The preparation of meso-porous membranes from Tunisian clay
Preparación de membranas mesoporosas a partir de una arcilla tunecina
Read
3943
Timeswas read the article
748
Total PDF
3195
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:24 [ "pii" => "S0366317519300457" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2019.06.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-01-01" "aid" => "157" "copyright" => "SECV" "copyrightAnyo" => "2019" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2020;59:25-30" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 276 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 30 "HTML" => 170 "PDF" => 76 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S0366317519300494" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2019.06.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-01-01" "aid" => "161" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2020;59:31-43" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 186 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 12 "HTML" => 52 "PDF" => 122 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Synthesis and characterization of low cost nanosilica from sodium silicate solution and their applications in ceramic engobes" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "31" "paginaFinal" => "43" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Síntesis y caracterización de nanosilica de bajo costo a partir de una solución de silicato de sodio y sus aplicaciones en cerámica" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 967 "Ancho" => 2410 "Tamanyo" => 191802 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thermal expansion coefficient of M1, M2, M3 and M4.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Hamdy El-Didamony, Ezzat El-Fadaly, Ahmed A. Amer, Ibrahime H. Abazeed" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hamdy" "apellidos" => "El-Didamony" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ezzat" "apellidos" => "El-Fadaly" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ahmed A." "apellidos" => "Amer" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ibrahime H." "apellidos" => "Abazeed" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317519300494?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03663175/0000005900000001/v1_202002041032/S0366317519300494/v1_202002041032/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0366317519300342" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2019.04.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-01-01" "aid" => "154" "copyright" => "SECV" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2020;59:15-24" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 169 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 14 "HTML" => 50 "PDF" => 105 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Comparative analyses of the infiltration of Al–Cr–O and Mg–Cr–O refractories by molten phases in the copper-making process using the sessile drop technique" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "15" "paginaFinal" => "24" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análisis comparativo de la infiltración de refractario de Al-Cr-O y Mg-Cr-O por fases fundidas del proceso de fabricación de cobre usando la técnica «sessile drop»" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 645 "Ancho" => 2890 "Tamanyo" => 199904 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Evolution of the infiltration of the PSC slag (as mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> and percentage of the initial sample) on MgCr <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">db</span>. Red line and points correspond to the percentage of liquid infiltration.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Ismael Pérez, Ignacio Moreno-Ventas, Roberto Parra, Eugenia Araneda, Guillermo Ríos" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ismael" "apellidos" => "Pérez" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ignacio" "apellidos" => "Moreno-Ventas" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberto" "apellidos" => "Parra" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eugenia" "apellidos" => "Araneda" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Guillermo" "apellidos" => "Ríos" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317519300342?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03663175/0000005900000001/v1_202002041032/S0366317519300342/v1_202002041032/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The preparation of meso-porous membranes from Tunisian clay" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "25" "paginaFinal" => "30" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Naoufel Kamoun, Fakher Jamoussi, Miguel A. Rodríguez" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Naoufel" "apellidos" => "Kamoun" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Fakher" "apellidos" => "Jamoussi" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Miguel A." "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mar@icv.csic.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Georesources Laboratory, CERTE BP 273, 8020 Soliman, Tunisia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (CSIC), 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Preparación de membranas mesoporosas a partir de una arcilla tunecina" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 917 "Ancho" => 1481 "Tamanyo" => 49732 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dilatometry of clay carried out on a extruded sample.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Considerable attention has been paid to the use of clay for the manufacture of ceramic membranes in the context of natural resources exploitation and local economy improvement <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">[1–4]</a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current research on clay focusing on ceramic materials has identified its diverse characteristics and fundamental properties for industrial processing (suitable for slip casting and easy shaping, as well as good mechanical strength) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">[5]</a>. Tunisia is highly rich in clay deposits <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">[6]</a>. This abundant raw material requires low sintering temperatures, lower than that required for pure oxide materials.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ceramic materials have very interesting characteristics that make them interesting for their use as filters <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160">[7,8]</a>, as their mechanical and thermal resistance and chemical stability.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Commercial membranes are indeed available in the market. Nevertheless, from a technical and economic point of view, ceramic membranes are still expensive for some applications, mainly due to the use of expensive materials such as alumina <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170">[9–12]</a>, zirconia <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">[13,14]</a>, alumina-titania or mullite <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200">[15]</a> and the required processing.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The objective of this work was to study clays from the quarry of Sidi El Bader, in the northwest of Tunisia, and the possibility of obtaining ceramic filters with it. The choice of this material is argued by its natural abundance, low cost, high plasticity and thermal behavior for the manufacture of ceramic membranes.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Experimental</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Raw material</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The quarry of Sidi El Bader is located in Tabarka City (northern Tunisia). Due to their abundance, the clays of Sidi El Bader are used in the field of ceramics. For this reason, they were selected as raw material in this study.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mineralogical analyses were carried out by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), using Philips X’Pert equipment with a Cu Kα radiation. The relative phase amounts were estimated by measuring the areas of the main diffraction peak using the Panalytical X’Pert Highscore software. Oriented aggregates were treated with ethylene glycol for 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, solvated to detect expandable minerals, and heated at 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h to differentiate chlorite from kaolinite. The chemical composition of powdered samples was determined by X-ray fluorescence, using a Panalytical Axios Dispersive XRF Spectrometer according to the conventional techniques. The particle size distribution of the as-received samples were obtained by laser scattering in aqueous suspension (Mastersizer S. Malvern, England). This study is important to know the particle size distribution and to estimate “a priori” the pore size in the membrane. Samples were dispersed using a standard surfactant (Dolapix CE 64. Zschimmerz-Swartz) and an ultrasonic bath treatment during 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Casagrande method, using the Spanish standard UNE 103-103-94, was selected for the determination of the Atterberg limits with an experimental error of ±3%.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thermal analyses TDA–TGA were performed using SETSYS EVOLUTION (Setaram, France) equipment using a heating rate of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C/min and by using a-Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> as inert reference.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The textural study and measurement of the specific surface area were carried out with a study of the N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm and application of the BET model. The equipment used was an Autosorb1 (Quantachrom, USA). The microstructure of the samples was studied through scanning electron microscopy mod. HP1 (Carl Zeiss, Germany).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Membranes preparation and characterization</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The preparation and characterization of ceramic membranes are the objective of the present paper. The paste for extrusion was prepared using 26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt% of water with the clay sample (Determined from Atterberg limits). In order to ensure good water distribution in the sample, the mixture was kept 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h in a closed plastic bag.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ceramic membranes were prepared through extrusion to obtain tubular shaped products. A home made piston extruder (ICV – CSIC) was used. It consists of a pneumatic piston made up of a cylinder (Pneumax, Italy) with a piston diameter of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and a stroke of 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm. This cylinder was fed with compressed air pressure at 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>. The membrane was sintered in a high temperature furnace from Agni GmbH (Germany). Sintering was carried out at different maximum temperatures using 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h as holding time and 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C/min as heating and cooling rates. Mono-channels were prepared by extrusion. The dimensions of the membrane samples were the following: outer diameter<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm; inner diameter<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sintering behavior was studied up to 1500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, through optical dilatometry using an EM301 Heating Microscope from Hesse Instruments (Germany), using 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C/min as heating rate.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Porosity was evaluated using a mercury porosimeter Autopore II 9215 (Micromeritics, USA). The mechanical strength was evaluated through diametral compression tests. The samples used had a length of about 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm. A universal testing machine with a cell of 5000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>N (Instron, UK) was used for this purpose. The equation describing the mechanical strength is as follows <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">[16]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> is the fracture load, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span> the internal diameter, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">e</span> the external diameter given in mm, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span> is the support length given in mm. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> is a constant that depends upon the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">i</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">D</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">e</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">[17]</a> relationship.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The permeability of samples were tested using N2 obtained as permeate; the equipment consisted of a module in which the membrane (membrane module) is inserted <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0215">[18]</a>. This module was divided into two chambers, one of high pressure (P↑) and another of low pressure (P↓), both separated by a layer, or membrane to be characterized. Gas, introduced into the high-pressure chamber, tends to pass to the low-pressure chamber through the membrane. To introduce gas into the membrane module, two lines were set up: one to the high-pressure chamber (L1) and another to the low-pressure chamber (L2). Measurements were made under an atmospheric pressure up to 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar. Flows ranged from 1 to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>l/min.</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Clay characterization</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chemical analysis of the clay (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) shows the dominance of SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> (57 and 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt%, respectively). The loss of ignition (LOI) is 9.8% attributed to the loss of H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O from clay minerals on the one hand, and to decarbonation on the other hand. The presence of other oxides such as Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>, K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O, and TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> is also observed (under 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt%); their amounts are relatively low and can be considered as acceptable in the elaboration of ceramic membranes. The studied sample has a high SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> content due to the presence of quartz, as shown by the diffraction peak (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> and K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O amounts are related to anatase and illite contents, respectively. Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> proportion can be explained by isomorphic substitutions in the clay mineral structures (illite) or low iron oxide contents undetected in the diffraction peak.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The studied clay was composed mainly of kaolinite (62%), with minor amounts of illite (15%). The associate mineral is essentially quartz (23%). Indeed, an important quartz fraction (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) was detected due to the regressive sea-level period (abundance of sandstone intercalations). This is in concordance with the high amount of SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> reported by the chemical analysis. Moreover, observation of the diffraction peak of the oriented sheets natural clay sample reveals the existence of quartz as the dominant impurity with refraction <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">101</span> at 3.34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Å <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220">[19]</a>. Kaolinite, characterized by refraction <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">001</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Å, does not change with ethylene glycol and disappears when heated to 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, while Illite always remains present under the effect of ethylene glycol or under the heating effect (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The specific surface area SSA is 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>/g calculated by the BET model from nitrogen adsorption measurement. According to mineralogical analysis, this value can be considered as part of both main components: specific surface values: Kaolinite (10–30) and Illite (100–140) as described in the literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">[6]</a>.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the TDA–TGA experiments, two endothermic peaks were detected (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>). The first thermal effect, at 120<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, with loss of mass around 1.2% corresponding to the disappearance of hydratation water from the interlayer space. At 550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, a second endothermic peak depicted the elimination of constitution water (dehydroxylation of kaolinite) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225">[20]</a>.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At this stage, the mass loss was between 7 and 9%, which is in concordance with the LOI shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A small exothermic effect without any weight change, observed around 950<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, is attributed to the beginning of mullite formation. The carbonates decomposition products react with the other existing oxides to form the new crystalline phases assigned to the reformation of mullite, anorthite, and the disappearance of metakaolin according to the mineralogical and chemical composition of the original mixture.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The observation of clay under a scanning electron microscope (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>) identified the presence of quartz and considerable amounts of kaolinite, thus showing pseudo hexagonal platelets with a thickness of a few micrometers.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mineralogical analyses are reasonably consistent with plasticity data according to the clay workability chart (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>). This method determines the quantity of water needed in the ceramic body to achieve a reliable extrusion process <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230">[21]</a>. According to the Atterberg plasticity index around 26, the clay is in the category of Illitic–Kaolinitic clays and could be considered as a highly plastic behavior. For this kind of clay, plasticizer addition is not considered.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Membrane elaboration and characterization</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The optical dilatometry (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>) shows that shrinkage begins at 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C reaching a maximum shrinkage of 14% approximately at 1300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. After this temperature an expansion begins due to the expansion of gas in the closed pores. Pores are closed due to the increase of the amount of glassy phase. The shrinkage is a complex process with at least two effects. The first step is between 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C, and the second above this temperature. The discontinuity between these two steps should be explained due to the beginning of Kaolinite decomposition and formation of mullite and silica. This reaction is expansive. Considering this behavior sintering temperatures between 700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C were selected.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To understand the effect of sintering temperature on the ceramic membrane and its performance, the mechanical strength evolution of the shaped pipes was measured. The results are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>. As expected, the higher the sintering temperature, the greater the mechanical strength. Mechanical strength at 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C is more than 50% higher than at 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. This can be explained by the consolidation of clay material and the appearance of the first liquid coming from the decomposition of kaolinite and formation of mullite. These values are similar to the obtained by Ben Ali <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">[22]</a> and values collected in the review of Mestre et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">[23]</a> for membranes kaolin based.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sintering temperature is an important factor affecting the strength of the ceramic membrane, and the samples density should correspond to a parallel increase in the mechanical strength as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. It is well known <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245">[24,25]</a> that porosity affects mechanical strength negatively.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An increase in sintering temperature (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>) is accompanied with an increase pores diameter and a decrease in pores volume. It can be observed that porosity is in the range of tens of nanometers. This is due to the fact that during processing, the clays are exfoliated and organized, and the pores size approximates that of the sheets that make up the agglomerates of the clay.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sintering temperatures of 700, 750 and 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C lead to materials with a high pore volume and small diameter. However, their mechanical resistance is too low even at 800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. The temperature of 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C was chosen because the material has a larger pore volume than when it is treated at 900<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. It has 36% open porosity, measured by Hg porosimetry, with a pore size distribution centered on 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm.</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These level and sizes of porosities are similar to the obtained by Ben Ali <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235">[22]</a>. It is noticeable that these volumes of porosity also are similar to the reported by Mestre et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240">[23]</a> but, in the present study without the use of porogen agents.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Permeability</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the gas permeability measurements are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>. It can be observed that permeability depends upon the gas pressure. It can be seen that the variation of the flow as the pressure increases is quite small, typical of the low permeability of the membrane. It should be noted that at the highest pressures (15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar) the membranes cause a huge loss of pressure (approximately 9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>bar) between the two faces of the membrane. From these results it can be concluded that, although the total volume of porosity is sufficient, the small size of the pores gives rise to low gas permeability. Therefore, in case of trying to use these clays to obtain membranes, it would be necessary to design asymmetric systems, with a support with larger porosity and on depositing the membrane in small thicknesses and in this way improving the permeability.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusions</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The current work has studied the possibility of producing ceramic membranes with tubular shape, by using natural clay from Tabarka (Tunisia). Based on the findings reported in this paper, we can highlight some conclusions:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mineralogical and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a significant predominance of quartz and kaolinite in the clay.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The behavior of the clay exhibits the characteristics of a plastic material, so it does not need to use plasticizers to improve this characteristic in pastes for extrusion.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The single-channel membranes, obtained by extrusion, have been sintered at 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h as the optimal thermal cycle.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These materials have presented a mesoporous membrane character, with a pore size of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and 36<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>vol% of porosity with a mechanical strength of 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MPa.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Its low permeability would advise an asymmetric system, with a support to which a porogenic additive would be added and subsequently the membrane itself would be incorporated on the surface.</p></li></ul></p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1298152" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1198107" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1298151" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1198106" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Experimental" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Raw material" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Membranes preparation and characterization" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Clay characterization" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Membrane elaboration and characterization" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Permeability" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack446540" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-04-16" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-06-06" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1198107" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Clay" 1 => "Membranes" 2 => "Mechanical properties" 3 => "Porosity" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1198106" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Arcilla" 1 => "Membranas" 2 => "Propiedades mecánicas" 3 => "Porosidad" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study has focused on the development of porous materials from representative Tunisian clay. The first step was the characterization of the clay through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis and evaluation of its plasticity. With this data, an extrusion paste was prepared, mixing the clay with 26% water. This paste was extruded in the form of a tube and after a study of its thermal behavior; it was sintered at 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h. The behavior of the prepared membranes was evaluated by measuring their porosity, permeability and mechanical strength mainly. The membranes thus obtained showed an acceptable porosity of about 36%, with a pore diameter of about 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm and mechanical strength of 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MPa.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Este estudio se ha centrado en el desarrollo de materiales porosos a partir de arcillas representativas de Túnez. El primer paso consistió en la caracterización de la arcilla mediante difracción de rayos X (DRX), el análisis térmico y la evaluación de su plasticidad. Con estos datos, se preparó una pasta de extrusión, mezclando la arcilla con 26% de agua. Esta pasta se extruyó en forma de tubo y, tras un estudio de su comportamiento térmico, se consolidó a 850° C durante 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hrs. El comportamiento de las membranas preparadas se evaluó midiendo su porosidad, permeabilidad y resistencia mecánica fundamentalmente. Las membranas obtenidas mediante este procedimiento mostraron una porosidad aceptable, de aproximadamente el 36%, con un diámetro de poro de aproximadamente 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm y una resistencia mecánica de 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MPa.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:11 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1257 "Ancho" => 2171 "Tamanyo" => 114973 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">XRD patterns of the clay; processed with ethylene glycol to orient the sheets and heated at 500<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C. Q: quartz; I: illite; K: kaolinite.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1233 "Ancho" => 1535 "Tamanyo" => 80579 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thermal analysis DTA and TG of clay powder.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1065 "Ancho" => 1502 "Tamanyo" => 142175 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Scanning electron micrograph of the clay where a quartz crystal is observed (Q).</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 952 "Ancho" => 1537 "Tamanyo" => 71234 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clay workability diagram. Point corresponds to the clay position in the diagram.</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 917 "Ancho" => 1481 "Tamanyo" => 49732 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Dilatometry of clay carried out on a extruded sample.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 964 "Ancho" => 1536 "Tamanyo" => 56125 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mechanical strength versus firing temperature of the porous ceramic pipes.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 896 "Ancho" => 1521 "Tamanyo" => 69853 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pore size distribution of ceramic tubular membranes sintered at different temperatures.</p>" ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 923 "Ancho" => 1522 "Tamanyo" => 53596 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Permeability of ceramic membrane sintered at 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h, as a function of pressure.</p>" ] ] 8 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mineralogy (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Chemical composition (wt%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Kaolinite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Illite \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Quartz \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Indice of Plasticity \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CaO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Particle size distribution (μm) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MgO \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " rowspan="6" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Specific surface area (m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>/g)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Cr<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">ZrO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">LOI \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2222680.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mineralogical and chemical composition of clay. Some physicochemical characteristics.</p>" ] ] 9 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Temperature (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">700 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">750 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">800 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">850 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">900 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Density (g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.79<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.81<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.94<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2222681.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Apparent density values of materials sintered at different temperatures.</p>" ] ] 10 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "σ =P×K4(De−Di)t" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1410 "Alto" => 35 "Ancho" => 98 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:25 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0130" "etiqueta" => "[1]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation of low-cost ceramic membranes using Persian natural clay and their application for dye clarification" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S. Foorginezhad" 1 => "M.M. Zerafat" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Des. Water Treat." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "145" "paginaInicial" => "378" "paginaFinal" => "392" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0135" "etiqueta" => "[2]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fabrication and characterization of a ceramic membrane from clay and banana peel powder: application to industrial wastewater treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M. Mouiya" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mat. Chem. Phys." "fecha" => "2019" "volumen" => "227" "paginaInicial" => "291" "paginaFinal" => "301" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0022347603003287" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00223476" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0140" "etiqueta" => "[3]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation and characterization of new ceramic membranes for ultrafiltration" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "M. Ben Ali" 1 => "N. Hamdi" 2 => "M.A. Rodríguez" 3 => "K. Mahmoudi" 4 => "E. Srasra" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "2328" "paginaFinal" => "2335" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0145" "etiqueta" => "[4]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Microfiltration ceramic membranes from local Cameroonian clay applicable to water treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => "P. Belibi Belibi" 1 => "M.M.G. Nguemtchouin" 2 => "M. Rivallin" 3 => "J. Ndi Nsami" 4 => "J. Sieliechi" 5 => "S. Cerneaux" 6 => "M.B. Ngassoum" 7 => "M. Cretin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "41" "paginaInicial" => "2752" "paginaFinal" => "2759" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0150" "etiqueta" => "[5]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation of high-efficiency ceramic planar membrane and its application for water desalination" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Tao" 1 => "Y.D. Xu" 2 => "J.Q. Gu" 3 => "H. Abadikhah" 4 => "J.W. Wang" 5 => "X. Xu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Adv. Ceram." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "7" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "117" "paginaFinal" => "123" ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0155" "etiqueta" => "[6]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The Clay Tunisia, Mineralogical Study, Géotchnique and Industrial Use, PhD thesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "F. Jamoussi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2001" "editorial" => "University of Tunisia" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "[7]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Interfacial effects with microfiltration membranes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "H. Bauser" 1 => "E. Stroh" 2 => "Walitza" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Memb. Sci." "fecha" => "1982" "volumen" => "11" "paginaInicial" => "321" "paginaFinal" => "332" ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "[8]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Separation potential of nanofiltration membranes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Rautenbach" 1 => "A. Grouch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Desalination" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "77" "paginaInicial" => "73" "paginaFinal" => "84" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "[9]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fabrication and Application of Nanoporous Alumina Membranes, PhD Thesis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K.P. Lee" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2013" "editorial" => "University of Bath" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "[10]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ceramic membrane performance in microfiltration of oily wastewater" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "S.R.H. Abadi" 1 => "M.R. Sebzari" 2 => "M. Hemati" 3 => "F. Rekabdar" 4 => "T. Mohammadi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Desalination" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "265" "paginaInicial" => "222" "paginaFinal" => "228" ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "[11]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Processing of alumina-coated clay–diatomite Y, composite membranes for oily wastewater treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. Hee-Jong" 1 => "K. Chang" 2 => "Y.W. Kima" 3 => "S. In-Hyuck" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "5024" "paginaFinal" => "5035" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "[12]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fabrication and characterization of micro-porous ceramic membrane based on kaolin and aluminia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "V. Prabhu" 1 => "A.V. Patwardhan" 2 => "A.W. Patwardhan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Indian J. Chem. Tech." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "367" "paginaFinal" => "373" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "[13]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Separation of stable oil–water emulsion by the hydrophilic nano-sized ZrO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> modified Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> microfiltration membrane" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "J. Zhou" 1 => "Q. Chang" 2 => "Y. Wang" 3 => "J. Wang" 4 => "G. Meng" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Sep. Purif. Technol." "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "75" "paginaInicial" => "243" "paginaFinal" => "248" ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "[14]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Preparation of zirconia nanofiltration membranes through an aqueous sol–gel process modified by glycerol for the treatment of wastewater with high salinity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "X. Chen" 1 => "X. Da" 2 => "B. Sun" 3 => "J. Wen" 4 => "M. Qiu" 5 => "Y. Fan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Memb. Sci." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "504" "paginaInicial" => "29" "paginaFinal" => "39" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "[15]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Improvement of microcracks resistance of porous aluminium titanate ceramic membrane support using attapulgite clay as additive" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "Y. Hong Wang" 1 => "G. Chen" 2 => "Z. Shang Wang" 3 => "J. Wu Liu" 4 => "P. Feng Luo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "2077" "paginaFinal" => "2084" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "[16]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Strength of Materials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.M. Frocht" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:5 [ "fecha" => "1951" "paginaInicial" => "175" "paginaFinal" => "176" "editorial" => "Ronald Press" "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "[17]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The brittle ring test" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.A. Bortz" 1 => "H.H. Lund" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:4 [ "titulo" => "Proceedings of a Conference conducted by the School of Engineering and the College Extension Division. North Carolinian State College in cooperation with the Office and Ordnance Research" "paginaInicial" => "383" "paginaFinal" => "406" "serieFecha" => "1961" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "[18]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Separation of binary gas mixtures by means of sol–gel modified ceramic membranes. Prediction of membrane performance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Conesa" 1 => "A. Fernández" 2 => "J.A. Pitarch" 3 => "I. Vicente-" 4 => "M.A. Rodríguez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Membr. Sci." "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "155" "paginaInicial" => "123" "paginaFinal" => "131" ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "[19]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: powder X-ray diffraction analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "S.J. Chipera" 1 => "D.L. Bish" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clay Clay Miner." "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "49" "paginaInicial" => "398" "paginaFinal" => "409" ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "[20]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The role of hematite in aluminosilicate gels based on metakaolin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "N. Essaidi" 1 => "B. Samet" 2 => "S. Baklouti" 3 => "S. Rossignol" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram Silikaty" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "11" ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "[21]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Workability test method for metals applied to examine a workability measure (plastic limit) for clays" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "B. Baran" 1 => "T. Erturk" 2 => "Y. Sarikaya" 3 => "T. Alemdaloglu" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Appl. Clay. Sci." "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "1–2" "paginaInicial" => "53" "paginaFinal" => "63" ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "[22]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Ben Ali" 1 => "N. Hamdi" 2 => "M.A. Rodriguez" 3 => "E. Srasra" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "1242" "paginaFinal" => "1248" ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "[23]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Low-cost ceramic membranes: a research opportunity for industrial application" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "S. Mestre" 1 => "A. Gozalbo" 2 => "M.M. Lorente-Ayza" 3 => "E. Sánchez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2019.03.054" "Revista" => array:2 [ "tituloSerie" => "J. Eur. Ceram. Soc." "fecha" => "2019" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "[24]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "New ceramic microfiltration membranes from Tunisian natural materials: application for the cuttlefish effluents treatment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S. Khemakhem" 1 => "A. Larbot" 2 => "R. Ben Amar" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "55" "paginaFinal" => "61" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "[25]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Mechanical aspects of ceramic membrane materials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "J. Malzbender" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ceram. Int." "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "42" "paginaInicial" => "7899" "paginaFinal" => "7911" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack446540" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" "texto" => "<p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was partially supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of Tunisia</span> and the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs2">MAT2013-48426-C2-1R</span>).</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03663175/0000005900000001/v1_202002041032/S0366317519300457/v1_202002041032/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03663175/0000005900000001/v1_202002041032/S0366317519300457/v1_202002041032/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317519300457?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2024 October | 30 | 10 | 40 |
| 2024 September | 43 | 3 | 46 |
| 2024 August | 36 | 7 | 43 |
| 2024 July | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| 2024 June | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2024 May | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2024 April | 57 | 11 | 68 |
| 2024 March | 47 | 7 | 54 |
| 2024 February | 147 | 9 | 156 |
| 2024 January | 48 | 7 | 55 |
| 2023 December | 35 | 13 | 48 |
| 2023 November | 46 | 11 | 57 |
| 2023 October | 43 | 3 | 46 |
| 2023 September | 42 | 10 | 52 |
| 2023 August | 38 | 6 | 44 |
| 2023 July | 21 | 4 | 25 |
| 2023 June | 28 | 5 | 33 |
| 2023 May | 61 | 9 | 70 |
| 2023 April | 66 | 4 | 70 |
| 2023 March | 77 | 4 | 81 |
| 2023 February | 56 | 6 | 62 |
| 2023 January | 40 | 6 | 46 |
| 2022 December | 43 | 8 | 51 |
| 2022 November | 57 | 7 | 64 |
| 2022 October | 41 | 6 | 47 |
| 2022 September | 42 | 16 | 58 |
| 2022 August | 43 | 8 | 51 |
| 2022 July | 45 | 13 | 58 |
| 2022 June | 28 | 11 | 39 |
| 2022 May | 51 | 7 | 58 |
| 2022 April | 47 | 11 | 58 |
| 2022 March | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2022 February | 42 | 7 | 49 |
| 2022 January | 82 | 10 | 92 |
| 2021 December | 60 | 14 | 74 |
| 2021 November | 59 | 14 | 73 |
| 2021 October | 54 | 18 | 72 |
| 2021 September | 44 | 19 | 63 |
| 2021 August | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2021 July | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2021 June | 30 | 12 | 42 |
| 2021 May | 58 | 14 | 72 |
| 2021 April | 115 | 14 | 129 |
| 2021 March | 71 | 27 | 98 |
| 2021 February | 55 | 23 | 78 |
| 2021 January | 56 | 16 | 72 |
| 2020 December | 53 | 22 | 75 |
| 2020 November | 75 | 21 | 96 |
| 2020 October | 60 | 20 | 80 |
| 2020 September | 42 | 18 | 60 |
| 2020 August | 90 | 17 | 107 |
| 2020 July | 74 | 22 | 96 |
| 2020 June | 45 | 13 | 58 |
| 2020 May | 84 | 33 | 117 |
| 2020 April | 72 | 11 | 83 |
| 2020 March | 98 | 24 | 122 |
| 2020 February | 100 | 31 | 131 |
| 2020 January | 26 | 12 | 38 |
| 2019 December | 23 | 10 | 33 |
| 2019 November | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2019 October | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2019 September | 17 | 3 | 20 |
| 2019 August | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2019 July | 9 | 16 | 25 |
Show all
