaipur has a larger proportion of fine-sized soil particles and clay content than those for Bikaner and Jaisalmer. Thus the threshold friction velocity is relatively smaller at Jaipur and Bikaner as compared to Jaisalmer.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Threshold friction velocity in the IGP was lower than over the northwest India because these locations contained more fine soil particles. The threshold friction velocity at which dust emission was initiated ranged from 0.21 to 0.35 m s–1 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). At Patiala, with clay soil types, threshold friction velocity was the highest and dust emission was initiated at a friction velocity of 0.35 m s–1 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5a</a>). On the other hand, at the same location where silty loam soil types were present, the threshold friction velocity was 0.26 m s–1. Dust emission was initiated at a threshold friction velocity of 0.23, 0.22 and 0.21 m s–1 for New Delhi, Kanpur and Gwalior, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5 b, c, d</a>). Our results are in accordance with the experimental data of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Bagnold (1941)</a>, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Chepil (1945)</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Marticorena et al. (1997)</a>, thus confirming that threshold friction velocity is size dependent. We too observed a decrease in threshold friction velocity with a decrease in average soil particle diameter up to<a name="p7"></a><a name="p8"></a> 71.1μm, followed by an increase with a further decrease in particle size in clay soil types. This is because inter-particle cohesion forces are stronger in soils containing a greater fraction of very fine soil particles (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Iversen et al., 1976</a>). The values of threshold friction velocity reported in this study in the desert areas are similar to those reported for the Taklimakan Desert in China, which has a predominance of sand and low vegetation cover (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Yang et al, 2011</a>). Threshold friction velocities reported in this study for the IGP, where most of the land is under farming, has slightly lower values than those reported in China and elsewhere (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Wang et al., 2007</a>). These differences may be due to the fact that in summer (April to June) the land in this part of the world is bare with very little vegetative cover. Cultivation begins soon after the monsoon rains are received by the end of June.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>The horizontal dust flux over Jaisalmer and Bikaner at a friction velocity of 0.6 m s–1 was 0.082 and 0.083 kg m–1 s–1, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4a, b</a>). At Patiala, in the IGP, horizontal dust flux was 0.073 and 0.082 kg m–1 s–1 for clay and silt loam soil types, respectively (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5a</a>). Values of dust flux were similar for the other locations in the IGP (0.083 to 0.084 kg m–1 s–1) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5b, c, d</a>). However, at a higher friction velocity (1 m s–1), horizontal dust flux was highest at Patiala with clay soil types and at Jaisalmer with sandy soils (0.39 kg m–1 s–1). In general, the northwest had higher horizontal dust flux (0.382 to 0.387 kg m–1 s–1) than the IGP (0.38 kg m–1 s–1). Because of differences in surface roughness, soil texture, and threshold friction velocity, horizontal dust flux varied across locations.Dust emission efficiency is a ratio of horizontal to vertical flux and is a function of friction velocity. Dust release efficiency over various locations is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>. Dust emission efficiency was similar across locations in north and northwest India, except for Patialaclay (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>), which has clay content in excess of 60%; therefore, soil cohesion is stronger than in the arid regions of northwest and other parts of the IGP.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>The estimation of horizontal dust flux and dust emission efficiency done in this study by using empirical equations has regional limitations. We employed climatological land cover data. The time variation of surface roughness was not taken into account in calculating dust emission. Such an approach may be inadequate where time variation of land cover change is significant and may cause significant errors in estimating dust emission. This is a possibility for the IGP. However, we believe this approach is adequate because there is little vegetal cover in permanent desert location areas such as the Thar Desert. Furthermore, even the IGP has very little vegetal cover from the harvest of the main crop wheat in April until the onset of the monsoon.4ConclusionsWe estimated horizontal dust flux and dust emission efficiency for seven locations, three in the northwest (Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jaipur) and four in the IGP of north India (Patiala, New Delhi, Kanpur and Gwalior), using empirical equations and land cover data. From our study, we conclude that surface roughness increases from the northwest parts of India (Thar Desert) towards New Delhi. Further, threshold friction velocity was higher over Jaisalmer and Bikaner than in the IGP. Dust emission was initiated at a threshold friction velocity of 0.27 and 0.24 m s–1, respectively, compared to 0.21 to 0.35 m s–1 in the IGP. The northwest regions close to the Thar Desert have coarse soil particles. Therefore, the threshold friction velocity at which dust emission was initiated was higher than in the IGP. Horizontal dust flux was low over Jaisalmer and Bikaner at lower values of friction velocity than those found in the IGP. But the trend was opposite at a higher friction velocity. The regions of the IGP (Patiala, New Delhi and Kanpur) had relatively higher dust flux because of the greater clay content found in their sandy loam and silt loam soil types, as compared to those at Jaisalmer and Bikaner. However, where clay content exceeded 20%, (Patialaclay and Gwalior), horizontal dust flux and emission efficiency were low. Future studies are needed to validate horizontal dust flux on a real time<a name="p9"></a> basis. Further, this region encompasses a wide variety of soil types, therefore their influence on vertical dust flux needs to be estimated." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres816072" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres816073" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813295" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Study site" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Soil sample collection and analysis" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data used" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Dust emission" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Dust emission efficiency" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Topography" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Soil texture and dust emission" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Soil moisture and dust emission" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Threshold friction velocity and horizontal dust flux" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack273900" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-09" "fechaAceptado" => "2015-08-04" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813295" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Dust emission" 1 => "friction velocity" 2 => "surface roughness" 3 => "wind speed" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "La emisión de polvo es una de las principales fuentes de aerosoles atmosféricos y es altamente sensible a la velocidad del viento. Las características de la superficie, las propiedades del suelo y los párametros meteorológicos también influyen en la emisión de polvo. Hasta ahora ningún estudio ningún estudio ha analizado la presencia de polvo sobre el subcontinente indio. Por tal motivo se calculó el flujo de polvo por medio de ecuaciones empíricas y datos de la cubierta terrestre para siete localidades en el noroeste de la India y la llanura Indo-Gangética (IGP, por sus siglas en inglés) que poseen tipos de suelo diferentes. El presente estudio indica la existencia de diferencias en el flujo de polvo entre las localidades estudiadas. En el noroeste, la emisión de polvo inició a una velocidad de fricción de 0.23 a 0.27 m s–1 y su flujo fue menor al registrado en la IGP, donde la emisión inició a una velocidad de fricción de 0.22 a 0.35 m s–1. El flujo de polvo varió de 0.073 a 0.084 kg m–1 s–1).a una velocidad de fricción específica (0.6 m s–1) Se observó que a velocidades de fricción bajas, el flujo de polvo fue escaso en localidades con alto contenido de arcilla (> 20%) y suelos arenosos en comparación con suelos franco arenosos y franco limosos. A mayores velocidades de fricción se observó una tendencia opuesta. El estudio muestra con claridad el efecto de la textura del suelo en la emisión de polvo." ] "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "Dust emission is a main source of aerosol in the atmosphere and is highly sensitive to wind velocity. Surface feature characteristics, soil properties and meteorological parameters also influence dust emission. Thus far, no study has referred to dust flux over the Indian subcontinent; therefore, we estimated dust flux using empirical equations and land cover data for seven locations in the northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) having different soil types. Our study indicates differences in dust flux among locations. In the northwest, dust emission was initiated at a friction velocity of 0.23 to 0.27 m s–1 and dust flux was lesser than the IGP.In the IGP, dust emission was initiated at a friction velocity ranging from 0.22 to 0. 35 m s–1. Dust flux ranged from 0.073 to 0.084 kg m–1 s–1 at a given friction velocity (0.6 m s–1). It was observed that at low friction velocity, dust flux was low at locations with high clay content (> 20%) and sandy soils, compared to sandy loam and silt loam soil types. A reverse trend was observed at a higher friction velocity. Our study clearly indicates the effect of soil texture in dust emission.<a name="p2"></a>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:16 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1084 "Ancho" => 947 "Tamanyo" => 247153 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Different soil types in the study area of northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains of north India." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 463 "Ancho" => 943 "Tamanyo" => 60320 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Distribution of the topographical depression over India and Southeast Asia." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 778 "Ancho" => 1616 "Tamanyo" => 184394 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(a) Global surface roughness. (b) Surface roughness over India. The threshold friction velocity at which dust particles are emitted from the surface in Jaisalmer, Bikaner and Jaipur is 0.27, 0.24 and 0.23 m/s, respectively." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1130 "Ancho" => 1680 "Tamanyo" => 99461 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Horizontal dust lux in northwest India at (a) Jaisalmer, (b) Bikaner, and (c) Jaipur." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1140 "Ancho" => 1249 "Tamanyo" => 108048 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Horizontal dust lux in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of north India. (a) Patiala, (b) New Delhi, (c) Kanpur, and (d) Gwalior." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table I" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jaisalmer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bikaner \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jaipur \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patiala \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">New Delhi \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Kanpur \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gwalior \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Latitude (oN) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">26.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">28.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">26.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">30.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">28.61 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">22.56 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">26.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Longitude (oE) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">70.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">73.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">75.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">76.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">77.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">88.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">78.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Elevation (m) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">227 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">235 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">430 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">234 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">237 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">126 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">197 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Climate type \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Arid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Arid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Arid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid, sub-tropical \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid, sub-humid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="bottom">Soil texture (%)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Sand (50μm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">85.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">83.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">61.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">33.6 3.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">60.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">65.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">59.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="bottom">Silt (2-50μm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">7.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">6.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">21.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">50.5 35.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">21.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">18.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">10.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Clay (< 2μm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">9.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">17.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">15.9 60.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">17.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">16.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">29.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Textural class \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Sandy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Sandy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Loamy sand \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Fine silt Clay loam \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Sandy loam \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Very fine sandy loam \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="center" valign="top">Fine loamy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">ω’ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.72 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">3.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">3.06 15.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">3.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">3.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">6.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1371563.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Characteristics of different soil types at various locations in northwest and north India." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table II" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Location \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Dust emission efficiency (cm–1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Jaisalmer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.02×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Bikaner \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.03×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Jaipur \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.05×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Patiala (clay) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.00×10–7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Patiala (silt loam) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.05×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">New Delhi \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.05×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Kanpur \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.05×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="left" valign="top">Gwalior \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry " align="char" valign="bottom">1.09×10–6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab1371562.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Dust emission efficiency for the different locations of north and northwest India." ] ] 7 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "0.129 K1.928B0.092−1" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1361 "Alto" => 30 "Ancho" => 91 ] ] 8 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "etiqueta" => "(2)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "0.12 K 1−0.0858 exp−0.0617B−10" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si3.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2723 "Alto" => 20 "Ancho" => 294 ] ] 9 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0015" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "K=ρpgDpρa1+0.006ρagDp2.5B = 1331Dp1.56+0.38" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si4.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 5013 "Alto" => 84 "Ancho" => 214 ] ] 10 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0020" "etiqueta" => "(3)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "u*wtu*ft=1+1.21 (w−w’)0.68    (w>w’)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si5.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2804 "Alto" => 36 "Ancho" => 277 ] ] 11 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0025" "etiqueta" => "(4)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "u*wtu*ft=1        (w<w’)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si6.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1154 "Alto" => 26 "Ancho" => 140 ] ] 12 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0030" "etiqueta" => "(5)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "w’=0.17cs+0.0014cs2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si8.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1525 "Alto" => 21 "Ancho" => 161 ] ] 13 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0035" "etiqueta" => "(6)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "H=2.78ρagu*3  1−u*th2u*2 1−u*thu*" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si9.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3008 "Alto" => 29 "Ancho" => 272 ] ] 14 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0040" "etiqueta" => "(7)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Fs = C. α.δ  H" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si10.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 952 "Alto" => 12 "Ancho" => 100 ] ] 15 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0045" "etiqueta" => "(8)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "α=100.134(%clay)−6" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si11.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1113 "Alto" => 15 "Ancho" => 131 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "Abuduwaili and Mu, 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Analysis on the dust storms and their disasters in the lakebed regions of Ebinur lake" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J. Abuduwaili" 1 => "G.J. Mu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Xinjiang. Arid Land Geogr." "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "149" "paginaFinal" => "154" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "Alfaro et al., 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling the size distribution of a soil-aerosol produced by sandblasting" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S.C. Alfaro" 1 => "A. Gaudichet" 2 => "L. Gomes" 3 => "M. Maile" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "11239" "paginaFinal" => "11249" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "Bagnold, 1941" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The physics of blown sand and desert dunes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.A. Bagnold" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "fecha" => "1941" "paginaInicial" => "265" "editorial" => "Methuca" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "Belly, 1964" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sand movement by wind Technical Memorandum No. 1. U. S" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P.Y. Belly" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "fecha" => "1964" "paginaInicial" => "84" "editorial" => "Army Coast Engineering Research Centre" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington, D.C" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "Cheng et al., 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An improvement on the dust emission scheme in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "T. Cheng" 1 => "Y. Peng" 2 => "J. Feichter" 3 => "I. Tegen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Atmos. Chem. Phys." "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "1105" "paginaFinal" => "1117" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "Chepil, 1945" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dynamics of wind erosion" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "W.S. Chepil" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Soil Sci." "fecha" => "1945" "volumen" => "60" "paginaInicial" => "305" "paginaFinal" => "320" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "Chepil, 1956" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Influence of moisture on erodibility of soil by wind" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "W.S. Chepil" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Soil Sci. Soc. America Proc." "fecha" => "1956" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "288" "paginaFinal" => "292" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "Choobari et al., 2014" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system: A review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "O.A. Choobari" 1 => "P. Zawar-Reza" 2 => "A. Sturman" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Atmos. Res." "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "138" "paginaInicial" => "152" "paginaFinal" => "165" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "DeMott et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Predicting the global ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:9 [ 0 => "P.J. DeMott" 1 => "A.J. Prenni" 2 => "X. Liu" 3 => "S.M. Kreidenweis" 4 => "M.D. Petters" 5 => "C.H. Twohy" 6 => "M.S. Richardson" 7 => "T. Eidhammer" 8 => "D.C. Rogers" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1073/pnas.0910818107" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci." "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "107" "paginaInicial" => "11217" "paginaFinal" => "11222" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534566" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "Desouza et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Initiation of a convective dust storm over north India on 21 April 2010 inferred using satellite data" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "N.D. Desouza" 1 => "R. Kurchania" 2 => "M.S. Qureshi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Meteorol. Atmos. Phys." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "122" "paginaInicial" => "47" "paginaFinal" => "54" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "Dong et al., 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: A wind tunnel investigation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Z.B. Dong" 1 => "X. Liu" 2 => "H. Wang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Geomorphology" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "219" "paginaFinal" => "230" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "Fecan et al., 1999" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Parameterization of the increase of the aeolian erosion. threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi arid areas" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "F. Fecan" 1 => "B. Marticorena" 2 => "G. Bergametti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann. Geophys." "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "149" "paginaFinal" => "157" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "Forster et al., 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:15 [ 0 => "P. Forster" 1 => "V. Ramasamy" 2 => "P. Artaxo" 3 => "T. Berntsen" 4 => "R. Betts" 5 => "D.W. Fahey" 6 => "J. Haywood" 7 => "J. Lean" 8 => "D.C. Lowe" 9 => "G. Myhre" 10 => "J. Nganga" 11 => "R. Prinn" 12 => "G. Raga" 13 => "M. Shulz" 14 => "R. van Dorland" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Climate change 2007" "paginaInicial" => "131" "paginaFinal" => "234" "serieFecha" => "2007" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "Gautam et al., 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas: distribution, properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:14 [ 0 => "R. Gautam" 1 => "N.C. Hsu" 2 => "S.C. Tsay" 3 => "K.M. Lau" 4 => "B. Holben" 5 => "S. Bell" 6 => "A. Smirnov" 7 => "C. Li" 8 => "R. Hansell" 9 => "Q. Ji" 10 => "S. Payra" 11 => "D. Aryal" 12 => "R. Kayastha" 13 => "K.M. Kim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Atmos. Chem. Phys." "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "12841" "paginaFinal" => "12863" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "Gee and Bauder, 1986" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Particle-size analysis Methods of soil analysis. Part 1. Physical and mineralogicalmethods" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G.W. Gee" 1 => "J.W. Bauder" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Agronomy Monograph No. 9. American Society of Agronomy/Soil Science Society of America" "paginaInicial" => "383" "paginaFinal" => "411" "serieFecha" => "1986" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "Gillette et al., 1974" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of wind velocity on size distribution of aerosols generated by wind erosion on soils" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "D.A. Gillette" 1 => "I.H. Blifford Jr." 2 => "D.W. Fryrear" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1974" "volumen" => "79" "paginaInicial" => "4068" "paginaFinal" => "4075" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "Ginoux et al., 2001" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => "P. Ginoux" 1 => "M. Chin" 2 => "I. Tegen" 3 => "J.M. Prospero" 4 => "B. Holben" 5 => "O. Dubovik" 6 => "S.J. Lin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "106" "paginaInicial" => "20255" "paginaFinal" => "20273" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "Hillel, 1980" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fundamentals of soil physics" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "D. Hillel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "fecha" => "1980" "paginaInicial" => "771" "editorial" => "Academic Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "London" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0095" "etiqueta" => "Iversen et al., 1976" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Saltation threshold on Mars: The effect on inter-particle force, surface roughness, and low atmospheric density" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "J.D. Iversen" 1 => "J.B. Pollack" 2 => "R. Greeley" 3 => "B.R. White" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Icarus" "fecha" => "1976" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "381" "paginaFinal" => "393" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "Iversen and White, 1982" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Saltation threshold on Earth Mars and Venus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "J.D. Iversen" 1 => "B.R. White" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sedimentology" "fecha" => "1982" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "111" "paginaFinal" => "119" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "Kaskaoutis et al., 2012" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variability and trends of aerosol properties over Kanpur, northern India using AERONET data (2001-10)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.G. Kaskaoutis" 1 => "R.P. Singh" 2 => "R. Gautam" 3 => "M. Sharma" 4 => "P.G. Kosmopoulos" 5 => "S.N. Tripathi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Envtl. Sci. Lett." "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "9" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "Kim et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effect of the dynamic surface bareness on dust source function, emission and distribution" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => "D. Kim" 1 => "M. Chin" 2 => "H. Bian" 3 => "Q. Tan" 4 => "M.E. Brown" 5 => "T. Zheng" 6 => "R. You" 7 => "T. Diehl" 8 => "P. Ginoux" 9 => "T. Kucsera" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "118" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "16" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0115" "etiqueta" => "Laurent et al., 2010" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "doi:10.1029/2009JD012995 <a name="p10"></a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A model study of Saharan dust emissions and distributions during the SAMUM-1 campaign" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Laurent" 1 => "I. Tegen" 2 => "B. Heinold" 3 => "K. Schepanski" 4 => "B. Weinzierl" 5 => "M. Esselbom" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "115" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0120" "etiqueta" => "Loosmore and Hunt, 2000" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dust resuspension without saltation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "G.A. Loosmore" 1 => "J.R. Hunt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1029/2000JD900271" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "105" "paginaInicial" => "20663" "paginaFinal" => "20671" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336175" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0125" "etiqueta" => "Marticorena and Bergametti, 1995" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1- Design of soil derived dust production scheme" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "B. Marticorena" 1 => "G. Bergametti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "100" "paginaInicial" => "16415" "paginaFinal" => "16430" ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "Marticorena et al., 1997" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling the atmospheric dust cycle: 2 Simulations of Saharan dust sources" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Marticorena" 1 => "G. Bergametti" 2 => "B. Aumont" 3 => "Y. Callot" 4 => "C. N’Doume" 5 => "M. Legrand" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res" "fecha" => "1997" "volumen" => "102" "paginaInicial" => "4387" "paginaFinal" => "4404" ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "Mishra and Tripathi, 2008" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "doi:10.1029/2008JD010048" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling optical properties of mineral dust over India desert" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.K. Mishra" 1 => "S.N. Tripathi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "113" ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "Murthy et al., 1982" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Description and classification of benchmark soils" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "R.S. Murthy" 1 => "L.R. Hirekerur" 2 => "S.B. Deshpande" 3 => "B.V. Venkata Rao" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Benchmark soils of India: Morphology, characteristics and classification for resource management." "paginaInicial" => "105" "paginaFinal" => "374" "serieFecha" => "1982" ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "Perez et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "doi:10.1029/2005JD006717" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interactive dust-radiation modeling: A step to improve weather forecasts" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Perez" 1 => "S. Nickovic" 2 => "G. Pejanovic" 3 => "J.M. Baldasano" 4 => "E. Ozsoy" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "111" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "Prigent et al., 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "doi:10.1029/2004JD005370" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estimation of the aerodynamic roughness length in arid and semiarid regions over the globe with the ERS scatterometer" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Prigent" 1 => "I. Tegen" 2 => "F. Aires" 3 => "B. Marticorena" 4 => "M. Zribi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "110" ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "Prospero et al., 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric dust derived from the NIMBUS7 TOMS absorbing aerosol product" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J.M. Prospero" 1 => "P. Ginoux" 2 => "O. Torres" 3 => "S.E. Nicholson" 4 => "T.E. Gill" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev. Geophys." "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "31" ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "Pye, 1987" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aeolian dust and dust deposits" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Pye" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "fecha" => "1987" "paginaInicial" => "334" "editorial" => "Academic Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "Ravi et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "On effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S. Ravi" 1 => "T.M. Zobeck" 2 => "T.M. Over" 3 => "G.S. Okin" 4 => "P. D’Odorico" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sedimentology" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "597" "paginaFinal" => "609" ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "Sabre et al., 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Characterization of the fine dust particle product process by wind erosion for two types of bare soil surfaces" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M. Sabre" 1 => "M.V. Lopez" 2 => "S.C. Alfaro" 3 => "J.L. Rajot" 4 => "L. Gomes" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Wind erosion - An international symposium." "serieFecha" => "2007" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "Santra et al., 2006" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Land degradation through wind erosion in Thar Desert - Issues and research priorities" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Santra" 1 => "P.S. Mertia" 2 => "P. Narain" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J. Soil Conserv." "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "214" "paginaFinal" => "220" ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "Shao et al., 1993" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "Y. Shao" 1 => "M.R. Raupach" 2 => "P.A. Findlater" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1993" "volumen" => "98" "paginaInicial" => "12719" "paginaFinal" => "12726" ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "Sharda et al., 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Identification of soil erosion risk areas for conservation planning in different states of India" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V.N. Sharda" 1 => "D. Mandal" 2 => "P.R. Ojasvi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Envtl. Biol." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "219" "paginaFinal" => "226" ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "Tegen et al., 2002" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosols: Results from a model study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "I. Tegen" 1 => "S.P. Harrison" 2 => "K. Kohfeld" 3 => "C. Prentice" 4 => "M. Coe" 5 => "M. Heimann" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "107" "paginaInicial" => "4576" "paginaFinal" => "4597" ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "Tegen and Lacis, 1996" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Modelling of dust particle size distribution and its influence on radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "I. Tegen" 1 => "A.A. Lacis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1996" "volumen" => "101" "paginaInicial" => "19237" "paginaFinal" => "19244" ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "Tiwari and Singh, 2013" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Variability of aerosol parameters derived from ground and satellite measurements over Varanasi located in the Indo-Gangetic Basin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Tiwari" 1 => "A.K. Singh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Aerosol Air Qual. Res." "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "627" "paginaFinal" => "638" ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "Tripathi et al., 2005" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of MODIS and AERONET derived aerosol optical depth over the Ganga basin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.N. Tripathi" 1 => "S.A. Dey" 2 => "S. Chandel" 3 => "S. Srivastava" 4 => "R.P. Singh" 5 => "B. Holben" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "India. Ann. Geophys" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "23" "paginaInicial" => "1093" "paginaFinal" => "1101" ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "Wang et al., 2007" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Features of dust aerosol transportation during sandstorms over Yanchi area of Ninxia Autonomous region" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P.X. Wang" 1 => "L.D. Sun" 2 => "P. Yue" 3 => "S.J. Niu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Desert Res." "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "1077" "paginaFinal" => "1079" ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "White, 1979" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Soil transport by winds on Mars" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "B.R. White" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Geophys. Res." "fecha" => "1979" "volumen" => "84" "paginaInicial" => "4643" "paginaFinal" => "4651" ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "Yang et al., 2011" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Sand flux estimation during a sand-dust storm at Tazhong area of Taklimakan Desert" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "X.H. Yang" 1 => "X.L. Xu" 2 => "Q. He" 3 => "A. Mamtimim" 4 => "B. Yu" 5 => "S.H. Tang" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "China. J. Arid Land" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "199" "paginaFinal" => "205" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack273900" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "We acknowledge with gratitude Weather Wunder-ground (http://www.wunderground.com) for making available weather data and NASA for the images that were used in the study." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300097/v1_201703180150/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300097/v1_201703180150/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623617300097?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

Nirmala D. Desouza

Corresponding author

nirmala_devidas@yahoo.co.in

Corresponding author.

Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

D. Blaise

Department of Soil Physics, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Nabi Bagh, Bhopal, India

Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India

Rajnish Kurchania, M.S. Qureshi

Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Read

4897

Times
was read the article

714

Total PDF

4183

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S0187623617300097"
  "issn" => "01876236"
  "doi" => "10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.04"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01"
  "aid" => "73857"
  "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2015"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Atm&#243;sfera. 2015;28:251-60"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 535
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 34
      "HTML" => 348
      "PDF" => 153
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0187623617300103"
    "issn" => "01876236"
    "doi" => "10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.05"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01"
    "aid" => "73858"
    "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Atm&#243;sfera. 2015;28:261-9"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 532
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 28
        "HTML" => 331
        "PDF" => 173
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "Evaluation of ensemble NWP models for dynamical downscaling of air temperature over complex topography in a hot climate&#58; A case study from the Sultanate of Oman"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "261"
          "paginaFinal" => "269"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0025"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 5"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 2395
              "Ancho" => 1533
              "Tamanyo" => 311849
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Verification results for the Salalah station scatter plots for different forecasts&#58; &#40;a&#41; T C-HRM-GME&#59; &#40;b&#41; T C-HRM-ECMWF&#59; &#40;c&#41; T C-COSMO-GME&#41;&#59; &#40;d&#41; T C-COSMO-EC-MWF&#59; &#40;e&#41; T C-Ensemble Mean&#41;&#59; &#40;f&#41; Comparison of ensemble members&#44; ensemble mean and observed monthly mean time series&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:2 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Yassine Charabi"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Yassine"
              "apellidos" => "Charabi"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Sultan Al-Yahyai"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Sultan"
              "apellidos" => "Al-Yahyai"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623617300103?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300103/v1_201703180150/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S0187623617300085"
    "issn" => "01876236"
    "doi" => "10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.03"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2015-10-01"
    "aid" => "73856"
    "copyright" => "Universidad Nacional Aut&#243;noma de M&#233;xico"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Atm&#243;sfera. 2015;28:243-50"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 530
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 24
        "HTML" => 415
        "PDF" => 91
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:11 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "titulo" => "The impact of nitrogen fertilizer use on greenhouse gas emissions in an oil palm plantation associated with land use change"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "es"
        1 => "en"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "243"
          "paginaFinal" => "250"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "es" => true
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig0025"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 5"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 519
              "Ancho" => 944
              "Tamanyo" => 37866
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">GHG emissions during tha plantation stage of oil palm production&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:4 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Faradiella Mohd Kusin"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Faradiella"
              "apellidos" => "Mohd Kusin"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Nurul Izzati Mat Akhir"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Nurul Izzati Mat"
              "apellidos" => "Akhir"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Ferdaus Mohamat-Yusuff"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ferdaus"
              "apellidos" => "Mohamat-Yusuff"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Muhamad Awang"
          "autores" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Muhamad"
              "apellidos" => "Awang"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623617300085?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300085/v1_201703180150/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:18 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "titulo" => "Dust emission from different soil types in the northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "251"
        "paginaFinal" => "260"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:3 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Nirmala D&#46; Desouza"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Nirmala D&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Desouza"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "nirmala&#95;devidas&#64;yahoo&#46;co&#46;in"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#42;</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Physics&#44; Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology&#44; Bhopal&#44; India"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "D&#46; Blaise"
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "D&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Blaise"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Soil Physics&#44; Indian Institute of Soil Science&#44; Nabi Bagh&#44; Bhopal&#44; India"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Central Institute for Cotton Research&#44; Nagpur&#44; India"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:3 [
        "autoresLista" => "Rajnish Kurchania, M&#46;S&#46; Qureshi"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "Rajnish"
            "apellidos" => "Kurchania"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "nombre" => "M&#46;S&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Qureshi"
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "entidad" => "Department of Physics&#44; Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology&#44; Bhopal&#44; India"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 778
            "Ancho" => 1616
            "Tamanyo" => 184394
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Global surface roughness&#46; &#40;b&#41; Surface roughness over India&#46; The threshold friction velocity at which dust particles are emitted from the surface in Jaisalmer&#44; Bikaner and Jaipur is 0&#46;27&#44; 0&#46;24 and 0&#46;23 m&#47;s&#44; respectively&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dust storms due to dust emissions are a common phenomenon over many parts of the world and their environmental impact has been increasingly recognized &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040">Choobari <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2014</a>&#41;&#46; Dust particles transported in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere have strong effects on air quality&#44; human health&#44; soil formation&#44; ground water quality&#44; crop growth and&#44; more broadly&#44; local and global climate&#46; A very fine fraction of soil-derived dust has a significant forcing effect on the radiative budget &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195">Tegen and Lacis&#44; 1996</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065">Forster <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#44;</span> 2007</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045">DeMott <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2010</a>&#41;&#46; Like arid regions&#44; semi-arid regions face the problem of wind erosion and experience dust storms &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050">Desouza <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2013</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Wind erosion leading to dust emission results from the impact of high wind speed on different types of soil surfaces&#46; The impact of dust storms due to wind erosion can be evaluated by determining the dust concentration&#46; This can be done by modeling dust emissions over different types of soils in arid and semi arid regions of the world&#46; The development of the dust emission model requires pertinent datasets of meteorological and soil characteristics&#46; For the last decade&#44; input databases have been developed alongside to the advancements of explicit dust emission models&#46; For continental scale applications&#44; the development and the use of accurate databases &#40;surface&#44; soil&#44; and meteorology&#41; are prerequisites to model mineral dust correctly &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Laurent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2010</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within the deserts there are certain regions called as &#8220;hot spots&#8221; of dust production which can emit large amounts of dust&#46; One among them is the Thar Desert&#44; which is considered as the preferential source area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Ginoux <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2001</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tegen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2002</a>&#41;&#46; The Thar Desert situated in the northwest of India occupies an area greater than 20 million hectares&#46; This region has very little vegetal cover due to its arid nature&#46; In this part of the world&#44; wind erosion is a serious problem because strong winds greater than 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> are common during the months of April to July&#46; Wind speeds greater than 30 to 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>km h<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> are also experienced&#46; These strong winds cause dust storms and occasionally sandstorms leading to severe wind erosion and further land degradation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">Santra <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; 2006</a>&#41;&#46; The region of Thar Desert adjoins the fertile belt of the northern Indo-Gangetic Plains &#40;IGP&#41; of north India&#46; The westerly winds transport sand and dust from the Thar Desert to the IGP during the pre-monsoon season &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070">Gautam <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2011</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thus far&#44; numerous studies conducted on dust storms in the Indian subcontinent were related to the radiative and optical properties of dust &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Tripathi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#44;</span> 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Mishra and Tripathi&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Kaskaoutis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2012</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">Tiwari and Singh&#44; 2013</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; none of these studies for the Indian subcontinent reported about dust flux and emission efficiency&#46; Therefore&#44; the process of dust emission over India needs to be explored&#46; Identification of dust emitting sources will enable us to focus on significant dust emitting regions over India and to characterize the dust emitting rates in response to environmental conditions&#46; With such knowledge we will be better able to improve global dust models&#46; Further&#44; this data can be used as an input in dust emission models that would improve accuracy in predicting dust storms globally&#46; Application of complex emission schemes in global and regional models is hampered by lack of required input data at scales of application as well as the inaccuracies of the driving meteorological and climate models &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gillette <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1974</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010">Alfaro <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1997</a>&#41;&#46; Currently&#44; theoretical knowledge predicts the vertical dust flux in models if the required input parameters are accurately determined &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">Laurent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2010</a>&#41;&#46; The main objective of this paper was to investigate the role of soil particle size and texture and to study the IGP&#46; We used a dust emission scheme that makes use of particle density&#44; air density&#44; friction Reynolds number&#44; and friction velocity to obtain the threshold friction velocity and finally compute the horizontal dust flux&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Study site</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The northwest and the IGP in north India were included in the study area &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46; In the northwest we studied three locations&#44; namely Jaisalmer&#44; Bikaner&#44; and Jaipur&#44; which are in close proximity to the Thar Desert and have the maximum dust activity&#46; Four locations &#40;the most populated cities&#41; were selected in the IGP&#44; namely Patiala&#44; New Delhi&#44; Kanpur&#44; and Gwalior&#46; The IGP serves as a good source of aerosols as it is surrounded by aerosol emitting sources &#40;like dry riverbeds&#41;&#44; making it a hot spot for aerosol research &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">Tripathi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">Mishra and Tripathi&#44; 2008</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">Kaskaoutis <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2012</a>&#41;&#46; The entire northwestern region is arid and hot&#46; Jaisalmer receives an annual rainfall less than 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Bikaner has a mean annual rainfall ranging<a name="p3"></a> from 200 to 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; while Jaipur receives about 450 to 600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm rainfall annually&#46; These areas are abundant with sandy soil types interspersed with dunes&#46; The IGP has soils predominantly of alluvial origin&#46; Patiala has a dry and hot summer and cold winters&#46; New Delhi lies along the bed of the river Yamuna with an annual rainfall of approximately 675<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Kanpur receives approximately 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm of annual rainfall and lies close to the riverbed of the River Ganges&#46; Gwalior lies to the south of New Delhi on the banks of River Chambal with an annual rainfall of 970<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; Most of the rainfall at all these locations is received from end of June to September&#46; The global land cover map obtained from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Kim <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;2013&#41;</a> shows bare ground over northwestern India&#44; shrubs&#44; bare ground and cultivated crops over north India and the IGP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Also the source function map&#44; which represents the probability of dust uplift&#44; showed a value nearly equal to unity over the great Indian Thar Desert&#44; manifesting its importance as a good dust emitting source&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Soil sample collection and analysis</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Surface soil samples &#40;0-0&#46;15 m&#41; were collected from three spots close to the India Meteorological Department observatory&#46; Soil samples were air-dried before the texture analysis&#44; which was done by determining the percentage of sand&#44; silt and clay in a given soil following the pipette method outlined by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075">Gee and Bauder &#40;1986&#41;</a>&#46; Based on the particle size distribution&#44; soils were classified using the USDA soil texture triangle chart&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Data used</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As wind is the only driving force for dust emission to occur&#44; the study of dust emission requires the knowledge of 10 m wind speed&#44; the threshold velocity of wind erosion&#44; and finally the surface condition under which the dust emission takes place &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Kim <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2013</a>&#41;&#46; Wind speed at 10 m height was obtained from <a href="http://www.wunderground.com/">www&#46;wunderground&#46;com</a>&#46; These data sets are often assimilated into numerical weather prediction models that produce gridded and even simulated weather forecasts&#44; which may be for hours or days&#46; Data corresponding to the pre-monsoon season for the period 2005-2013 was used&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Dust emission</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The methodology followed in this work is based on previous dust emission schemes for regional &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Marticorena <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1997</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">Perez <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2006</a>&#41; and global modeling systems &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tegen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span>&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; An important factor in dust emission is wind velocity&#46; When wind velocity exceeds a certain threshold&#44; dust emission takes place&#46; This wind friction velocity is called threshold friction velocity&#46; The empirical equations derived and analyzed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Marticorena <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;1997&#41;</a> based on formulations of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100">Iversen and White &#40;1982&#41;</a> were used to calculate the threshold friction velocity u&#42;th&#46; Formula &#40;1&#41; is used for the situation where 0&#46;03 &#60; B &#60; 10&#44; whereas for the situation where B &#62; 10&#44; formula &#40;2&#41; is used&#46;<a name="p4"></a><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span> is the friction Reynolds number&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span></span> is the diameter of the soil particle&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span></span> is the particle density&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span></span> is the air density&#44; and g the acceleration due to gravity&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The expression for fluid saltation threshold due to the presence of soil moisture&#44; derived by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Fecan <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;1999&#41;</a> for all soil types&#44; is given in Eqs&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0020">&#40;3&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0025">&#40;4&#41;</a>&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">u &#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">wt</span></span> and u&#42;ft are respectively the fluid saltation thresholds in the presence and absence of moisture&#59; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">w</span> is the soils&#8217; volumetric water content in percent&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The amount of water that can be adsorbed onto the soil is a function of the clay content&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Fecan <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;1999&#41;</a> obtained the expression for water adsorption using the soil clay content given in Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0030">&#40;5&#41;</a>&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span></span> is the soil clay content in percent&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Dust emission efficiency</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the dust emission efficiency &#40;&#945;&#41; and mass of suspended particles with diameter less than 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m we used the horizontal and vertical flux of particles mobilized at the soil surface &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Marticorena and Bergametti&#44; 1995</a>&#41;&#46; The vertical dust flux &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F</span>&#41; corresponds to the mass of suspended particles with diameter less than 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m passing through a surface parallel to the soil &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">Sabre <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2007</a>&#41;&#46; The horizontal flux &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>&#41; corresponds to the total mass of materials transported in saltation movement&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Shao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;1993&#41;</a> the ratio of vertical dust flux to horizontal dust flux &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">F&#47;H</span> &#61; &#945;&#41;&#44; provides the efficiency of dust emission or soil bombardment&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The expression for horizontal dust flux &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">White&#44; 1979</a>&#41; is as follows&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">u&#42;</span> is the friction velocity<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#44;&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span></span> is the density of air&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">u &#42;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">th</span></span> is the threshold friction velocity&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">g</span> is the gravitational constant&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">Marticorena and Bergametti &#40;1995&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">Shao <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;1993&#41;</a>&#44; the expression for vertical dust flux is given in Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">&#40;7&#41;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C</span> &#61; 2&#46;78&#44; &#948; is the source function&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span> is the horizontal dust flux&#44; and &#945; is the horizontal to vertical flux ratio&#44; which is called efficiency of the dust release processes using Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0045">&#40;8&#41;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0045">&#40;8&#41;</a> is valid for soils with clay percentage up to 20&#37;&#46; For soils with clay content &#62; 20&#37;&#44; sandblasting efficiency is set constant to values proposed by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">Tegen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al</span>&#46; &#40;2002&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Understanding the minimum value of the threshold is very important in dust emission physics&#46; Dust aerosols are only rarely lifted by wind &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">Loosmore and Hunt&#44; 2000</a>&#41;&#59; indeed&#44; they are predominantly emitted by the impact of saltating particles on the soil surface &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080">Gillette <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1974</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;1</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Topography</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Topographic features of the surface are useful in determining the global distribution of dust sources &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Ginoux <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2001</a>&#41;&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Figure 1</a> indicates that the northwest and the IGP are associated with aeolian and alluvial soils&#44; respectively&#44; which are readily erodible &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">Sharda <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2013</a>&#41;&#46; These regions&#44; therefore&#44; can be associated with lows that have a<a name="p5"></a> deep accumulation of alluvial sediments &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085">Ginoux <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2001</a>&#41;&#46; The sediments are composed of fine particles&#44; which can be easily eroded by winds&#46; Thus&#44; physiochemical properties of surface soil have a significant influence on the occurrence and development of wind erosion leading to dust emission in the study area&#46; Apart from this&#44; another study conducted by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">Kim <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;2013&#41;</a> showed that the topographical depression is high over the Thar Desert&#44; parts of north India and the IGP &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Thus the probability of dust lift would be higher over these regions&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;2</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Soil texture and dust emission</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dust emission as a result of wind erosion is related to regional geological environments and is affected by soil texture &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005">Abuduwaili and Mu&#44; 2002</a>&#41;&#46; Due to differences in soil texture&#44; we observed spatial heterogeneity in dust flux and dust emission efficiency&#46; Soil texture of the different regions under study is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The soils of Bikaner and Jaisalmer are sandy in nature and interspersed with interdunes while those of Jaipur are loamy sands&#46; Thus&#44; these soils provide low dust flux values&#46; On the other hand&#44; in the IGP region&#44; sandy loam to fine sandy loam and fine silty loam soil types are predominant &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">Murthy <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1982</a>&#41;&#46; Some locations such as Patiala and Gwalior have soils containing more than 20&#37; clay&#46; At Patiala&#44; clay content was greater than 60&#37; in the clayey soils&#46; These soil types occur&#44; besides the fine silty loam soils&#46; Therefore&#44; areas with greater clay content will have low dust flux and emission efficiency than locations with lower clay content&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;3</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Soil moisture and dust emission</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Apart from the percentage of sand&#44; silt and clay&#44; soil moisture content is also an important factor that affects soil erosion and dust emission&#46; If the soil is moist&#44; the viscosity of soil would increase and aggregation between soil particles will also increase&#46; Accordingly&#44; threshold friction velocity&#44; windblown sand speed&#44; and sand and dust particle transport rate would be altered &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060">Fecan <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1999</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055">Dong <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2002</a>&#41;&#46; The maximum amount of adsorbed water w&#8217; as a function of increasing amount of clay is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>&#46; In the northwest regions of India&#44; the least amount of soil-adsorbed water can be found over the locations of Jaisalmer and Bikaner&#44; since the clay content there is &#60; 10&#37; and has more coarse particles&#46; The amount of water adsorbed over Jaipur is the highest because the soils had average clay content of 17&#46;5&#37;&#46; Water adsorption is governed by electrostatic interactions of the mineral surface with the polar water molecules&#46; Since sandy soils generally contain lower density of net electric charges substantially less water is adsorbed compared to clayey soils &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Hillel&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#46; Since water adsorbs more readily onto clay soils &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Hillel&#44; 1980</a>&#41;&#44; the volumetric fraction of water that soil can adsorb before capillary forces &#40;&#969;&#8217;&#41; become substantial increases with an increase in clay content as is evident from data in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table I</a>&#46; For these soils the dominant dust production process is not saltation but abrasion&#46; In sandy soils&#44; presence of soil moisture creates substantial inter-particle forces that inhibit the initiation of saltation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035">Chepil&#44; 1956</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">Pye&#44; 1987</a>&#41;&#46; When relative humidity is low &#40;&#60; 65&#37;&#41;&#44; inter-particle forces are produced primarily by bonding of adjacent adsorbed water layers&#44; whereas<a name="p6"></a> for high relative humidity &#40;&#62; 65&#37;&#41; this occurs primarily through the formation of water wedges around points of contact &#40;capillary forces&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">Hillel&#44; 1980</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">Ravi <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2006</a>&#41;&#46; Water bridges form in sandy soils with low soil moisture contents compared to soils having greater amounts of clay&#44; thereby producing substantial capillary force &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020">Belly&#44; 1964</a>&#41;&#46; From this data&#44; we expect that dust emission efficiency would be lowest at locations containing high clay content such as Gwalior and Patialaclay because of strong cohesive forces&#44; compared to other locations where sandy to sandy loam and silt loam soils are present&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Threshold friction velocity and horizontal dust flux</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We observed spatial heterogeneity for the threshold friction velocity over the northwest and north of the IGP&#46; Further&#44; surface roughness varied over this region&#46; A change from rough to smooth usually increases the surface frictional stress consequently leading to a weakening of wind at the surface&#46; The surface roughness map &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41; shows that the surface is smooth over the great Indian Thar Desert as the surface roughness values are very low &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">Prigent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2005</a>&#59; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025">Cheng <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2008</a>&#41;&#46; Also&#44; the value of surface roughness over most parts of the locations in northwest India &#40;Jaisalmer&#44; Bikaner and Jaipur&#41; ranges from 0&#46;001 to 0&#46;01&#46; The value of surface roughness over New Delhi and its adjoining regions varies from 0&#46;03 to 0&#46;06&#46; This change in surface roughness from the Thar Desert towards New Delhi leads to a weakening of winds at the surface&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#46; Bikaner is similar to Jaisalmer&#59; however&#44; the soils of Bikaner consist of more fine sand particles than those over Jaisalmer&#44; where they are coarse in nature&#46; Similarly&#44; Jaipur has a larger proportion of fine-sized soil particles and clay content than those for Bikaner and Jaisalmer&#46; Thus the threshold friction velocity is relatively smaller at Jaipur and Bikaner as compared to Jaisalmer&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Threshold friction velocity in the IGP was lower than over the northwest India because these locations contained more fine soil particles&#46; The threshold friction velocity at which dust emission was initiated ranged from 0&#46;21 to 0&#46;35 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>&#41;&#46; At Patiala&#44; with clay soil types&#44; threshold friction velocity was the highest and dust emission was initiated at a friction velocity of 0&#46;35 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5a</a>&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; at the same location where silty loam soil types were present&#44; the threshold friction velocity was 0&#46;26 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#46; Dust emission was initiated at a threshold friction velocity of 0&#46;23&#44; 0&#46;22 and 0&#46;21 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> for New Delhi&#44; Kanpur and Gwalior&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5 b&#44; c&#44; d</a>&#41;&#46; Our results are in accordance with the experimental data of <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015">Bagnold &#40;1941&#41;</a>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030">Chepil &#40;1945&#41;</a> and <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">Marticorena <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;</span> &#40;1997&#41;</a>&#44; thus confirming that threshold friction velocity is size dependent&#46; We too observed a decrease in threshold friction velocity with a decrease in average soil particle diameter up to<a name="p7"></a><a name="p8"></a> 71&#46;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#44; followed by an increase with a further decrease in particle size in clay soil types&#46; This is because inter-particle cohesion forces are stronger in soils containing a greater fraction of very fine soil particles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">Iversen <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 1976</a>&#41;&#46; The values of threshold friction velocity reported in this study in the desert areas are similar to those reported for the Taklimakan Desert in China&#44; which has a predominance of sand and low vegetation cover &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">Yang <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#44;</span> 2011</a>&#41;&#46; Threshold friction velocities reported in this study for the IGP&#44; where most of the land is under farming&#44; has slightly lower values than those reported in China and elsewhere &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">Wang <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">et al&#46;&#44;</span> 2007</a>&#41;&#46; These differences may be due to the fact that in summer &#40;April to June&#41; the land in this part of the world is bare with very little vegetative cover&#46; Cultivation begins soon after the monsoon rains are received by the end of June&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The horizontal dust flux over Jaisalmer and Bikaner at a friction velocity of 0&#46;6 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> was 0&#46;082 and 0&#46;083 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4a&#44; b</a>&#41;&#46; At Patiala&#44; in the IGP&#44; horizontal dust flux was 0&#46;073 and 0&#46;082 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> for clay and silt loam soil types&#44; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5a</a>&#41;&#46; Values of dust flux were similar for the other locations in the IGP &#40;0&#46;083 to 0&#46;084 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5b&#44; c&#44; d</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; at a higher friction velocity &#40;1 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#44; horizontal dust flux was highest at Patiala with clay soil types and at Jaisalmer with sandy soils &#40;0&#46;39 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#46; In general&#44; the northwest had higher horizontal dust flux &#40;0&#46;382 to 0&#46;387 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41; than the IGP &#40;0&#46;38 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#46; Because of differences in surface roughness&#44; soil texture&#44; and threshold friction velocity&#44; horizontal dust flux varied across locations&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dust emission efficiency is a ratio of horizontal to vertical flux and is a function of friction velocity&#46; Dust release efficiency over various locations is given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>&#46; Dust emission efficiency was similar across locations in north and northwest India&#44; except for Patialaclay &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table II</a>&#41;&#44; which has clay content in excess of 60&#37;&#59; therefore&#44; soil cohesion is stronger than in the arid regions of northwest and other parts of the IGP&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The estimation of horizontal dust flux and dust emission efficiency done in this study by using empirical equations has regional limitations&#46; We employed climatological land cover data&#46; The time variation of surface roughness was not taken into account in calculating dust emission&#46; Such an approach may be inadequate where time variation of land cover change is significant and may cause significant errors in estimating dust emission&#46; This is a possibility for the IGP&#46; However&#44; we believe this approach is adequate because there is little vegetal cover in permanent desert location areas such as the Thar Desert&#46; Furthermore&#44; even the IGP has very little vegetal cover from the harvest of the main crop wheat in April until the onset of the monsoon&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4</span><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conclusions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We estimated horizontal dust flux and dust emission efficiency for seven locations&#44; three in the northwest &#40;Jaisalmer&#44; Bikaner and Jaipur&#41; and four in the IGP of north India &#40;Patiala&#44; New Delhi&#44; Kanpur and Gwalior&#41;&#44; using empirical equations and land cover data&#46; From our study&#44; we conclude that surface roughness increases from the northwest parts of India &#40;Thar Desert&#41; towards New Delhi&#46; Further&#44; threshold friction velocity was higher over Jaisalmer and Bikaner than in the IGP&#46; Dust emission was initiated at a threshold friction velocity of 0&#46;27 and 0&#46;24 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#44; respectively&#44; compared to 0&#46;21 to 0&#46;35 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> in the IGP&#46; The northwest regions close to the Thar Desert have coarse soil particles&#46; Therefore&#44; the threshold friction velocity at which dust emission was initiated was higher than in the IGP&#46; Horizontal dust flux was low over Jaisalmer and Bikaner at lower values of friction velocity than those found in the IGP&#46; But the trend was opposite at a higher friction velocity&#46; The regions of the IGP &#40;Patiala&#44; New Delhi and Kanpur&#41; had relatively higher dust flux because of the greater clay content found in their sandy loam and silt loam soil types&#44; as compared to those at Jaisalmer and Bikaner&#46; However&#44; where clay content exceeded 20&#37;&#44; &#40;Patiala<span class="elsevierStyleInf">clay</span> and Gwalior&#41;&#44; horizontal dust flux and emission efficiency were low&#46; Future studies are needed to validate horizontal dust flux on a real time<a name="p9"></a> basis&#46; Further&#44; this region encompasses a wide variety of soil types&#44; therefore their influence on vertical dust flux needs to be estimated&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:9 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres816072"
          "titulo" => "Resumen"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0005"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "xres816073"
          "titulo" => "Abstract"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "identificador" => "abst0010"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813295"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        4 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Methodology"
          "secciones" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0015"
              "titulo" => "Study site"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0020"
              "titulo" => "Soil sample collection and analysis"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0025"
              "titulo" => "Data used"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0030"
              "titulo" => "Dust emission"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0035"
              "titulo" => "Dust emission efficiency"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        5 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Results and discussion"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0045"
              "titulo" => "Topography"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0050"
              "titulo" => "Soil texture and dust emission"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0055"
              "titulo" => "Soil moisture and dust emission"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "sec0060"
              "titulo" => "Threshold friction velocity and horizontal dust flux"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0065"
          "titulo" => "Conclusions"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack273900"
          "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        ]
        8 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2015-03-09"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2015-08-04"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec813295"
          "palabras" => array:4 [
            0 => "Dust emission"
            1 => "friction velocity"
            2 => "surface roughness"
            3 => "wind speed"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La emisi&#243;n de polvo es una de las principales fuentes de aerosoles atmosf&#233;ricos y es altamente sensible a la velocidad del viento&#46; Las caracter&#237;sticas de la superficie&#44; las propiedades del suelo y los p&#225;rametros meteorol&#243;gicos tambi&#233;n influyen en la emisi&#243;n de polvo&#46; Hasta ahora ning&#250;n estudio ning&#250;n estudio ha analizado la presencia de polvo sobre el subcontinente indio&#46; Por tal motivo se calcul&#243; el flujo de polvo por medio de ecuaciones emp&#237;ricas y datos de la cubierta terrestre para siete localidades en el noroeste de la India y la llanura Indo-Gang&#233;tica &#40;IGP&#44; por sus siglas en ingl&#233;s&#41; que poseen tipos de suelo diferentes&#46; El presente estudio indica la existencia de diferencias en el flujo de polvo entre las localidades estudiadas&#46; En el noroeste&#44; la emisi&#243;n de polvo inici&#243; a una velocidad de fricci&#243;n de 0&#46;23 a 0&#46;27 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> y su flujo fue menor al registrado en la IGP&#44; donde la emisi&#243;n inici&#243; a una velocidad de fricci&#243;n de 0&#46;22 a 0&#46;35 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#46; El flujo de polvo vari&#243; de 0&#46;073 a 0&#46;084 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#46;a una velocidad de fricci&#243;n espec&#237;fica &#40;0&#46;6 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41; Se observ&#243; que a velocidades de fricci&#243;n bajas&#44; el flujo de polvo fue escaso en localidades con alto contenido de arcilla &#40;&#62; 20&#37;&#41; y suelos arenosos en comparaci&#243;n con suelos franco arenosos y franco limosos&#46; A mayores velocidades de fricci&#243;n se observ&#243; una tendencia opuesta&#46; El estudio muestra con claridad el efecto de la textura del suelo en la emisi&#243;n de polvo&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dust emission is a main source of aerosol in the atmosphere and is highly sensitive to wind velocity&#46; Surface feature characteristics&#44; soil properties and meteorological parameters also influence dust emission&#46; Thus far&#44; no study has referred to dust flux over the Indian subcontinent&#59; therefore&#44; we estimated dust flux using empirical equations and land cover data for seven locations in the northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains &#40;IGP&#41; having different soil types&#46; Our study indicates differences in dust flux among locations&#46; In the northwest&#44; dust emission was initiated at a friction velocity of 0&#46;23 to 0&#46;27 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> and dust flux was lesser than the IGP&#46;In the IGP&#44; dust emission was initiated at a friction velocity ranging from 0&#46;22 to 0&#46; 35 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#46; Dust flux ranged from 0&#46;073 to 0&#46;084 kg m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span> at a given friction velocity &#40;0&#46;6 m s<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&#46; It was observed that at low friction velocity&#44; dust flux was low at locations with high clay content &#40;&#62; 20&#37;&#41; and sandy soils&#44; compared to sandy loam and silt loam soil types&#46; A reverse trend was observed at a higher friction velocity&#46; Our study clearly indicates the effect of soil texture in dust emission&#46;<a name="p2"></a></p></span>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:16 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1084
            "Ancho" => 947
            "Tamanyo" => 247153
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Different soil types in the study area of northwest and the Indo-Gangetic Plains of north India&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 463
            "Ancho" => 943
            "Tamanyo" => 60320
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Distribution of the topographical depression over India and Southeast Asia&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 778
            "Ancho" => 1616
            "Tamanyo" => 184394
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#40;a&#41; Global surface roughness&#46; &#40;b&#41; Surface roughness over India&#46; The threshold friction velocity at which dust particles are emitted from the surface in Jaisalmer&#44; Bikaner and Jaipur is 0&#46;27&#44; 0&#46;24 and 0&#46;23 m&#47;s&#44; respectively&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1130
            "Ancho" => 1680
            "Tamanyo" => 99461
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Horizontal dust lux in northwest India at &#40;a&#41; Jaisalmer&#44; &#40;b&#41; Bikaner&#44; and &#40;c&#41; Jaipur&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1140
            "Ancho" => 1249
            "Tamanyo" => 108048
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Horizontal dust lux in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of north India&#46; &#40;a&#41; Patiala&#44; &#40;b&#41; New Delhi&#44; &#40;c&#41; Kanpur&#44; and &#40;d&#41; Gwalior&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      5 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table I"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jaisalmer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bikaner&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Jaipur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Patiala&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">New Delhi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Kanpur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gwalior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Latitude &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span>N&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">26&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">28&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">26&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">30&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">28&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">22&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">26&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Longitude &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">o</span>E&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">70&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">73&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">75&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">76&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">77&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">88&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">78&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Elevation &#40;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">227&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">235&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">430&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">234&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">237&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">126&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">197&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Climate type&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Arid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Arid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Arid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid&#44; sub-tropical&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid&#44; sub-humid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Semi-arid&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " colspan="8" align="left" valign="bottom">Soil texture &#40;&#37;&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Sand &#40;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">85&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">83&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">61&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">33&#46;6 3&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">60&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">65&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">59&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="bottom">Silt &#40;2-50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">7&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">6&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">21&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">50&#46;5 35&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">21&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">18&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">10&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Clay &#40;&#60; 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">7&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">9&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">17&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">15&#46;9 60&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">17&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">16&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">29&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Textural class&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Sandy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Sandy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Loamy sand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Fine silt Clay loam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Sandy loam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Very fine sandy loam&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="center" valign="top">Fine loamy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">&#969;&#8217;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">3&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">3&#46;06 15&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">3&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">3&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">6&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1371563.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Characteristics of different soil types at various locations in northwest and north India&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      6 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table II"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Location&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Dust emission efficiency &#40;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;1</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jaisalmer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;02<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bikaner&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;03<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Jaipur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patiala &#40;clay&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;00<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;7</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Patiala &#40;silt loam&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">New Delhi&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Kanpur&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;05<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Gwalior&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="bottom">1&#46;09<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8211;6</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab1371562.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dust emission efficiency for the different locations of north and northwest India&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0005"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;1&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "0&#46;129&#8201;K1&#46;928B0&#46;092&#8722;1"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si2.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1361
          "Alto" => 30
          "Ancho" => 91
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0010"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;2&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "0&#46;12&#8201;K&#8201;1&#8722;0&#46;0858&#8201;exp&#8722;0&#46;0617B&#8722;10"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si3.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 2723
          "Alto" => 20
          "Ancho" => 294
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:5 [
        "identificador" => "eq0015"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "K&#61;&#961;pgDp&#961;a1&#43;0&#46;006&#961;agDp2&#46;5B&#8201;&#61;&#8201;1331Dp1&#46;56&#43;0&#46;38"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si4.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 5013
          "Alto" => 84
          "Ancho" => 214
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0020"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;3&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "u&#42;wtu&#42;ft&#61;1&#43;1&#46;21&#8201;&#40;w&#8722;w&#8217;&#41;0&#46;68&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#40;w&#62;w&#8217;&#41;"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si5.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 2804
          "Alto" => 36
          "Ancho" => 277
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0025"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;4&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "u&#42;wtu&#42;ft&#61;1&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#8201;&#40;w&#60;w&#8217;&#41;"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si6.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1154
          "Alto" => 26
          "Ancho" => 140
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0030"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;5&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "w&#8217;&#61;0&#46;17cs&#43;0&#46;0014cs2"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si8.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1525
          "Alto" => 21
          "Ancho" => 161
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0035"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;6&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "H&#61;2&#46;78&#961;agu&#42;3&#8201;&#8201;1&#8722;u&#42;th2u&#42;2&#8201;1&#8722;u&#42;thu&#42;"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si9.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 3008
          "Alto" => 29
          "Ancho" => 272
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0040"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;7&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "Fs&#8201;&#61;&#8201;C&#46;&#8201;&#945;&#46;&#948;&#8201;&#8201;H"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si10.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 952
          "Alto" => 12
          "Ancho" => 100
        ]
      ]
      15 => array:6 [
        "identificador" => "eq0045"
        "etiqueta" => "&#40;8&#41;"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA"
        "mostrarFloat" => false
        "mostrarDisplay" => true
        "Formula" => array:5 [
          "Matematica" => "&#945;&#61;100&#46;134&#40;&#37;clay&#41;&#8722;6"
          "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si11.jpeg"
          "Tamanyo" => 1113
          "Alto" => 15
          "Ancho" => 131
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:44 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "Abuduwaili and Mu&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Analysis on the dust storms and their disasters in the lakebed regions of Ebinur lake"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Abuduwaili"
                            1 => "G&#46;J&#46; Mu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Xinjiang&#46; Arid Land Geogr&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "paginaInicial" => "149"
                        "paginaFinal" => "154"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "Alfaro et al&#46;&#44; 1997"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modelling the size distribution of a soil-aerosol produced by sandblasting"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "S&#46;C&#46; Alfaro"
                            1 => "A&#46; Gaudichet"
                            2 => "L&#46; Gomes"
                            3 => "M&#46; Maile"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "11239"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11249"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "Bagnold&#44; 1941"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The physics of blown sand and desert dunes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "R&#46;A&#46; Bagnold"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "fecha" => "1941"
                        "paginaInicial" => "265"
                        "editorial" => "Methuca"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "Belly&#44; 1964"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sand movement by wind Technical Memorandum No&#46; 1&#46; U&#46; S"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;Y&#46; Belly"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "fecha" => "1964"
                        "paginaInicial" => "84"
                        "editorial" => "Army Coast Engineering Research Centre"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Washington&#44; D&#46;C"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "Cheng et al&#46;&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "An improvement on the dust emission scheme in the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Cheng"
                            1 => "Y&#46; Peng"
                            2 => "J&#46; Feichter"
                            3 => "I&#46; Tegen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atmos&#46; Chem&#46; Phys&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1105"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1117"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "Chepil&#44; 1945"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dynamics of wind erosion"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "W&#46;S&#46; Chepil"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Soil Sci&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1945"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "305"
                        "paginaFinal" => "320"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "Chepil&#44; 1956"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Influence of moisture on erodibility of soil by wind"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "W&#46;S&#46; Chepil"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Soil Sci&#46; Soc&#46; America Proc&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1956"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "288"
                        "paginaFinal" => "292"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "Choobari et al&#46;&#44; 2014"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The global distribution of mineral dust and its impacts on the climate system&#58; A review"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "O&#46;A&#46; Choobari"
                            1 => "P&#46; Zawar-Reza"
                            2 => "A&#46; Sturman"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atmos&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2014"
                        "volumen" => "138"
                        "paginaInicial" => "152"
                        "paginaFinal" => "165"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "DeMott et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Predicting the global ice nuclei distributions and their impacts on climate"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:9 [
                            0 => "P&#46;J&#46; DeMott"
                            1 => "A&#46;J&#46; Prenni"
                            2 => "X&#46; Liu"
                            3 => "S&#46;M&#46; Kreidenweis"
                            4 => "M&#46;D&#46; Petters"
                            5 => "C&#46;H&#46; Twohy"
                            6 => "M&#46;S&#46; Richardson"
                            7 => "T&#46; Eidhammer"
                            8 => "D&#46;C&#46; Rogers"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1073/pnas.0910818107"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Proc&#46; Natl&#46; Acad&#46; Sci&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "107"
                        "paginaInicial" => "11217"
                        "paginaFinal" => "11222"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534566"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "Desouza et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Initiation of a convective dust storm over north India on 21 April 2010 inferred using satellite data"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "N&#46;D&#46; Desouza"
                            1 => "R&#46; Kurchania"
                            2 => "M&#46;S&#46; Qureshi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Meteorol&#46; Atmos&#46; Phys&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "122"
                        "paginaInicial" => "47"
                        "paginaFinal" => "54"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "Dong et al&#46;&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud&#58; A wind tunnel investigation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Z&#46;B&#46; Dong"
                            1 => "X&#46; Liu"
                            2 => "H&#46; Wang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Geomorphology"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "49"
                        "paginaInicial" => "219"
                        "paginaFinal" => "230"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "Fecan et al&#46;&#44; 1999"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Parameterization of the increase of the aeolian erosion&#46; threshold wind friction velocity due to soil moisture for arid and semi arid areas"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "F&#46; Fecan"
                            1 => "B&#46; Marticorena"
                            2 => "G&#46; Bergametti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann&#46; Geophys&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "149"
                        "paginaFinal" => "157"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "Forster et al&#46;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:15 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Forster"
                            1 => "V&#46; Ramasamy"
                            2 => "P&#46; Artaxo"
                            3 => "T&#46; Berntsen"
                            4 => "R&#46; Betts"
                            5 => "D&#46;W&#46; Fahey"
                            6 => "J&#46; Haywood"
                            7 => "J&#46; Lean"
                            8 => "D&#46;C&#46; Lowe"
                            9 => "G&#46; Myhre"
                            10 => "J&#46; Nganga"
                            11 => "R&#46; Prinn"
                            12 => "G&#46; Raga"
                            13 => "M&#46; Shulz"
                            14 => "R&#46; van Dorland"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Climate change 2007"
                        "paginaInicial" => "131"
                        "paginaFinal" => "234"
                        "serieFecha" => "2007"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0070"
              "etiqueta" => "Gautam et al&#46;&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Accumulation of aerosols over the Indo-Gangetic plains and southern slopes of the Himalayas&#58; distribution&#44; properties and radiative effects during the 2009 pre-monsoon season"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:14 [
                            0 => "R&#46; Gautam"
                            1 => "N&#46;C&#46; Hsu"
                            2 => "S&#46;C&#46; Tsay"
                            3 => "K&#46;M&#46; Lau"
                            4 => "B&#46; Holben"
                            5 => "S&#46; Bell"
                            6 => "A&#46; Smirnov"
                            7 => "C&#46; Li"
                            8 => "R&#46; Hansell"
                            9 => "Q&#46; Ji"
                            10 => "S&#46; Payra"
                            11 => "D&#46; Aryal"
                            12 => "R&#46; Kayastha"
                            13 => "K&#46;M&#46; Kim"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Atmos&#46; Chem&#46; Phys&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "12841"
                        "paginaFinal" => "12863"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "Gee and Bauder&#44; 1986"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Particle-size analysis Methods of soil analysis&#46; Part 1&#46; Physical and mineralogicalmethods"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46;W&#46; Gee"
                            1 => "J&#46;W&#46; Bauder"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Agronomy Monograph No&#46; 9&#46; American Society of Agronomy&#47;Soil Science Society of America"
                        "paginaInicial" => "383"
                        "paginaFinal" => "411"
                        "serieFecha" => "1986"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "Gillette et al&#46;&#44; 1974"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of wind velocity on size distribution of aerosols generated by wind erosion on soils"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "D&#46;A&#46; Gillette"
                            1 => "I&#46;H&#46; Blifford Jr&#46;"
                            2 => "D&#46;W&#46; Fryrear"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1974"
                        "volumen" => "79"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4068"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4075"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "Ginoux et al&#46;&#44; 2001"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:7 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Ginoux"
                            1 => "M&#46; Chin"
                            2 => "I&#46; Tegen"
                            3 => "J&#46;M&#46; Prospero"
                            4 => "B&#46; Holben"
                            5 => "O&#46; Dubovik"
                            6 => "S&#46;J&#46; Lin"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "106"
                        "paginaInicial" => "20255"
                        "paginaFinal" => "20273"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "Hillel&#44; 1980"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Fundamentals of soil physics"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Hillel"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "fecha" => "1980"
                        "paginaInicial" => "771"
                        "editorial" => "Academic Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "London"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "Iversen et al&#46;&#44; 1976"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Saltation threshold on Mars&#58; The effect on inter-particle force&#44; surface roughness&#44; and low atmospheric density"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;D&#46; Iversen"
                            1 => "J&#46;B&#46; Pollack"
                            2 => "R&#46; Greeley"
                            3 => "B&#46;R&#46; White"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Icarus"
                        "fecha" => "1976"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "381"
                        "paginaFinal" => "393"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "Iversen and White&#44; 1982"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Saltation threshold on Earth Mars and Venus"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "J&#46;D&#46; Iversen"
                            1 => "B&#46;R&#46; White"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sedimentology"
                        "fecha" => "1982"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "paginaInicial" => "111"
                        "paginaFinal" => "119"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "Kaskaoutis et al&#46;&#44; 2012"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Variability and trends of aerosol properties over Kanpur&#44; northern India using AERONET data &#40;2001-10&#41;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "D&#46;G&#46; Kaskaoutis"
                            1 => "R&#46;P&#46; Singh"
                            2 => "R&#46; Gautam"
                            3 => "M&#46; Sharma"
                            4 => "P&#46;G&#46; Kosmopoulos"
                            5 => "S&#46;N&#46; Tripathi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Envtl&#46; Sci&#46; Lett&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "9"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "Kim et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The effect of the dynamic surface bareness on dust source function&#44; emission and distribution"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:10 [
                            0 => "D&#46; Kim"
                            1 => "M&#46; Chin"
                            2 => "H&#46; Bian"
                            3 => "Q&#46; Tan"
                            4 => "M&#46;E&#46; Brown"
                            5 => "T&#46; Zheng"
                            6 => "R&#46; You"
                            7 => "T&#46; Diehl"
                            8 => "P&#46; Ginoux"
                            9 => "T&#46; Kucsera"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "118"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "16"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "Laurent et al&#46;&#44; 2010"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "doi&#58;10&#46;1029&#47;2009JD012995 <a name="p10"></a>"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A model study of Saharan dust emissions and distributions during the SAMUM-1 campaign"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Laurent"
                            1 => "I&#46; Tegen"
                            2 => "B&#46; Heinold"
                            3 => "K&#46; Schepanski"
                            4 => "B&#46; Weinzierl"
                            5 => "M&#46; Esselbom"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "115"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "Loosmore and Hunt&#44; 2000"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Dust resuspension without saltation"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "G&#46;A&#46; Loosmore"
                            1 => "J&#46;R&#46; Hunt"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1029/2000JD900271"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "105"
                        "paginaInicial" => "20663"
                        "paginaFinal" => "20671"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20336175"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0125"
              "etiqueta" => "Marticorena and Bergametti&#44; 1995"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle&#58; 1- Design of soil derived dust production scheme"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Marticorena"
                            1 => "G&#46; Bergametti"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1995"
                        "volumen" => "100"
                        "paginaInicial" => "16415"
                        "paginaFinal" => "16430"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0130"
              "etiqueta" => "Marticorena et al&#46;&#44; 1997"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modelling the atmospheric dust cycle&#58; 2 Simulations of Saharan dust sources"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Marticorena"
                            1 => "G&#46; Bergametti"
                            2 => "B&#46; Aumont"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Callot"
                            4 => "C&#46; N&#8217;Doume"
                            5 => "M&#46; Legrand"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4387"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4404"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0135"
              "etiqueta" => "Mishra and Tripathi&#44; 2008"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "doi&#58;10&#46;1029&#47;2008JD010048"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modelling optical properties of mineral dust over India desert"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46;K&#46; Mishra"
                            1 => "S&#46;N&#46; Tripathi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "113"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0140"
              "etiqueta" => "Murthy et al&#46;&#44; 1982"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Description and classification of benchmark soils"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "R&#46;S&#46; Murthy"
                            1 => "L&#46;R&#46; Hirekerur"
                            2 => "S&#46;B&#46; Deshpande"
                            3 => "B&#46;V&#46; Venkata Rao"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:4 [
                        "titulo" => "Benchmark soils of India&#58; Morphology&#44; characteristics and classification for resource management&#46;"
                        "paginaInicial" => "105"
                        "paginaFinal" => "374"
                        "serieFecha" => "1982"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0145"
              "etiqueta" => "Perez et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "doi&#58;10&#46;1029&#47;2005JD006717"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Interactive dust-radiation modeling&#58; A step to improve weather forecasts"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Perez"
                            1 => "S&#46; Nickovic"
                            2 => "G&#46; Pejanovic"
                            3 => "J&#46;M&#46; Baldasano"
                            4 => "E&#46; Ozsoy"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "111"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0150"
              "etiqueta" => "Prigent et al&#46;&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:3 [
                  "comentario" => "doi&#58;10&#46;1029&#47;2004JD005370"
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estimation of the aerodynamic roughness length in arid and semiarid regions over the globe with the ERS scatterometer"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "C&#46; Prigent"
                            1 => "I&#46; Tegen"
                            2 => "F&#46; Aires"
                            3 => "B&#46; Marticorena"
                            4 => "M&#46; Zribi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "110"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0155"
              "etiqueta" => "Prospero et al&#46;&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric dust derived from the NIMBUS7 TOMS absorbing aerosol product"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Prospero"
                            1 => "P&#46; Ginoux"
                            2 => "O&#46; Torres"
                            3 => "S&#46;E&#46; Nicholson"
                            4 => "T&#46;E&#46; Gill"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev&#46; Geophys&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "31"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0160"
              "etiqueta" => "Pye&#44; 1987"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Aeolian dust and dust deposits"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "K&#46; Pye"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "fecha" => "1987"
                        "paginaInicial" => "334"
                        "editorial" => "Academic Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0165"
              "etiqueta" => "Ravi et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "On effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Ravi"
                            1 => "T&#46;M&#46; Zobeck"
                            2 => "T&#46;M&#46; Over"
                            3 => "G&#46;S&#46; Okin"
                            4 => "P&#46; D&#8217;Odorico"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Sedimentology"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "53"
                        "paginaInicial" => "597"
                        "paginaFinal" => "609"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0170"
              "etiqueta" => "Sabre et al&#46;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Characterization of the fine dust particle product process by wind erosion for two types of bare soil surfaces"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Sabre"
                            1 => "M&#46;V&#46; Lopez"
                            2 => "S&#46;C&#46; Alfaro"
                            3 => "J&#46;L&#46; Rajot"
                            4 => "L&#46; Gomes"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "LibroEditado" => array:2 [
                        "titulo" => "Wind erosion - An international symposium&#46;"
                        "serieFecha" => "2007"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            34 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0175"
              "etiqueta" => "Santra et al&#46;&#44; 2006"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Land degradation through wind erosion in Thar Desert - Issues and research priorities"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Santra"
                            1 => "P&#46;S&#46; Mertia"
                            2 => "P&#46; Narain"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Indian J&#46; Soil Conserv&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "214"
                        "paginaFinal" => "220"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            35 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0180"
              "etiqueta" => "Shao et al&#46;&#44; 1993"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Y&#46; Shao"
                            1 => "M&#46;R&#46; Raupach"
                            2 => "P&#46;A&#46; Findlater"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "98"
                        "paginaInicial" => "12719"
                        "paginaFinal" => "12726"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            36 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0185"
              "etiqueta" => "Sharda et al&#46;&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Identification of soil erosion risk areas for conservation planning in different states of India"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "V&#46;N&#46; Sharda"
                            1 => "D&#46; Mandal"
                            2 => "P&#46;R&#46; Ojasvi"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Envtl&#46; Biol&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "219"
                        "paginaFinal" => "226"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            37 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0190"
              "etiqueta" => "Tegen et al&#46;&#44; 2002"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosols&#58; Results from a model study"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Tegen"
                            1 => "S&#46;P&#46; Harrison"
                            2 => "K&#46; Kohfeld"
                            3 => "C&#46; Prentice"
                            4 => "M&#46; Coe"
                            5 => "M&#46; Heimann"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "107"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4576"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4597"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            38 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0195"
              "etiqueta" => "Tegen and Lacis&#44; 1996"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Modelling of dust particle size distribution and its influence on radiative properties of mineral dust aerosol"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "I&#46; Tegen"
                            1 => "A&#46;A&#46; Lacis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "101"
                        "paginaInicial" => "19237"
                        "paginaFinal" => "19244"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            39 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0200"
              "etiqueta" => "Tiwari and Singh&#44; 2013"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Variability of aerosol parameters derived from ground and satellite measurements over Varanasi located in the Indo-Gangetic Basin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "S&#46; Tiwari"
                            1 => "A&#46;K&#46; Singh"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Aerosol Air Qual&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "13"
                        "paginaInicial" => "627"
                        "paginaFinal" => "638"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            40 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0205"
              "etiqueta" => "Tripathi et al&#46;&#44; 2005"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparison of MODIS and AERONET derived aerosol optical depth over the Ganga basin"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "S&#46;N&#46; Tripathi"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46; Dey"
                            2 => "S&#46; Chandel"
                            3 => "S&#46; Srivastava"
                            4 => "R&#46;P&#46; Singh"
                            5 => "B&#46; Holben"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "India&#46; Ann&#46; Geophys"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1093"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1101"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            41 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0210"
              "etiqueta" => "Wang et al&#46;&#44; 2007"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Features of dust aerosol transportation during sandstorms over Yanchi area of Ninxia Autonomous region"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "P&#46;X&#46; Wang"
                            1 => "L&#46;D&#46; Sun"
                            2 => "P&#46; Yue"
                            3 => "S&#46;J&#46; Niu"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Desert Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "27"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1077"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1079"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            42 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0215"
              "etiqueta" => "White&#44; 1979"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Soil transport by winds on Mars"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "B&#46;R&#46; White"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J&#46; Geophys&#46; Res&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1979"
                        "volumen" => "84"
                        "paginaInicial" => "4643"
                        "paginaFinal" => "4651"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            43 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0220"
              "etiqueta" => "Yang et al&#46;&#44; 2011"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Sand flux estimation during a sand-dust storm at Tazhong area of Taklimakan Desert"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "X&#46;H&#46; Yang"
                            1 => "X&#46;L&#46; Xu"
                            2 => "Q&#46; He"
                            3 => "A&#46; Mamtimim"
                            4 => "B&#46; Yu"
                            5 => "S&#46;H&#46; Tang"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "China&#46; J&#46; Arid Land"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "199"
                        "paginaFinal" => "205"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack273900"
        "titulo" => "Acknowledgments"
        "texto" => "<p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We acknowledge with gratitude Weather Wunder-ground &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0010" href="http://www.wunderground.com/">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;wunderground&#46;com</span>&#41; for making available weather data and NASA for the images that were used in the study&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300097/v1_201703180150/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/01876236/0000002800000004/v1_201703180150/S0187623617300097/v1_201703180150/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0187623617300097?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 01876236
Original language: English

DOI:10.20937/ATM.2015.28.04.04

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	6	2	8
2024 October	31	12	43
2024 September	36	7	43
2024 August	29	13	42
2024 July	26	4	30
2024 June	28	11	39
2024 May	20	9	29
2024 April	50	13	63
2024 March	192	10	202
2024 February	48	9	57
2024 January	53	14	67
2023 December	46	7	53
2023 November	59	12	71
2023 October	86	9	95
2023 September	60	12	72
2023 August	62	9	71
2023 July	44	19	63
2023 June	62	9	71
2023 May	69	11	80
2023 April	72	6	78
2023 March	52	2	54
2023 February	40	7	47
2023 January	47	5	52
2022 December	51	7	58
2022 November	72	11	83
2022 October	58	9	67
2022 September	78	7	85
2022 August	63	17	80
2022 July	75	9	84
2022 June	62	6	68
2022 May	93	15	108
2022 April	95	14	109
2022 March	89	15	104
2022 February	85	17	102
2022 January	144	11	155
2021 December	77	15	92
2021 November	73	5	78
2021 October	76	14	90
2021 September	101	10	111
2021 August	130	14	144
2021 July	57	5	62
2021 June	35	8	43
2021 May	75	12	87
2021 April	185	29	214
2021 March	142	22	164
2021 February	81	8	89
2021 January	102	9	111
2020 December	78	7	85
2020 November	91	10	101
2020 October	53	6	59
2020 September	41	6	47
2020 August	42	9	51
2020 July	40	3	43
2020 June	33	4	37
2020 May	38	3	41
2020 April	53	7	60
2020 March	27	4	31
2020 February	36	4	40
2020 January	20	3	23
2019 December	26	5	31
2019 November	5	3	8
2019 October	25	1	26
2019 September	33	2	35
2019 August	11	3	14
2019 July	25	8	33
2019 June	54	20	74
2019 May	66	53	119
2019 April	8	18	26
2019 March	0	1	1
2019 February	3	2	5
2019 January	0	3	3
2018 December	1	2	3
2018 October	1	6	7
2018 September	0	3	3
2018 August	1	4	5
2018 July	1	0	1
2018 June	2	2	4
2018 May	8	4	12
2018 April	9	1	10
2018 February	1	0	1
2017 December	2	0	2
2017 November	2	0	2
2017 October	3	0	3
2017 September	4	0	4
2017 August	7	0	7
2017 July	5	2	7
2017 June	5	1	6
2017 May	3	0	3
2017 April	1	1	2
2017 March	2	2	4

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter