Effects of Fe2O3 substitution for K2O on the physical properties of 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O glasses | Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio

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Reprinted with permission from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0740">[50]</a>." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Roberto Nisticò" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roberto" "apellidos" => "Nisticò" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317520300194?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03663175/0000006000000001/v1_202101310730/S0366317520300194/v1_202101310730/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0366317520300017" "issn" => "03663175" "doi" => "10.1016/j.bsecv.2020.01.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2021-01-01" "aid" => "191" "copyright" => "SECV" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Bol Soc Esp Ceram Vidr. 2021;60:2-12" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Biomolecule-assisted route to obtain nanostructured bismuth oxybromide with enhanced photocatalytic activity" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "2" "paginaFinal" => "12" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Ruta asistida por biomolécula para obtener oxibromuro de bismuto nanoestructurado con actividad fotocatalítica mejorada" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1102 "Ancho" => 1505 "Tamanyo" => 99205 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Photocurrent densities of the (a) BIOBR, (b) BIOBR-gly, and (c) BIOBR-phe electrodes with on/off light cycles under visible light irradiation (30W LED lamp), in 0.5M Na2SO4." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Genesis de O. Lima, Thaylan P. Araújo, José Renato de O. Lima, Gilza Maria P. Prazeres, Carlos William A. Paschoal, Elson Longo, Auro A. Tanaka, Adeilton P. Maciel, Diego A.B. Barbosa, Marcio Aurélio P. Almeida" "autores" => array:10 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Genesis de O." "apellidos" => "Lima" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Thaylan P." "apellidos" => "Araújo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "José Renato de O." "apellidos" => "Lima" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gilza Maria P." "apellidos" => "Prazeres" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Carlos William A." "apellidos" => "Paschoal" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elson" "apellidos" => "Longo" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Auro A." "apellidos" => "Tanaka" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Adeilton P." "apellidos" => "Maciel" ] 8 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Diego A.B." "apellidos" => "Barbosa" ] 9 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marcio Aurélio P." "apellidos" => "Almeida" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317520300017?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/03663175/0000006000000001/v1_202101310730/S0366317520300017/v1_202101310730/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "Original" "titulo" => "Effects of Fe2O3 substitution for K2O on the physical properties of 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O glasses" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "13" "paginaFinal" => "28" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Noureddine Bjaoui, Nasr Sdiri, Manuel Almaida Valente, Karima Horchani-Naifer, Mokhtar Férid" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Noureddine" "apellidos" => "Bjaoui" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Nasr" "apellidos" => "Sdiri" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "sdirinasr@yahoo.fr" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Manuel Almaida" "apellidos" => "Valente" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Karima" "apellidos" => "Horchani-Naifer" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Mokhtar" "apellidos" => "Férid" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Laboratoire de physico-chimie des matériaux minéraux et leurs applications, Centre National de Recherches en Sciences des Matériaux, B.P. 95 Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Physics, I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Efectos de la sustitución de Fe2O3 por K2O en las propiedades físicas de los vidrios 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1314 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 344130 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "XRD patterns of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses at room temperature." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionMany scientific applications have recently been interested in the study of oxide glasses <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400">[1]</a>. The glasses formed by Fe2O3–P2O5 are very useful in practice, for scientific reasons because they are considered a matrix of large capacity for the storage of nuclear waste <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405">[2]</a>. P2O5 represents an archetypal glass former. In fact, this phosphate glass is used in many applications such as biocompatible materials for medical applications or lithium phosphate fast ion drivers that are used as electrolytes in the solid-state <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410">[3]</a>. In addition, the iron reinforces the chemical bonds in the phosphate glass structure, giving this glass comparable property, even better than borosilicate glasses <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415">[4]</a>.Phosphate glasses are generally easy to prepare and have a wide variety of applications in optics, electrical and solid states batteries technology, due to their high coefficient of thermal expansion, low transition temperature and high electrical conductivity <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0420">[5,6]</a>. Moreover, Phosphate-based glasses are nowadays studied because they are useful in the biomaterial fields <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0430">[7]</a>. A lot of theoretical researches on phosphate glasses have established that the glassy P2O5 lattice is formed from PO4 tetrahedra, which are connected by P–O–P bonds forming a polymer structure <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">[8]</a>. The problem with simple phosphate glasses is that they do not have high chemical stability. It is now known that the addition of transition metals, such as iron and/or bismuth increases the aqueous stability of phosphate glasses by the formation of P–O–Fe and/or P–O–Bi bond <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">[9]</a>. Iron exists in glass, frequently in two valence states, Fe3+ and Fe2+<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445">[10,11]</a>.The addition of a modifying oxide (generally alkaline or alkaline earth) changes the characteristics of the three-dimensional random lattice to one of the linear phosphate chains. In terms of the terminology Qn (where n is the number of oxygen atoms bridged by PO4 tetrahedron), the effect of the modifying oxide concentration on the phosphate structural groups is the shift from the ultra-phosphate Q3 ([P(OP)3(OP–)1]) to meta-phosphate Q2 ([P(OP)2(OP–)2]) to pyrophosphate Q1 ([P(OP)(OP–)3]). The infinitely long phosphate chains are shortened; hence the induction of a break in the coherence of the network and the formation of non-binding oxygen groups (NBO) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">[12]</a>.Recently, a research <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">[13]</a> has shown that the insertion of high amount of transition metal (TM) in alkaline phosphate glasses induces conductivity anomalies. Such anomalies result from the fact that the negatively charged polarons interact with mobile (alkali) cations to form uncharged diffusing entities minimizing conductivity, the so-called “ion-polaron effect” <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">[14]</a>.The glass-making techniques most commonly used in glass research are melt quenching, chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel methods. In fact, the melt quenching technique was the oldest glass preparation technique used in the glass industry as well as in the research field, before chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel technique.The melt quenching technique is characterized by its flexibility in the preparation of a large number of glass compositions of silicate, borate, phosphate, oxide or non-oxide systems.Among the advantages of this method, the doping or co-doping of different types of active ions is quite easy. Compared to other glass preparation methods, the disadvantage is the lack of purity of the prepared glass sample. In order to avoid any contamination, the crucibles made of noble metals such as gold, platinum, etc. can be used.In our work, bulk glasses were prepared using a melt quenching method; we chose oxide phosphate as glasses network formers. Indeed, phosphate glasses with a high amount in glass have several advantages. They are characterized by their high coefficient of thermal expansion, ultraviolet transmission, low melting temperatures and high electrical conductivity <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470">[15–17]</a>.Cobalt ions are expected to have profound influence on the physical properties of glasses, as they exist in different valance states viz., Co2+, Co3+ and Co4+ states <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">[18]</a> and they have a high value of optical index, which allows them to be good candidates for nonlinear optics <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">[19]</a>.On the Other hand, we have added to our glass samples an alkali metal (K+) that increases the concentration of non-bridging oxygen and decreases the melting temperature.To our knowledge, the use of these two metals together with small proportions has not been addressed in the literature.Therefore, in order to reinforce the polaron conduction in front of the ionic conduction, increase the thermal, chemical stability and increases the optical index of our glass we have chosen to add cobalt in the presence of iron. Moreover, we have added cobalt and iron ions with low concentration to avoid conductivity anomalies <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460">[13,20]</a>.The modulus formalism has the advantage of extracting the dielectric response of bulk at high frequencies by masking the relaxation that results from the conduction and by removing the polarization of the electrodes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500">[21,22]</a>.For electrical and dielectric measurements, we chose to use impedance spectroscopy given that this technique is powerful in probing glass materials.In this work, we study the variation of the physical, structural, thermal, optical, electrical, dielectric and magnetic properties of glass samples with low iron content.ExperimentGlass preparationThe samples used for the manufacture of glass, with the molar formula 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O were prepared from high purity chemicals (99.99%): (NaH2PO4)2H2O, Fe2O3, K2O and CoO anhydrous. Suitable amounts of the raw materials were crushed, dosed and mixed, each time about 10g is weighed and then placed in a heated platinum furnace crucible for 30mn to remove impurities in the form of gas. They were, then, melted at 1023K in a high temperature oven. After heating, the melt was poured at room temperature into a preheated graphite mold (at 200°C). Subsequently they were quenched and annealed at about 200°C in a muffle furnace. The obtained glasses were cut into granules, which have the shape of a disk with R=3.5mm radius and e=2.5mm thickness and then polished for the optical measurements of the spectra. The batches of each glass composition (in mol%) are given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Technical measurementsThe phosphate Glass powder samples obtained by grinding the glass were used for XRD characterization. The XRD diagram of the samples was recorded using a Philips X’Pert X-ray diffractometer, which uses Cu-Kα radiation (λ=1.54056Å) at 40kV and 100mA and setting the diffractometer in the 2θ interval from a weak angle of 5° to 70° by changing the 2θ with a step of 0.02°.Raman measurements were carried out using a visible LabRAM HR spectrometer (Horiba Gr, France) with a wavelength excitation of 632.8nm emitted from He–Ne laser.Using Archimedes’ method, and using acetone as immersion liquid, we measured the density ρ of each glass. The glass discs were weighed in the air (Wair) using an electronic scale, (±0.01g) were manufactured by Melter Toledo, and then immersed in acetone and reweighed (ωac). The density of acetone ρac=0.789gcm3.The refractive index was measured using the Brewster angle method with Laser He–Ne at 25°C.DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) scans of gas-cast glass specimens were carried out in Toledo DSC823e Instruments. The DSC scans were recorded using 4 gas-cast glass specimens. These were powdered and heated with heating rates of 10°C/min between 20 and 450°C temperatures in a platinum crucible using the same amount of alumina powder as reference material.5K temperature measurements of the magnetization as the H-field were recorded using a vibrating sample magnetometer. This measurement was taken in the magnetic field (H) −10 to 10T range.To understand the optical absorption coefficient α(λ) of the polished samples, the diffuse reflectance spectra in the UV–visible region were made at room temperature by using a Shimadzu UV-2501PC spectrophotometer.Complex impedance data of disk-shaped samples such as diameter (d=7mm) and thickness (e=2mm) were analyzed using an impedance analyzer (Agilent 4294A) in the frequency range from 40Hz to 107Hz and in a 423–623K temperature range.Results and discussionXRD result<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a> shows the XRD patterns of PFCK00- PFCK05 glasses at room temperature. In this diffractogram there are a wide scattering ranging between 2θ=12°–35° and the absence of a sharp crystallization peaks which is characteristic of the amorphous phase.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Raman spectroscopyThe Raman spectra for series of 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O, from x=0.0 to x=0.5, glasses are given by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>In the 150–2000cm−1 spectral range, the Raman spectrum reveals the band spectral 160–198cm−1 assigned to CoO <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">[23]</a>, the band at 470cm−1 associated to PO4 bending mode in Q0<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">[24]</a>. The band at around 690cm−1 is due to the motion of bridging oxygen (P–O–P)sym in Q2<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">[25]</a>, the band at 900 and 1000cm−1 is assigned to symmetric and asymmetric vibrations of the Fe–O–P <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">[25]</a>. The intense peak located at 1170cm−1 is attributed to the symmetric stretching mode of non-bridging (PO3)sym<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525">[26]</a>. The band at around 1270cm−1 is related to stretching vibrations (PO2)sym<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">[27]</a>. The high frequency band at around 1300cm−1 is due to (PO)sym stretch mode <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">[24]</a>.Physical parametersFor the measurement of the density ρ of each glass, the Archimedes method was used with acetone as the immersion liquid. The glass disk was weighed in the air (Wair) using an electronic scale, (±0.01g) manufactured by Melter Toledo, and immersed in acetone and reweighed (ωac), the density of acetone ρac=0.789gcm−3, the relative density is given by the following formula <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">[28]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>For measurement of the refractive index, the method of Brewster angle with Laser He–Ne at 25°C was used.To calculate the molar refraction, Rm, of our samples, we used the well-known formula of Volf and Lorentz–Lorenz <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">[29]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>, summarizes all the physical characteristics of our samples: density (ρ), molar mass of the compound (M), molar refraction, Rm and the refractive index (n).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> it can be seen that as the Fe2O3 content increases, the molar volume of the glasses decreases. The observed decrease of Vm indicates the implantation of the coordination polyhedra in the structural network <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">[31]</a>. The result induces a very slight variation in molar refraction, Rm observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. In fact, molar refraction is an electronic polarizability per mole and it includes contributions from each component of mixture <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">[32]</a>.DSC resultsThe Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a> of PFCK00-PFCK05 glasses showed transitions (Tg) in the 120–140°C temperature range. When the temperature exceeds Tg, the atoms can migrate relatively to each other. We reach a temperature at which the atomic rearrangement becomes possible and the glass crystallizes. This phenomenon is exothermic, Tx denotes the crystallization start temperature which varies between 270 and 300°C. The difference between the crystallization temperature and the glass transition temperature (T=Tx−Tg) gives information about the stability of the glass <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">[33]</a>. The ΔT values corresponding to our samples are gathered in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> it can be seen that ΔT increases with Fe2O3 content and is above 100°C, indicating that our samples are thermally stable and have better chemical durability.The good chemical durability of iron phosphate glass is due to a large number of Fe–O–P bonds in the structure <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">[35]</a>.Magnetic studyAs shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>. PFCK00-PFCK05 glasses show antiferromagnetic behavior, with obvious hysteresis loops. Also, it is found out that the magnetization saturation phenomenon increases Fe2O3 content.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia>The coercive field and the low remanent magnetization are viewed in the inset in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>, where an expanded view around the central part of the hysteresis cycles is shown. It can be seen that the low area hysteresis cycles increase with the increase of mol% of Fe2O3. The magnetic behavior observed is similar to that of soft magnetic materials with narrow hysteresis loop and low coercivity.Optical studyThe absorption coefficient α(λ) for PCKF00-PCKF05 was calculated from the relation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">[36]</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia>R∞ is the diffuse reflectance of the powder sample.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a> shows the UV–visible absorption (α) spectra of Fe2O3 doped glasses PFCK00-PFCK05. This figure reveals peaks appearing between 400 and 700nm which correspond to the absorption of iron and cobalt <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580">[37,38]</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia>The large absorption bands original from the d–d transition of metal transition ions is observed. In fact this domain is assigned to charge transfer.For x=0, there are three weak UV absorption bands at about 530, 575, and 620nm, which are assigned to the transitions 4T1g(F)→4T1g(H), 4A2(4F)→4T1(4P) and 4A2(4F)→4T1(4F), respectively which caused by cobalt emission <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590">[39]</a>.By introducing Fe2O3, there are three peaks located at about 248, 373, 448 and 455nm which are associated with the transitions 6A1g(G)→4T2g(D), 4T2g(D)→6A1g(S), 4A1g(G)→6A1g(S) and 6A1g(S)→4A1g(G)+4Eg(G), respectively <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595">[40,41]</a>.To calculate the values of the optical band gap, optical data was analyzed using Tauc's law <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">[42]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>where B is a band constant, Eg is the energy of the optical band gap and p factor depends on the type of transition and the structures of the material. In the case of an amorphous phase, indirect transitions (p=2) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">[43]</a> are the most frequent.Plotting (αhν)0.5 as a function of photon energy hν, <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig. 6</a>, the indirect gap, Eg was determined by extrapolating the linear segment of the curve to the hν axis where (αhν)0.5=0.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia>To estimate the Urbach energy or band tail width (Eu) one should apply Urbach relation:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia>where α0 is constant and Eu represents the width of the band tail of the states in the forbidden band and indicates the degree of disorder in the materials <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615">[44]</a>.The values of the Urbach energy (Eu) of our glasses are determined by taking the reciprocal values of the slopes of the linear part of the ln(α) vs hν plots, as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig. 7</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia>The optical energy gap (Egt) of the samples is theoretically calculated from the refractive index values (n) measured using the relationship given by Dimitrov and Sakka <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620">[45]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia>The band gap energies (Eg), Urbach energy (Eu) and the band gap (Egt) are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows that as the amount of iron increases the band gap decreases. The decrease in the optical gap Eg could be attributed to structural differences of the network caused by the increase of the rate iron. This result was observed by Gúth et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630">[47]</a> and Elbashar et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635">[48]</a>. Consequently, the different ionic states improve the concentration of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) and the states from the NBO are better excited easily than those of the bridged oxygen atoms. And then, the increase in the concentration of NBO ions induces the displacement of the valence band toward higher energies and decreases the energy of the band gap <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640">[49,50]</a>. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>, we note that the optical gap values determined by the calculation are very close to the energy of the experimental gap.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia>The bad links and the fluctuations distorting angle bonds after the addition of iron are at the origin of defects, which explains the increase of the Urbach energy <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650">[51]</a>.The emission spectra of the investigated samples were obtained using UV excitation with a wavelength of 220nm at room temperature as given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig. 8</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia>From this figure, six principal emission bands are located at 278, 327, 369 (purple), 461 (blue), 550 (green) and 625 (red) with nm unit.It can be seen from this spectrum that the emissions intensity increases overall with the amount of iron. Prabitha et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655">[52]</a> have observed the same result in the amorphous system TiO2:Fe (0.8 and 1.1%).Using the chromaticity diagram presented by CIELab <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660">[53]</a>, the chromaticity coordinates (x, y) are determined from the emission spectra to evaluate the performance of the materials. The CIELab chromaticity diagrams for all samples with 215nm excitation wavelengths are determined (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia>The chromatic coordinates of all samples to the area of blue-purple light emission (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig. 9</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia>In fact, the prevalence of blue light in our daily life has increased exponentially with the improved technical and economic performance of current telecommunications systems that use blue light-emitting devices such as computers and smartphones, also LED bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps with low energy consumption <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665">[54]</a>. In addition, the blue light laser is useful for various applications <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">[55]</a>.In medicine, blue light is widely used for tooth bleaching and restoration procedures involving composite resin <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675">[56]</a>.However, blue light affects our eyes and this is now corrected by blue light blocking glasses can help <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680">[57]</a>Electrical studyImpedance spectraComplex impedance spectroscopy (SIC) is a method of choice for describing qualitatively and quantitatively the mechanisms of conduction and dielectric relaxation in materials. For each frequency, the impedance complex, Z*=Z′+jZ″ of the system is measured.According to the complex impedance curves (Z″ vs. Z′) of all the glass samples measured at 423K and the PCKF00 sample at different temperatures (423–623K) were found to have completed semicircles as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0050">Figs. 10 and 11</a>. It is observed that the complex impedance in the Nyquist diagram is represented in semicircular arcs whose centers are located under the Z′ axis. However this behavior indicates the existence of a non-Debye relaxation for all samples <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">[58]</a>. Since the half circle is most often depressed, it is preferable to replace the capacitor with a constant phase element (CPE). Total impedance is given by:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia>Rb is the bulk resistance we get with the cross of axis with the impedance curve <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">[58]</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia>The CPE impedance is defined by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">[58]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia>where j is the imaginary unit (j2=−1), ω the angular frequency (ω=2πf, f is the frequency), A0 a constant independent of frequency and p is a dimensionless parameter ranging between zero and unity and determining the degree of deviation from an exact semicircle <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0690">[59]</a>.In Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">(10)</a>, depending on the value of p the CPE changes its behavior. For p=1 The CPE has the behavior of an ideal capacitor such that A=C, for p=0 the CPE behaves like a pure resistance such that R=1/A0.With the software ORIGIN6.0 (Microcal Software, Inc., Northampton, MA, USA) these semicircles have been fitted according on the following relationships:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0050"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig. 10</a> shows that when iron concentration is fixed and the temperature increases, the real part impedance decreases. Thus, the glass conductivity improves. This result translates that electrical conduction is thermally activated in PFCK00 sample. On the other hand, from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig. 11</a> we note that when the iron concentration increases the Z′ impedance values decrease. Therefore, the samples conductivity improves. The results of the simulation are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Table 7</a>. Rb (bulk resistance) values decrease with increasing iron concentration. On the other hand, p values increase and approach 1 with iron concentration. This result makes relaxation tends toward the Debye type.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia>This behavior, which is related to the Raman spectrum for the glass samples <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>, revealed that increasing the concentration of Fe2O3 in the glass network resulted in the formation of a large number of non-bridging sites. This behavior allows easy conduction of charge carriers which explains the increase in electrical conductivity thus observed <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705">[62]</a>.DC conductivityPhosphate glass has a broad distribution of permanent deficiencies likely to host some cations (or anions). Weak covalent network-related ions can migrate under the action of an electric potential gradient where the conductivity of a material results from the sum of its electronic and ionic conductivity. Thus, the conduction is entirely ensured by the ions that move under the action of an electric field. σdc is the dc conductivity of the sample and It is given by the following formula <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0665">[54,59]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0055"></elsevierMultimedia>where A is the sample area (A=πd2/4), e is the sample thickness and Z0, which is defined by the interception of the real axis with the lowest frequency curve.The calculation of uncertainties on the dc conductivity, σdc are expressed by:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0060"></elsevierMultimedia>The temperature dependence of conductivity for glass batches is measured. This is plotted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig. 12</a> as ln(σdcT) versus the temperature. All the plots are linear, indicating that both DC conductivity and the hopping process exhibit a thermally activated behavior and obey Arrhenius law given by the equation:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0065"></elsevierMultimedia>where Ea is dc activation energy, σ0 is a pre exponential factor, T is the absolute temperature and KB is the Boltzmann constant. Ea and σ0 are parameters independent of the temperature when the material is in a stable state and undergoes no phase transformation. On the other hand, the dc conductivity exhibits one activation barrier in the high and low temperature regimes. The activation energy is calculated from the slope of the linear plot. Moreover, we have calculated the uncertainties on the activation energy Ea, as follows:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0070"></elsevierMultimedia>with ΔT=±0.01°C.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia>From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig. 12</a>, the graph shows that the conductivity of the glass sample decreases linearly with decreasing temperature. The activation energies corresponding to all iron compositions in the glass are listed and compared with 60P2O5–35V2O5–5CuO glass in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>. According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>, the activation energy value is low and its value decreases with Fe2O3 amount.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia>This result suggests a polaronic conduction between the iron and cobalt ion sites across the oxygen bridge. In phosphate glasses, iron ions exist as Fe3+ in both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination and as Fe2+ in octahedral environment <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0705">[62,63]</a>.Electrical conduction in these glasses occurs by electron hopping from an ion of low valence state (Fe2+,Co2+) to an ion of the high valence state (Fe3+,Co3+).The highest value of the activation energy (Ea) is obtained for the glass sample PCKF0 and shows that the increase of Fe2O3 concentration, the ratio of transition metals Fe2+/Fe3+ and the conductivity increases. So magnetism increases and electrical conduction too. A conduction mechanism is due to exchange interaction of Fe2+–O–Fe3+ chains and it has been attributed to electron hopping between them.AC conductivity<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig. 13</a> shows the plot of σac versus frequency at different temperatures for PFCK00 sample. The conductivity σac is calculated from the data of complex impedance values using the relation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715">[64]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0075"></elsevierMultimedia>where A is the area of the sample and e its thickness.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia>Conductivity is proportional to angular frequency in amorphous materials; it generally obeys Jonscher's law <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0720">[65]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0080"></elsevierMultimedia>where σdc is the dc conductivity, ω is the angular frequency and σac(ω)=AωS(T) is the AC component. A is a constant for a particular temperature and S(T) is an exponent function of temperature and frequency. It is related to the degree of correlation among moving ions, generally with values between 0<S<1. It is clear that two different regions are observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig. 13</a>.At a lower frequency region (ω<0.01kHz), the DC conductivity remains constant since there is a plateau (σdc) independent of the frequency.At the higher frequency and temperature and obeying power law ωS(T), the point at which the change in slope occurs is known as hopping frequency fhop<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725">[66]</a>. From fhop we can calculate the hopping time τhop (fhop=1/τhop). In the higher frequency region, the increase in conductivity is due to the hopping of charge carriers in finite clusters.To determine the origin of the conduction mechanism, we studied the behavior of factor S as a function of temperature. S is calculated from the slopes of linear of the relation of log σac=f(ω).The variation of S with temperature for all samples is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig. 13</a>.Furthermore, various theoretical models were proposed to describe the predominant conduction mechanism under AC field.According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Fig. 14</a>, for the sample PCKF00, S exponent varies in an oscillatory way with the temperature. This result translates conduction by the small polaron tunneling model (SPT) if S increases <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730">[67]</a> and by the correlated barrier hopping (CBH) conduction mechanism if S decreases <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735">[68]</a>. In fact, (SPT) and (CBH) models are, respectively described by the following equations <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0710">[63,68]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0085"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0090"></elsevierMultimedia>where WH is the activation energy, WM is the binding energy, and kB (86.17μeVK−1) is Boltzmann's constant, T is the temperature and τ0 is the relaxation time.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia>For the samples PCKF02, PCKF04 and for PCKF05 in the range of 425–575K, the exponent S remained moderately unchanged with the temperature. The result has mostly assumed that carrier motion occurs through quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) between localized states near the Fermi level <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0740">[69,70]</a>. However, for PCKF05, S decreases between 575K and 625K. This behavior is explained by (CBH) conduction mechanism.For (QMT) model, frequency exponent is given by the following equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0740">[69,70]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0095"></elsevierMultimedia>where ω is frequency and τ0 is the atomic vibration period, τ0=10−13s.For the sample PCKF01, the exponent S decreases to a minimum value and then increases. This behavior is assigned to the OLPT model <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750">[71]</a>. In the case, the frequency exponent S is given by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750">[71]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0100"></elsevierMultimedia>where WHO the activation energy, rp is the polaron radius, X is inverse localization length, Rω is the hopping length at angular frequency, ω, rp (is the tunneling distance), kB is the Boltzmann constant and T is temperature.For the sample PCKF03, the exponent S increases to a maximum value and then decreases with temperature. Thus, the electrical conduction is governed by (SPT) model if T<550K and by (CBH) if T>550K.Dielectric studyWe have determined different dielectric material parameters, from the measured resistive (real part Z′) and reactive (imaginary part Z″) of complex impedance at room temperature.Dielectric constant (ɛ′) and dielectric loss (tanδ)Dielectric constant ɛ′ and loss tanδ were calculated using the following expressions <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755">[72]</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0105"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0110"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Fig. 15</a> illustrates the variation of dielectric constant ɛ′ for PFCK00-PFCK05 at 423K as a function of frequency f.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia>For all samples, the dielectric constant ɛ′ was relatively high at low frequencies, then it decreases sharply with frequency and remains almost constant over the entire frequency range.On the other hand, for the PFCK05 sample, dielectric constant ɛ′ had high values at low as well as at high frequency. In addition, for this sample there was low loss, tanδ (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">Fig. 16</a>). This result allows PFCK05 to be a good candidate for application in the fields of electromagnetic wave guided in optical fibers, nonlinear optics, and in giant memory devices <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760">[73]</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia>Modulus studyModulus formalism is used to study the bulk spectral effects, when the resistances of the samples are comparable and their capacitances are different.On the other hand, modulus formalism makes it possible to suppress the electrode effects <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0765">[74,75]</a>.Electric modulus is defined as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755">[72]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0115"></elsevierMultimedia>where:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0120"></elsevierMultimedia>and<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0125"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Fig. 17</a> shows that M′ values tends to zero at all the temperatures under study, suggesting the suppression of the electrode polarization <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725">[66]</a>. At high frequency, M′ tends to a maximum value, which translates the relaxation process.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia>By increasing the temperature, M′ values increased. The result explains the dielectric and electrical thermal activation properties in PCKF05 glass. The dispersion observed at high frequencies in PFCK05 glasses may be attributed to the distribution of relaxation process.The frequency dependence of M′ and M″ at 423K for PFCK00-PFCK05 glass are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0090">Fig. 18</a>. These figures clearly exhibit the relaxation character of dielectric properties of these glasses. Indeed, the maxima peak M″max coincides with the inflection in the M′ curve. On the other hand, the curves show that the value of M″max shifted to lower frequencies with Fe2O3 amount. For all samples, M″ curve showed a slight asymmetric peak. The frequency range below the peak frequency fp determines the range in which charge carriers are mobile over long distances. At a frequency range above fp, the carriers are confined to potential well being mobile over short distances <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725">[66]</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0090"></elsevierMultimedia>The relaxation time τrel associated to each peak was calculated from the frequency at which the maxima of M″ occurs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0045">Table 9</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0045"></elsevierMultimedia>The values of Relaxation time, τrel, hopping time, τhop, of the prepared samples are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>.The variation of the imaginary part, M″ with frequency for the PFCK05 glass at different temperatures is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0095">Fig. 19</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0095"></elsevierMultimedia>The electric modulus M* could be expressed as the Fourier transform of a relaxation function φ(t) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775">[76]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0130"></elsevierMultimedia>where the function ϕ(t) is the time evolution of the electric field within the materials and is usually taken as the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) function <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775">[76]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0135"></elsevierMultimedia>where τm is the conductivity relaxation time and the exponent 0<β<1 indicates the deviation from Debye-type relaxation.The electric modulus behavior of the present glass system is rationalized by invoking modified KWW function suggested by Bergman. The imaginary part of the electric modulus M″ is defined as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0780">[77]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0140"></elsevierMultimedia>where M″max is the peak value of the M″ and fp is the corresponding frequency.The value of β could be determined by fitting the experimental data in the above Eq. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0080">(18)</a>.The value of full width at half height (FWHH) of the imaginary part, M″ is calculated by equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0785">[78]</a>:<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0145"></elsevierMultimedia>From the fitting of the imaginary part of the modulus M″ versus frequency plots, the value of β is determined and found to be temperature-dependent. The plot of β and FWHH versus temperature is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0100">Fig. 20</a>. β decreases gradually with the increase in temperature. Decreasing the value of β is an estimate of increased interaction between transition metals ((Fe2+/Fe3+), ((Co2+/Co3+)) ions and surrounding matrix. Thus, coupling between mobile ions in the conduction process decreased. Therefore, this result favors the polaronic conduction in semiconductor materials.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0100"></elsevierMultimedia>On other hand, the shape of β is nearly constant below Tg. Then it decreased with increasing temperature above Tg. This behavior induces an incensement of FWHH parameter. This anomalous behavior of β can be explained by the fact that, above Tg, the system is in the supercooled liquid state and by the incurve of the degree of interaction of conducting ions <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0790">[79]</a>.ConclusionOxide phosphate glasses of the compositions 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O from x=0.0 to x=0.5 [x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5] were prepared using melt-quenching technique. X-ray diffraction patterns show the presence of the amorphous state of the glass. Our glass has a good molar refraction and a refractive index which are 33.42cm3/mol and 2.1 respectively.For the thermal properties of glass, we have found low values of transition temperature (Tg=1023K) for glass.On the other hand, the increased (Tx−Tg>100°C) value with Fe2O3 amount reflects the stability of these glasses.The P2O5–Fe2O3–FeO–BaO glasses reported here show particular promise as they are ultra-durable, thermally stable, low melting glasses with a large glass-forming compositional range.On other hand, our glasses at 5K have presented an antiferromagnetic behavior with narrow hysteresis loop and low coercivity.Raman spectroscopy shows that the addition of Fe2O3 leads to the formation of Fe–O–P bonds.Optical studies show that as the concentration of Fe2O3 increases the values of bandgap energy and Urbach energy decrease. On other hand, the band gap energy value of our glass is around 3.91eV. The result, explains the behavior semiconductor in our samples.Complex impedance plots for all compositions for showed the semicircular arcs are depressed and their centers lie below the Z′ axis, which suggests that the relaxation is of non-Debye type.The conductivity ln(σdc×T) versus 1000/T shows Arrhenius-type behavior. The d.c. electrical activation energy, Ea=0.3eV and decreased with increasing Fe2O3 concentration.The ac conductivity followed Jonscher's law and the value of the power exponent (s) changed in composition.The dielectric constant (ɛ′) had considerable values especially at low frequencies with low dielectric losses, which had 28Fm−1 and 4 respectively.In addition, our samples exhibit a low relaxation time, τrel and weak hopping time, τhop and which had 0.036ms and 11.6ms respectively. Furthermore, the dielectric data have been analyzed in modulus formalism using KWW stretched exponential function.These results suggest that our glasses are a good candidates for semiconductor devices and electro-optical fiber-guided applications." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1457489" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1328565" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1457490" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1328564" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Experiment" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Glass preparation" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Technical measurements" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "XRD result" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Raman spectroscopy" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Physical parameters" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "DSC results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Magnetic study" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Optical study" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Electrical study" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Impedance spectra" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "DC conductivity" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "AC conductivity" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Dielectric study" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Dielectric constant (ɛ′) and dielectric loss (tan δ)" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0090" "titulo" => "Modulus study" ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0095" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack509943" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-10-28" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-02-06" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1328565" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Glasses" 1 => "Calorimetry" 2 => "Hysteresis" 3 => "Gap energy" 4 => "Impedance spectroscopy" 5 => "Modulus" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1328564" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Vidrios" 1 => "Calorimetría" 2 => "Histéresis" 3 => "Energía del intervalo" 4 => "Espectroscopia de impedancia" 5 => "Módulo" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O glasses from x=0.0 to x=0.5 were prepared at 850°C using melt quenching technique.These glass systems were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), magnetic measurements, Raman spectroscopy, Archimedes methods, Brewster spectrometer, UV–vis spectrophotometer and impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction revealed that these glass systems have amorphous structure. DSC has showed that the thermal stability of the glass samples increased with the rate of iron. Raman spectra showed the presence of the P–O–Fe group which increases the rigidity of the glass samples. The density of our compounds increased with the increase of the amount of iron oxide.Magnetic measurements at 5K using vibrating sample magnetometer technique show antiferromagnetic behavior of these system glasses.According to the results of the optical absorption spectra, the values of the gap energy and Urbach energy decreased and the refractive index of the glass increased with the increase of the mole of Fe2O3. Brewster spectrophotometer has showed an optical index (n>1.5). On other hand, the chromatic coordinates of all samples to the area of blue–purple light emission.Electrical properties were studied using the technique of impedance alternative spectroscopy over a temperature range 423–623K in the frequency range of 40Hz–13MHz; conductivity under variable regime σac follows Jonscher's law. The conductivity σdc follows the Arrhenius law with an activation energy value too low (≈0.3eV) and decreased with the rate of iron, indicating polaronic conduction.The dielectric study showed high values of dielectric constant at low frequency with low loss at high frequency. The modulus revealed dipolar relaxations." ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "Se prepararon vidrios 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O de x=0,0 a x=0,5 a 850°C con la técnica de enfriamiento rápido (melt quenching).Estos sistemas vítreos se caracterizaron por el uso de difracción de rayos X, calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC), mediciones magnéticas, espectroscopia Raman, métodos de Arquímedes, espectrómetro Brewster, espectrofotómetro UV-Vis y espectroscopia de impedancia. La difracción de rayos X reveló que estos sistemas vítreos tienen una estructura amorfa. La DSC ha demostrado que la estabilidad térmica de las muestras de vidrio aumentó con la tasa de hierro. Los espectros Raman mostraron la existencia del grupo PO-Fe que incrementa la rigidez de las muestras de vidrio. La densidad de nuestros compuestos se incrementó con el aumento de la cantidad de óxido de hierro.Las mediciones magnéticas a 5K utilizando la técnica del magnetómetro de muestra vibracional muestran el comportamiento antiferromagnético de estos vidrios del sistema.De acuerdo con los resultados de los espectros de absorción óptica, los valores de la energía del intervalo y la energía de Urbach disminuyeron, y el índice de refracción del vidrio aumentó con el aumento del mol de Fe2O3. El espectrofotómetro Brewster ha mostrado un índice óptico (n>1,5). En cambio, las coordenadas cromáticas de todas las muestras al área de emisión de luz azul-púrpura.Las propiedades eléctricas se estudiaron utilizando la técnica de espectroscopia alternativa de impedancia en un rango de temperatura de 423-623K en el rango de frecuencia de 40Hz-13MHz; la conductividad por el régimen variable σ AC sigue la ley de Jonscher. La conductividad σdc sigue la ley de Arrhenius con un valor de energía de activación demasiado bajo (≈0,3eV) y disminuía con la tasa de hierro, lo que indica conducción polarónica.El estudio dieléctrico mostró valores altos de constante dieléctrica a baja frecuencia con baja pérdida a alta frecuencia. El módulo reveló relajaciones dipolares." ] ] "multimedia" => array:58 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1314 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 344130 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "XRD patterns of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses at room temperature." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1319 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 235834 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Raman spectra of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses at room temperature." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1205 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 226886 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "DSC curves of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses with heating rates of 10°C/min; the temperature precision was ±1̊C." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1256 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 210019 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "M–H loops of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses at 5K temperature, Insets show enlarged view of M–H loops near the origin." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 1293 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 159115 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "α, optical absorbance spectra of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses at room temperature." ] ] 5 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0030" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr6.jpeg" "Alto" => 1206 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 184383 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "(αν)1/2 versus (hν) plot for PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses." ] ] 6 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0035" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr7.jpeg" "Alto" => 1260 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 132129 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The Urbach plots of (PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05) samples." ] ] 7 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0040" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg" "Alto" => 1351 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 261643 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Emission spectra of PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 samples." ] ] 8 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0045" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg" "Alto" => 1492 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 179931 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Location of the chromatic coordinates of the light emitted by: PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 samples." ] ] 9 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0050" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 10" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg" "Alto" => 1257 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 133401 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Experimental and theoretical impedance diagrams of the sample PFCK00 at different temperatures." ] ] 10 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0055" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 11" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg" "Alto" => 1257 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 150557 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Experimental and theoretical impedance diagrams of the samples PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 at temperature T=423K." ] ] 11 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0060" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 12" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg" "Alto" => 1164 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 148084 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variation of ln(σdc) versus 1000/T for PFCK00, PFCK01, PFCK02, PFCK03, PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses." ] ] 12 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0065" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 13" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg" "Alto" => 1182 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 239543 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variation of the ac conductivity versus frequency (f) of the sample PFCK00 at different temperatures." ] ] 13 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0070" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 14" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg" "Alto" => 1205 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 126169 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variation of the exponent S with temperature for different samples." ] ] 14 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0075" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 15" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg" "Alto" => 1169 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 232272 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The frequency dependence curves of dielectric constant conduction ɛ′ of PFCK samples at temperature T=423K." ] ] 15 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0080" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 16" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg" "Alto" => 1200 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 215012 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variation of loss (tanδ), versus frequency for PFCK05 sample at different temperatures." ] ] 16 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0085" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 17" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr17.jpeg" "Alto" => 1146 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 168533 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The frequency dependence of M′ for PFCK05 sample at different temperatures." ] ] 17 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0090" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 18" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr18.jpeg" "Alto" => 1155 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 178687 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The frequency dependence of M″ and M′ for PFCK samples at temperature T=423K." ] ] 18 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0095" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 19" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr19.jpeg" "Alto" => 1252 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 239788 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The frequency dependence of M″ for PFCK05 sample at different temperatures." ] ] 19 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0100" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 20" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr20.jpeg" "Alto" => 1216 "Ancho" => 1508 "Tamanyo" => 79576 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Variation of the exponent β with temperature for PFCK05 sample." ] ] 20 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glass code \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Composition \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">M (g/mol) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88P2O5–2CoO–10K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">135.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88P2O5–0.1Fe2O3–2CoO–9.9K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">135.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88P2O5–0.2Fe2O3–2CoO–9.8K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88P2O5–0.3Fe2O3–2CoO–9.7K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136.07 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88P2O5–0.4Fe2O3–2CoO–9.6K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88P2O5–0.5Fe2O3–2CoO–9.5K2O \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507726.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Glass codes, glass composition (in mol%) and molar mass (M) (g/mol)." ] ] 21 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glass code \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ρ (g/cm3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Vm (cm3/mol) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rm (cm3/mol) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Refractive index, n \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52.74 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.62 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51.96 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(P2O5)65(ZnO)5(MoO3)20+(Na2O)5 (Al2O3)5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0545">[30]</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507723.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), molar refraction, Rm and the refractive index (n) of the glass systems (90−x)P2O5–xFe2O3–5CoO–5K2O for x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 compared with other work." ] ] 22 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Samples \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tg (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tx (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">ΔT=Tx−Tg (°C) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">127.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">264.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">136.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Our work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">127.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">265.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">137.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">127.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">266.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">138.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">127.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">266.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">138.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">301.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">178.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">122.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">306.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">183.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(P2O5)50(CaO)20(SrO)20(Na2O)10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">436.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">550.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">114 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">[34]</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507720.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Thermal parameters of PCKF00, PCKF01, PCKF02, PCKF03, PCKF04 and PCKF05 compared with other glass." ] ] 23 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Samples</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The dissolution rate (10−7g/cm2min) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">24.338 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.846 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.892 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.569 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.138 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">R=Fe2+/Fe3+ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.26 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507722.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The dissolution rate of glasses and the molar ratio of iron ions R=Fe2+/Fe3+." ] ] 24 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0025" "etiqueta" => "Table 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at5" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glasses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eg (eV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Egt (eV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Eu (eV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Our work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.27 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(P2O5)40(ZnO)40(Na2O)17(MnO)3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0625">[46]</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507727.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Gap energy, Eg, gap energy theoretical, Egt and Urbuch energy, Eu values for different compositions of glasses." ] ] 25 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0030" "etiqueta" => "Table 6" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at6" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Glass \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">(x,y) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.222;0.181 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.226;0.199 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.240;0.216 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.208;0.171 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.229;0.198 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.220;0.188 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507725.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Chromatic (x, y) coordinates of the emission color of PCKF00, PCKF01, PCKF02, PCKF03, PCKF04 and PCKF05 at room temperature under excitation with 215nm." ] ] 26 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0035" "etiqueta" => "Table 7" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at7" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glass code \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Rb (MΩ) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A0 (10−11Fcm2sα−1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">α \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.611 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.345 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.743 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Our work \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.432 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.675 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.792 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.386 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.023 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.824 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.319 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.542 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.886 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.244 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.132 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.931 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.212 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.876 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.989 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">CaLiBO10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">60 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.925 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">[60]</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507721.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The best fitting values of equivalent circuit elements in different host materials at 523K for PCKF00, PCKF01, PCKF02, PCKF03, PCKF04 and PCKF05 compared with 67B2O3–23CaO–10Li2O (CaLiBO10)." ] ] 27 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0040" "etiqueta" => "Table 8" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at8" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Glass \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">60P2O5–35V2O5–5CuO <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700">[61]</a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ea (eV) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.24 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507724.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Activation energy, Ea, values for different composition of glasses." ] ] 28 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0045" "etiqueta" => "Table 9" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at9" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glasses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF03 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">τrel (ms) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.200 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.189 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.182 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.178 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.036 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">τhop (ms) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2507719.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relaxation time, τrel, hopping time, τhop, for different compositions of glasses at 423K." ] ] 29 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0005" "etiqueta" => "(1)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "ρ=ρacωAirωac" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si1.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1029 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 83 ] ] 30 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0010" "etiqueta" => "(2)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Rm=n2−1n2+2Mρ" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si2.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1639 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 110 ] ] 31 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0015" "etiqueta" => "(3)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "α(λ)≡(1−R∞)22R∞" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si3.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1602 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 125 ] ] 32 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0020" "etiqueta" => "(4)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "(αhν)=B(hν−Eg)p" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si4.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1455 "Alto" => 18 "Ancho" => 145 ] ] 33 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0025" "etiqueta" => "(5)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "α=α0 ehν/Eu" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si5.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 778 "Alto" => 18 "Ancho" => 90 ] ] 34 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0030" "etiqueta" => "(6)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Egt=20×1−n2−1n2+22" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si6.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2390 "Alto" => 45 "Ancho" => 187 ] ] 35 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0035" "etiqueta" => "(9)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Z*=Z′+jZ″=1Rb+1Z*CPE−1" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si7.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2581 "Alto" => 42 "Ancho" => 247 ] ] 36 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0040" "etiqueta" => "(10)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Z*CPE=1A0(jω)p" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si8.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1477 "Alto" => 38 "Ancho" => 124 ] ] 37 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0045" "etiqueta" => "(11)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Z′=Rb(1+RbA0ωp cos(pπ/2)1+2RbA0ωp cos(pπ/2)+(RbA0ωp)2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si9.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 4631 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 299 ] ] 38 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0050" "etiqueta" => "(12)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Z″=−Rb2A0ωp sin(pπ/2)1+2RbA0ωp cos(pπ/2)+(RbA0ωp)2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si10.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 4457 "Alto" => 43 "Ancho" => 315 ] ] 39 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0055" "etiqueta" => "(13)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "σdc=eSZ0" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si11.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 876 "Alto" => 33 "Ancho" => 73 ] ] 40 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0060" "etiqueta" => "(14)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "Δσdc=σdcΔee+Δdd+ΔZ0Z0" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si12.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 2707 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 226 ] ] 41 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0065" "etiqueta" => "(15)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "σdcT=σ0 exp−EaKBT" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si13.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1920 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 157 ] ] 42 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0070" "etiqueta" => "(16)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "ΔEa=KBTΔσdcσdc+ΔTT1+EaKBT" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si14.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 3629 "Alto" => 40 "Ancho" => 286 ] ] 43 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0075" "etiqueta" => "(17)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "σac=eAZ′(Z′2+Z″2)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si15.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1730 "Alto" => 41 "Ancho" => 141 ] ] 44 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0080" "etiqueta" => "(18)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "σ=σdc+AωS(T)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si16.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 949 "Alto" => 18 "Ancho" => 120 ] ] 45 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0085" "etiqueta" => "(19)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "S=1−4ln(1/ωτ0)−WH/kBT" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si19.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1444 "Alto" => 37 "Ancho" => 126 ] ] 46 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0090" "etiqueta" => "(20)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "S=1−6kBTWM−kBT ln(1/ωτ0)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si20.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 4459 "Alto" => 44 "Ancho" => 253 ] ] 47 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0095" "etiqueta" => "(21)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "S=1−4ln(1/ωτ0)" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si21.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 1834 "Alto" => 43 "Ancho" => 152 ] ] 48 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0100" "etiqueta" => "(22)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => "S=1−8χRω+(6WHOrp/RωkBT)2χRω+(WHOrp/RωkBT)2" "Fichero" => "STRIPIN_si22.jpeg" "Tamanyo" => 938 "Alto" => 35 "Ancho" => 77 ] ] 49 => array:6 [ "identificador" => "eq0105" "etiqueta" => "(23)" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFORMULA" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Formula" => array:5 [ "Matematica" => 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and National Funds through FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project UID/CTM/50025/2013." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/03663175/0000006000000001/v1_202101310730/S0366317520300236/v1_202101310730/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/03663175/0000006000000001/v1_202101310730/S0366317520300236/v1_202101310730/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0366317520300236?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

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Effects of Fe2O3 substitution for K2O on the physical properties of 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O glasses

Efectos de la sustitución de Fe2O3 por K2O en las propiedades físicas de los vidrios 88P2O5–xFe2O3–2CoO–(10−x)K2O

Noureddine Bjaouia,b, Nasr Sdiria,

Corresponding author

sdirinasr@yahoo.fr

Corresponding author.

, Manuel Almaida Valentec, Karima Horchani-Naifera, Mokhtar Férida

a Laboratoire de physico-chimie des matériaux minéraux et leurs applications, Centre National de Recherches en Sciences des Matériaux, B.P. 95 Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia

b Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Jarzouna 7021, Tunisia

c Department of Physics, I3N, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

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which are connected by P&#8211;O&#8211;P bonds forming a polymer structure <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435">&#91;8&#93;</a>&#46; The problem with simple phosphate glasses is that they do not have high chemical stability&#46; It is now known that the addition of transition metals&#44; such as iron and&#47;or bismuth increases the aqueous stability of phosphate glasses by the formation of P&#8211;O&#8211;Fe and&#47;or P&#8211;O&#8211;Bi bond <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0440">&#91;9&#93;</a>&#46; Iron exists in glass&#44; frequently in two valence states&#44; Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0445">&#91;10&#44;11&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The addition of a modifying oxide &#40;generally alkaline or alkaline earth&#41; changes the characteristics of the three-dimensional random lattice to one of the linear phosphate chains&#46; In terms of the terminology <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span></span> &#40;where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> is the number of oxygen atoms bridged by PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> tetrahedron&#41;&#44; the effect of the modifying oxide concentration on the phosphate structural groups is the shift from the ultra-phosphate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span> &#40;&#91;P&#40;OP&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#40;OP&#8211;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#93;&#41; to meta-phosphate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> &#40;&#91;P&#40;OP&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#40;OP&#8211;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#93;&#41; to pyrophosphate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span> &#40;&#91;P&#40;OP&#41;&#40;OP&#8211;&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#93;&#41;&#46; The infinitely long phosphate chains are shortened&#59; hence the induction of a break in the coherence of the network and the formation of non-binding oxygen groups &#40;NBO&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0455">&#91;12&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recently&#44; a research <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0460">&#91;13&#93;</a> has shown that the insertion of high amount of transition metal &#40;TM&#41; in alkaline phosphate glasses induces conductivity anomalies&#46; Such anomalies result from the fact that the negatively charged polarons interact with mobile &#40;alkali&#41; cations to form uncharged diffusing entities minimizing conductivity&#44; the so-called &#8220;ion-polaron effect&#8221; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0465">&#91;14&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The glass-making techniques most commonly used in glass research are melt quenching&#44; chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel methods&#46; In fact&#44; the melt quenching technique was the oldest glass preparation technique used in the glass industry as well as in the research field&#44; before chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel technique&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The melt quenching technique is characterized by its flexibility in the preparation of a large number of glass compositions of silicate&#44; borate&#44; phosphate&#44; oxide or non-oxide systems&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Among the advantages of this method&#44; the doping or co-doping of different types of active ions is quite easy&#46; Compared to other glass preparation methods&#44; the disadvantage is the lack of purity of the prepared glass sample&#46; In order to avoid any contamination&#44; the crucibles made of noble metals such as gold&#44; platinum&#44; etc&#46; can be used&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In our work&#44; bulk glasses were prepared using a melt quenching method&#59; we chose oxide phosphate as glasses network formers&#46; Indeed&#44; phosphate glasses with a high amount in glass have several advantages&#46; They are characterized by their high coefficient of thermal expansion&#44; ultraviolet transmission&#44; low melting temperatures and high electrical conductivity <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0470">&#91;15&#8211;17&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cobalt ions are expected to have profound influence on the physical properties of glasses&#44; as they exist in different valance states viz&#46;&#44; Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#44; Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#43;</span> states <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485">&#91;18&#93;</a> and they have a high value of optical index&#44; which allows them to be good candidates for nonlinear optics <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490">&#91;19&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the Other hand&#44; we have added to our glass samples an alkali metal &#40;K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#43;</span>&#41; that increases the concentration of non-bridging oxygen and decreases the melting temperature&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To our knowledge&#44; the use of these two metals together with small proportions has not been addressed in the literature&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore&#44; in order to reinforce the polaron conduction in front of the ionic conduction&#44; increase the thermal&#44; chemical stability and increases the optical index of our glass we have chosen to add cobalt in the presence of iron&#46; Moreover&#44; we have added cobalt and iron ions with low concentration to avoid conductivity anomalies <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460">&#91;13&#44;20&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The modulus formalism has the advantage of extracting the dielectric response of bulk at high frequencies by masking the relaxation that results from the conduction and by removing the polarization of the electrodes <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0500">&#91;21&#44;22&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For electrical and dielectric measurements&#44; we chose to use impedance spectroscopy given that this technique is powerful in probing glass materials&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this work&#44; we study the variation of the physical&#44; structural&#44; thermal&#44; optical&#44; electrical&#44; dielectric and magnetic properties of glass samples with low iron content&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Experiment</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Glass preparation</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The samples used for the manufacture of glass&#44; with the molar formula 88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;&#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O were prepared from high purity chemicals &#40;99&#46;99&#37;&#41;&#58; &#40;NaH<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span>&#41;2H<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#44; K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O and CoO anhydrous&#46; Suitable amounts of the raw materials were crushed&#44; dosed and mixed&#44; each time about 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g is weighed and then placed in a heated platinum furnace crucible for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mn to remove impurities in the form of gas&#46; They were&#44; then&#44; melted at 1023<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K in a high temperature oven&#46; After heating&#44; the melt was poured at room temperature into a preheated graphite mold &#40;at 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41;&#46; Subsequently they were quenched and annealed at about 200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in a muffle furnace&#46; The obtained glasses were cut into granules&#44; which have the shape of a disk with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm radius and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm thickness and then polished for the optical measurements of the spectra&#46; The batches of each glass composition &#40;in mol&#37;&#41; are given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Technical measurements</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The phosphate Glass powder samples obtained by grinding the glass were used for XRD characterization&#46; The XRD diagram of the samples was recorded using a Philips X&#8217;Pert X-ray diffractometer&#44; which uses Cu-K&#945; radiation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#955;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;54056<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8491;&#41; at 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kV and 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA and setting the diffractometer in the 2<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#952;</span> interval from a weak angle of 5&#176; to 70&#176; by changing the 2<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#952;</span> with a step of 0&#46;02&#176;&#46;</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Raman measurements were carried out using a visible LabRAM HR spectrometer &#40;Horiba Gr&#44; France&#41; with a wavelength excitation of 632&#46;8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm emitted from He&#8211;Ne laser&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using Archimedes&#8217; method&#44; and using acetone as immersion liquid&#44; we measured the density <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> of each glass&#46; The glass discs were weighed in the air &#40;Wair&#41; using an electronic scale&#44; &#40;&#177;0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; were manufactured by Melter Toledo&#44; and then immersed in acetone and reweighed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span>&#41;&#46; The density of acetone <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;789<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The refractive index was measured using the Brewster angle method with Laser He&#8211;Ne at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">DSC &#40;Differential Scanning Calorimetry&#41; scans of gas-cast glass specimens were carried out in Toledo DSC823e Instruments&#46; The DSC scans were recorded using 4 gas-cast glass specimens&#46; These were powdered and heated with heating rates of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min between 20 and 450<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C temperatures in a platinum crucible using the same amount of alumina powder as reference material&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K temperature measurements of the magnetization as the H-field were recorded using a vibrating sample magnetometer&#46; This measurement was taken in the magnetic field &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H</span>&#41; &#8722;10 to 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>T range&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To understand the optical absorption coefficient <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#955;</span>&#41; of the polished samples&#44; the diffuse reflectance spectra in the UV&#8211;visible region were made at room temperature by using a Shimadzu UV-2501PC spectrophotometer&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complex impedance data of disk-shaped samples such as diameter &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; and thickness &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#41; were analyzed using an impedance analyzer &#40;Agilent 4294<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>A&#41; in the frequency range from 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz to 107<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz and in a 423&#8211;623<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K temperature range&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results and discussion</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">XRD result</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a> shows the XRD patterns of PFCK00- PFCK05 glasses at room temperature&#46; In this diffractogram there are a wide scattering ranging between 2<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#952;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#176;&#8211;35&#176; and the absence of a sharp crystallization peaks which is characteristic of the amorphous phase&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Raman spectroscopy</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Raman spectra for series of 88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;&#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&#44; from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0 to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#44; glasses are given by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the 150&#8211;2000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> spectral range&#44; the Raman spectrum reveals the band spectral 160&#8211;198<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> assigned to CoO <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0510">&#91;23&#93;</a>&#44; the band at 470<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> associated to PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> bending mode in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">0</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">&#91;24&#93;</a>&#46; The band at around 690<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> is due to the motion of bridging oxygen &#40;P&#8211;O&#8211;P&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">sym</span> in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Q</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">&#91;25&#93;</a>&#44; the band at 900 and 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> is assigned to symmetric and asymmetric vibrations of the Fe&#8211;O&#8211;P <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0520">&#91;25&#93;</a>&#46; The intense peak located at 1170<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> is attributed to the symmetric stretching mode of non-bridging &#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">sym</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0525">&#91;26&#93;</a>&#46; The band at around 1270<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> is related to stretching vibrations &#40;PO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">sym</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0530">&#91;27&#93;</a>&#46; The high frequency band at around 1300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> is due to &#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleGlyphdbnd"></span>O&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">sym</span> stretch mode <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0515">&#91;24&#93;</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Physical parameters</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the measurement of the density <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> of each glass&#44; the Archimedes method was used with acetone as the immersion liquid&#46; The glass disk was weighed in the air &#40;Wair&#41; using an electronic scale&#44; &#40;&#177;0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g&#41; manufactured by Melter Toledo&#44; and immersed in acetone and reweighed &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span>&#41;&#44; the density of acetone <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;789<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;3</span>&#44; the relative density is given by the following formula <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0535">&#91;28&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>For measurement of the refractive index&#44; the method of Brewster angle with Laser He&#8211;Ne at 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C was used&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To calculate the molar refraction&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span>&#44; of our samples&#44; we used the well-known formula of Volf and Lorentz&#8211;Lorenz <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0540">&#91;29&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#44; summarizes all the physical characteristics of our samples&#58; density &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#41;&#44; molar mass of the compound &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#41;&#44; molar refraction&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> and the refractive index &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> it can be seen that as the Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> content increases&#44; the molar volume of the glasses decreases&#46; The observed decrease of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> indicates the implantation of the coordination polyhedra in the structural network <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0550">&#91;31&#93;</a>&#46; The result induces a very slight variation in molar refraction&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46; In fact&#44; molar refraction is an electronic polarizability per mole and it includes contributions from each component of mixture <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0555">&#91;32&#93;</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">DSC results</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The Differential Scanning Calorimetry &#40;DSC&#41; data <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a> of PFCK00-PFCK05 glasses showed transitions &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#41; in the 120&#8211;140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C temperature range&#46; When the temperature exceeds <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#44; the atoms can migrate relatively to each other&#46; We reach a temperature at which the atomic rearrangement becomes possible and the glass crystallizes&#46; This phenomenon is exothermic&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span></span> denotes the crystallization start temperature which varies between 270 and 300<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46; The difference between the crystallization temperature and the glass transition temperature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#41; gives information about the stability of the glass <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0560">&#91;33&#93;</a>&#46; The &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> values corresponding to our samples are gathered in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> it can be seen that &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> increases with Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> content and is above 100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#44; indicating that our samples are thermally stable and have better chemical durability&#46;</p><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The good chemical durability of iron phosphate glass is due to a large number of Fe&#8211;O&#8211;P bonds in the structure <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0570">&#91;35&#93;</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Magnetic study</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#46; PFCK00-PFCK05 glasses show antiferromagnetic behavior&#44; with obvious hysteresis loops&#46; Also&#44; it is found out that the magnetization saturation phenomenon increases Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> content&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The coercive field and the low remanent magnetization are viewed in the inset in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>&#44; where an expanded view around the central part of the hysteresis cycles is shown&#46; It can be seen that the low area hysteresis cycles increase with the increase of mol&#37; of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#46; The magnetic behavior observed is similar to that of soft magnetic materials with narrow hysteresis loop and low coercivity&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Optical study</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The absorption coefficient <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#955;</span>&#41; for PCKF00-PCKF05 was calculated from the relation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0575">&#91;36&#93;</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0015"></elsevierMultimedia><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">&#8734;</span> is the diffuse reflectance of the powder sample&#46;</p><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a> shows the UV&#8211;visible absorption &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#41; spectra of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> doped glasses PFCK00-PFCK05&#46; This figure reveals peaks appearing between 400 and 700<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm which correspond to the absorption of iron and cobalt <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0580">&#91;37&#44;38&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The large absorption bands original from the d&#8211;d transition of metal transition ions is observed&#46; In fact this domain is assigned to charge transfer&#46;</p><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44; there are three weak UV absorption bands at about 530&#44; 575&#44; and 620<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm&#44; which are assigned to the transitions <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;F&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;H&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#40;4F&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#40;4P&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#40;4F&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1</span>&#40;4F&#41;&#44; respectively which caused by cobalt emission <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0590">&#91;39&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By introducing Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#44; there are three peaks located at about 248&#44; 373&#44; 448 and 455<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm which are associated with the transitions <span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;G&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2g</span>&#40;D&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>T<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2g</span>&#40;D&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;S&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;G&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;S&#41; and <span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;S&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8594;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>A<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1g</span>&#40;G&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span>E<span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#40;G&#41;&#44; respectively <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0595">&#91;40&#44;41&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To calculate the values of the optical band gap&#44; optical data was analyzed using Tauc&#39;s law <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0605">&#91;42&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0020"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B</span> is a band constant&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span> is the energy of the optical band gap and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> factor depends on the type of transition and the structures of the material&#46; In the case of an amorphous phase&#44; indirect transitions &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0610">&#91;43&#93;</a> are the most frequent&#46;</p><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Plotting &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;h&#957;</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">0&#46;5</span> as a function of photon energy <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h&#957;</span>&#44; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#44; the indirect gap&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span> was determined by extrapolating the linear segment of the curve to the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h&#957;</span> axis where &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;h&#957;</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">0&#46;5</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To estimate the Urbach energy or band tail width &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">u</span>&#41; one should apply Urbach relation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0025"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> is constant and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">u</span> represents the width of the band tail of the states in the forbidden band and indicates the degree of disorder in the materials <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0615">&#91;44&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The values of the Urbach energy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">u</span>&#41; of our glasses are determined by taking the reciprocal values of the slopes of the linear part of the ln&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#945;</span>&#41; vs <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">h&#957;</span> plots&#44; as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The optical energy gap &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">gt</span>&#41; of the samples is theoretically calculated from the refractive index values &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#41; measured using the relationship given by Dimitrov and Sakka <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0620">&#91;45&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0030"></elsevierMultimedia>The band gap energies &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#41;&#44; Urbach energy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">u</span>&#41; and the band gap &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">gt</span>&#41; are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows that as the amount of iron increases the band gap decreases&#46; The decrease in the optical gap <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span> could be attributed to structural differences of the network caused by the increase of the rate iron&#46; This result was observed by G&#250;th et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0630">&#91;47&#93;</a> and Elbashar et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0635">&#91;48&#93;</a>&#46; Consequently&#44; the different ionic states improve the concentration of non-bridging oxygens &#40;NBOs&#41; and the states from the NBO are better excited easily than those of the bridged oxygen atoms&#46; And then&#44; the increase in the concentration of NBO ions induces the displacement of the valence band toward higher energies and decreases the energy of the band gap <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0640">&#91;49&#44;50&#93;</a>&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#44; we note that the optical gap values determined by the calculation are very close to the energy of the experimental gap&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bad links and the fluctuations distorting angle bonds after the addition of iron are at the origin of defects&#44; which explains the increase of the Urbach energy <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0650">&#91;51&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The emission spectra of the investigated samples were obtained using UV excitation with a wavelength of 220<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm at room temperature as given in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From this figure&#44; six principal emission bands are located at 278&#44; 327&#44; 369 &#40;purple&#41;&#44; 461 &#40;blue&#41;&#44; 550 &#40;green&#41; and 625 &#40;red&#41; with nm unit&#46;</p><p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It can be seen from this spectrum that the emissions intensity increases overall with the amount of iron&#46; Prabitha et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0655">&#91;52&#93;</a> have observed the same result in the amorphous system TiO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>&#58;Fe &#40;0&#46;8 and 1&#46;1&#37;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the chromaticity diagram presented by CIELab <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0660">&#91;53&#93;</a>&#44; the chromaticity coordinates &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">y</span>&#41; are determined from the emission spectra to evaluate the performance of the materials&#46; The CIELab chromaticity diagrams for all samples with 215<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>nm excitation wavelengths are determined &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chromatic coordinates of all samples to the area of blue-purple light emission &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0045">Fig&#46; 9</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In fact&#44; the prevalence of blue light in our daily life has increased exponentially with the improved technical and economic performance of current telecommunications systems that use blue light-emitting devices such as computers and smartphones&#44; also LED bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps with low energy consumption <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0665">&#91;54&#93;</a>&#46; In addition&#44; the blue light laser is useful for various applications <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0670">&#91;55&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In medicine&#44; blue light is widely used for tooth bleaching and restoration procedures involving composite resin <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0675">&#91;56&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">However&#44; blue light affects our eyes and this is now corrected by blue light blocking glasses can help <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0680">&#91;57&#93;</a></p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Electrical study</span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Impedance spectra</span><p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complex impedance spectroscopy &#40;SIC&#41; is a method of choice for describing qualitatively and quantitatively the mechanisms of conduction and dielectric relaxation in materials&#46; For each frequency&#44; the impedance complex&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#42;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8242;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">jZ</span>&#8243; of the system is measured&#46;</p><p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the complex impedance curves &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8243; vs&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8242;&#41; of all the glass samples measured at 423<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K and the PCKF00 sample at different temperatures &#40;423&#8211;623<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#41; were found to have completed semicircles as shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0050">Figs&#46; 10 and 11</a>&#46; It is observed that the complex impedance in the Nyquist diagram is represented in semicircular arcs whose centers are located under the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8242; axis&#46; However this behavior indicates the existence of a non-Debye relaxation for all samples <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">&#91;58&#93;</a>&#46; Since the half circle is most often depressed&#44; it is preferable to replace the capacitor with a constant phase element &#40;CPE&#41;&#46; Total impedance is given by&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0035"></elsevierMultimedia><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span> is the bulk resistance we get with the cross of axis with the impedance curve <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">&#91;58&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0050"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0055"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The CPE impedance is defined by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0685">&#91;58&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0040"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">j</span> is the imaginary unit &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">j</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;1&#41;&#44; &#969; the angular frequency &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#960;f</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span> is the frequency&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> a constant independent of frequency and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> is a dimensionless parameter ranging between zero and unity and determining the degree of deviation from an exact semicircle <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0690">&#91;59&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0040">&#40;10&#41;</a>&#44; depending on the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> the CPE changes its behavior&#46; For <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 The CPE has the behavior of an ideal capacitor such that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C</span>&#44; for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0 the CPE behaves like a pure resistance such that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#46;</p><p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With the software ORIGIN6&#46;0 &#40;Microcal Software&#44; Inc&#46;&#44; Northampton&#44; MA&#44; USA&#41; these semicircles have been fitted according on the following relationships&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0045"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0050"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0050">Fig&#46; 10</a> shows that when iron concentration is fixed and the temperature increases&#44; the real part impedance decreases&#46; Thus&#44; the glass conductivity improves&#46; This result translates that electrical conduction is thermally activated in PFCK00 sample&#46; On the other hand&#44; from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0055">Fig&#46; 11</a> we note that when the iron concentration increases the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8242; impedance values decrease&#46; Therefore&#44; the samples conductivity improves&#46; The results of the simulation are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Table 7</a>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">b</span> &#40;bulk resistance&#41; values decrease with increasing iron concentration&#46; On the other hand&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> values increase and approach 1 with iron concentration&#46; This result makes relaxation tends toward the Debye type&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This behavior&#44; which is related to the Raman spectrum for the glass samples <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#44; revealed that increasing the concentration of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> in the glass network resulted in the formation of a large number of non-bridging sites&#46; This behavior allows easy conduction of charge carriers which explains the increase in electrical conductivity thus observed <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0705">&#91;62&#93;</a>&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">DC conductivity</span><p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Phosphate glass has a broad distribution of permanent deficiencies likely to host some cations &#40;or anions&#41;&#46; Weak covalent network-related ions can migrate under the action of an electric potential gradient where the conductivity of a material results from the sum of its electronic and ionic conductivity&#46; Thus&#44; the conduction is entirely ensured by the ions that move under the action of an electric field&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span> is the dc conductivity of the sample and It is given by the following formula <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0665">&#91;54&#44;59&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0055"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is the sample area &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#960;d</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&#47;4&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span> is the sample thickness and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span>&#44; which is defined by the interception of the real axis with the lowest frequency curve&#46;</p><p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The calculation of uncertainties on the dc conductivity&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span> are expressed by&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0060"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The temperature dependence of conductivity for glass batches is measured&#46; This is plotted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig&#46; 12</a> as ln&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&#41; versus the temperature&#46; All the plots are linear&#44; indicating that both DC conductivity and the hopping process exhibit a thermally activated behavior and obey Arrhenius law given by the equation&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0065"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">a</span> is dc activation energy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> is a pre exponential factor&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> is the absolute temperature and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">B</span> is the Boltzmann constant&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">a</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> are parameters independent of the temperature when the material is in a stable state and undergoes no phase transformation&#46; On the other hand&#44; the dc conductivity exhibits one activation barrier in the high and low temperature regimes&#46; The activation energy is calculated from the slope of the linear plot&#46; Moreover&#44; we have calculated the uncertainties on the activation energy <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">a</span>&#44; as follows&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0070"></elsevierMultimedia>with &#916;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0060"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0060">Fig&#46; 12</a>&#44; the graph shows that the conductivity of the glass sample decreases linearly with decreasing temperature&#46; The activation energies corresponding to all iron compositions in the glass are listed and compared with 60P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;35V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;5CuO glass in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>&#46; According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>&#44; the activation energy value is low and its value decreases with Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> amount&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0040"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This result suggests a polaronic conduction between the iron and cobalt ion sites across the oxygen bridge&#46; In phosphate glasses&#44; iron ions exist as Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> in both tetrahedral and octahedral coordination and as Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span> in octahedral environment <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0705">&#91;62&#44;63&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electrical conduction in these glasses occurs by electron hopping from an ion of low valence state &#40;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#44;Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#41; to an ion of the high valence state &#40;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#44;Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The highest value of the activation energy &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">a</span>&#41; is obtained for the glass sample PCKF0 and shows that the increase of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> concentration&#44; the ratio of transition metals Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#47;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> and the conductivity increases&#46; So magnetism increases and electrical conduction too&#46; A conduction mechanism is due to exchange interaction of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#8211;O&#8211;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span> chains and it has been attributed to electron hopping between them&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">AC conductivity</span><p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig&#46; 13</a> shows the plot of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span> versus frequency at different temperatures for PFCK00 sample&#46; The conductivity <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span> is calculated from the data of complex impedance values using the relation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0715">&#91;64&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0075"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is the area of the sample and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">e</span> its thickness&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0065"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0360" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Conductivity is proportional to angular frequency in amorphous materials&#59; it generally obeys Jonscher&#39;s law <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0720">&#91;65&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0080"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span> is the dc conductivity&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span> is the angular frequency and &#963;ac&#40;&#969;&#41;&#61;A&#969;S&#40;T&#41; is the AC component&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">A</span> is a constant for a particular temperature and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&#41; is an exponent function of temperature and frequency&#46; It is related to the degree of correlation among moving ions&#44; generally with values between 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46; It is clear that two different regions are observed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig&#46; 13</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At a lower frequency region &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;01<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kHz&#41;&#44; the DC conductivity remains constant since there is a plateau &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span>&#41; independent of the frequency&#46;</p><p id="par0370" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At the higher frequency and temperature and obeying power law <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&#41;</span>&#44; the point at which the change in slope occurs is known as hopping frequency <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725">&#91;66&#93;</a>&#46; From <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span> we can calculate the hopping time <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span>&#41;&#46; In the higher frequency region&#44; the increase in conductivity is due to the hopping of charge carriers in finite clusters&#46;</p><p id="par0375" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To determine the origin of the conduction mechanism&#44; we studied the behavior of factor <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> as a function of temperature&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> is calculated from the slopes of linear of the relation of log&#8201;&#963;ac&#61;f&#40;&#969;&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0380" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variation of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> with temperature for all samples is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0065">Fig&#46; 13</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0385" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; various theoretical models were proposed to describe the predominant conduction mechanism under AC field&#46;</p><p id="par0390" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0070">Fig&#46; 14</a>&#44; for the sample PCKF00&#44; S exponent varies in an oscillatory way with the temperature&#46; This result translates conduction by the small polaron tunneling model &#40;SPT&#41; if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> increases <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0730">&#91;67&#93;</a> and by the correlated barrier hopping &#40;CBH&#41; conduction mechanism if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> decreases <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0735">&#91;68&#93;</a>&#46; In fact&#44; &#40;SPT&#41; and &#40;CBH&#41; models are&#44; respectively described by the following equations <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0710">&#91;63&#44;68&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0085"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0090"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">W</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">H</span> is the activation energy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">W</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">M</span> is the binding energy&#44; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">B</span> &#40;86&#46;17<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;eV<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span>&#41; is Boltzmann&#39;s constant&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> is the temperature and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> is the relaxation time&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0070"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0395" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the samples PCKF02&#44; PCKF04 and for PCKF05 in the range of 425&#8211;575<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#44; the exponent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> remained moderately unchanged with the temperature&#46; The result has mostly assumed that carrier motion occurs through quantum mechanical tunneling &#40;QMT&#41; between localized states near the Fermi level <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0740">&#91;69&#44;70&#93;</a>&#46; However&#44; for PCKF05&#44; S decreases between 575<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K and 625<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#46; This behavior is explained by &#40;CBH&#41; conduction mechanism&#46;</p><p id="par0400" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For &#40;QMT&#41; model&#44; frequency exponent is given by the following equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0740">&#91;69&#44;70&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0095"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span> is frequency and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span> is the atomic vibration period&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">0</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;13</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s&#46;</p><p id="par0405" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the sample PCKF01&#44; the exponent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> decreases to a minimum value and then increases&#46; This behavior is assigned to the OLPT model <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750">&#91;71&#93;</a>&#46; In the case&#44; the frequency exponent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> is given by <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0750">&#91;71&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0100"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">W</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">HO</span> the activation energy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span> is the polaron radius&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span> is inverse localization length&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span></span> is the hopping length at angular frequency&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#969;</span>&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span> &#40;is the tunneling distance&#41;&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">k</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">B</span> is the Boltzmann constant and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> is temperature&#46;</p><p id="par0410" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the sample PCKF03&#44; the exponent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> increases to a maximum value and then decreases with temperature&#46; Thus&#44; the electrical conduction is governed by &#40;SPT&#41; model if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K and by &#40;CBH&#41; if <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Dielectric study</span><p id="par0415" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We have determined different dielectric material parameters&#44; from the measured resistive &#40;real part <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8242;&#41; and reactive &#40;imaginary part <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8243;&#41; of complex impedance at room temperature&#46;</p><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Dielectric constant &#40;&#603;&#8242;&#41; and dielectric loss &#40;tan<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#948;&#41;</span><p id="par0420" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dielectric constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span>&#8242; and loss tan<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span> were calculated using the following expressions <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755">&#91;72&#93;</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0105"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0110"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0075">Fig&#46; 15</a> illustrates the variation of dielectric constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span>&#8242; for PFCK00-PFCK05 at 423<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K as a function of frequency <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0075"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0425" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For all samples&#44; the dielectric constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span>&#8242; was relatively high at low frequencies&#44; then it decreases sharply with frequency and remains almost constant over the entire frequency range&#46;</p><p id="par0430" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; for the PFCK05 sample&#44; dielectric constant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span>&#8242; had high values at low as well as at high frequency&#46; In addition&#44; for this sample there was low loss&#44; tan<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0080">Fig&#46; 16</a>&#41;&#46; This result allows PFCK05 to be a good candidate for application in the fields of electromagnetic wave guided in optical fibers&#44; nonlinear optics&#44; and in giant memory devices <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0760">&#91;73&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0080"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0090" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Modulus study</span><p id="par0435" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Modulus formalism is used to study the bulk spectral effects&#44; when the resistances of the samples are comparable and their capacitances are different&#46;</p><p id="par0440" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; modulus formalism makes it possible to suppress the electrode effects <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0765">&#91;74&#44;75&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0445" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Electric modulus is defined as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0755">&#91;72&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0115"></elsevierMultimedia>where&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0120"></elsevierMultimedia>and<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0125"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0085">Fig&#46; 17</a> shows that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; values tends to zero at all the temperatures under study&#44; suggesting the suppression of the electrode polarization <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725">&#91;66&#93;</a>&#46; At high frequency&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; tends to a maximum value&#44; which translates the relaxation process&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0085"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0450" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">By increasing the temperature&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; values increased&#46; The result explains the dielectric and electrical thermal activation properties in PCKF05 glass&#46; The dispersion observed at high frequencies in PFCK05 glasses may be attributed to the distribution of relaxation process&#46;</p><p id="par0455" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The frequency dependence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; at 423<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K for PFCK00-PFCK05 glass are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0090">Fig&#46; 18</a>&#46; These figures clearly exhibit the relaxation character of dielectric properties of these glasses&#46; Indeed&#44; the maxima peak <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> coincides with the inflection in the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; curve&#46; On the other hand&#44; the curves show that the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> shifted to lower frequencies with Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> amount&#46; For all samples&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; curve showed a slight asymmetric peak&#46; The frequency range below the peak frequency <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span> determines the range in which charge carriers are mobile over long distances&#46; At a frequency range above <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span>&#44; the carriers are confined to potential well being mobile over short distances <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0725">&#91;66&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0090"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0460" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The relaxation time <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">rel</span> associated to each peak was calculated from the frequency at which the maxima of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; occurs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0045">Table 9</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0045"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0465" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The values of Relaxation time&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">rel</span>&#44; hopping time&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span>&#44; of the prepared samples are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0040">Table 8</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0470" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variation of the imaginary part&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; with frequency for the PFCK05 glass at different temperatures is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0095">Fig&#46; 19</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0095"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0475" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The electric modulus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#42; could be expressed as the Fourier transform of a relaxation function <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#966;</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775">&#91;76&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0130"></elsevierMultimedia>where the function <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#981;</span>&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>&#41; is the time evolution of the electric field within the materials and is usually taken as the Kohlrausch&#8211;Williams&#8211;Watts &#40;KWW&#41; function <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0775">&#91;76&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0135"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> is the conductivity relaxation time and the exponent 0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1 indicates the deviation from Debye-type relaxation&#46;</p><p id="par0480" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The electric modulus behavior of the present glass system is rationalized by invoking modified KWW function suggested by Bergman&#46; The imaginary part of the electric modulus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; is defined as <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0780">&#91;77&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0140"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">max</span> is the peak value of the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">p</span> is the corresponding frequency&#46;</p><p id="par0485" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> could be determined by fitting the experimental data in the above Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0080">&#40;18&#41;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0490" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The value of full width at half height &#40;FWHH&#41; of the imaginary part&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; is calculated by equation <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0785">&#91;78&#93;</a>&#58;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0145"></elsevierMultimedia></p><p id="par0495" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the fitting of the imaginary part of the modulus <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8243; versus frequency plots&#44; the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> is determined and found to be temperature-dependent&#46; The plot of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> and FWHH versus temperature is depicted in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0100">Fig&#46; 20</a>&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> decreases gradually with the increase in temperature&#46; Decreasing the value of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> is an estimate of increased interaction between transition metals &#40;&#40;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#47;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#41;&#44; &#40;&#40;Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#47;Co<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#41;&#41; ions and surrounding matrix&#46; Thus&#44; coupling between mobile ions in the conduction process decreased&#46; Therefore&#44; this result favors the polaronic conduction in semiconductor materials&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0100"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0500" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On other hand&#44; the shape of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> is nearly constant below <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#46; Then it decreased with increasing temperature above <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#46; This behavior induces an incensement of FWHH parameter&#46; This anomalous behavior of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> can be explained by the fact that&#44; above <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span>&#44; the system is in the supercooled liquid state and by the incurve of the degree of interaction of conducting ions <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0790">&#91;79&#93;</a>&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0095" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conclusion</span><p id="par0505" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oxide phosphate glasses of the compositions 88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;&#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0 to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 &#91;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0&#44; 0&#46;1&#44; 0&#46;2&#44; 0&#46;3&#44; 0&#46;4&#44; 0&#46;5&#93; were prepared using melt-quenching technique&#46; X-ray diffraction patterns show the presence of the amorphous state of the glass&#46; Our glass has a good molar refraction and a refractive index which are 33&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mol and 2&#46;1 respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0510" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the thermal properties of glass&#44; we have found low values of transition temperature &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1023<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#41; for glass&#46;</p><p id="par0515" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand&#44; the increased &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">g</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>100<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#41; value with Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> amount reflects the stability of these glasses&#46;</p><p id="par0520" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;FeO&#8211;BaO glasses reported here show particular promise as they are ultra-durable&#44; thermally stable&#44; low melting glasses with a large glass-forming compositional range&#46;</p><p id="par0525" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On other hand&#44; our glasses at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K have presented an antiferromagnetic behavior with narrow hysteresis loop and low coercivity&#46;</p><p id="par0530" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Raman spectroscopy shows that the addition of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> leads to the formation of Fe&#8211;O&#8211;P bonds&#46;</p><p id="par0535" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Optical studies show that as the concentration of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> increases the values of bandgap energy and Urbach energy decrease&#46; On other hand&#44; the band gap energy value of our glass is around 3&#46;91<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eV&#46; The result&#44; explains the behavior semiconductor in our samples&#46;</p><p id="par0540" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Complex impedance plots for all compositions for showed the semicircular arcs are depressed and their centers lie below the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Z</span>&#8242; axis&#44; which suggests that the relaxation is of non-Debye type&#46;</p><p id="par0545" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The conductivity ln&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span>&#41; versus 1000&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> shows Arrhenius-type behavior&#46; The d&#46;c&#46; electrical activation energy&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">a</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eV and decreased with increasing Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> concentration&#46;</p><p id="par0550" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The ac conductivity followed Jonscher&#39;s law and the value of the power exponent &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">s</span>&#41; changed in composition&#46;</p><p id="par0555" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dielectric constant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span>&#8242;&#41; had considerable values especially at low frequencies with low dielectric losses&#44; which had 28<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;1</span> and 4 respectively&#46;</p><p id="par0560" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In addition&#44; our samples exhibit a low relaxation time&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">rel</span> and weak hopping time&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#964;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">hop</span> and which had 0&#46;036<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms and 11&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ms respectively&#46; Furthermore&#44; the dielectric data have been analyzed in modulus formalism using KWW stretched exponential function&#46;</p><p id="par0565" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These results suggest that our glasses are a good candidates for semiconductor devices and electro-optical fiber-guided applications&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;&#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O glasses from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0 to <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5 were prepared at 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C using melt quenching technique&#46;</p><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">These glass systems were characterized by using X-ray diffraction&#44; differential scanning calorimetry &#40;DSC&#41;&#44; magnetic measurements&#44; Raman spectroscopy&#44; Archimedes methods&#44; Brewster spectrometer&#44; UV&#8211;vis spectrophotometer and impedance spectroscopy&#46; X-ray diffraction revealed that these glass systems have amorphous structure&#46; DSC has showed that the thermal stability of the glass samples increased with the rate of iron&#46; Raman spectra showed the presence of the P&#8211;O&#8211;Fe group which increases the rigidity of the glass samples&#46; The density of our compounds increased with the increase of the amount of iron oxide&#46;</p><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Magnetic measurements at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K using vibrating sample magnetometer technique show antiferromagnetic behavior of these system glasses&#46;</p><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">According to the results of the optical absorption spectra&#44; the values of the gap energy and Urbach energy decreased and the refractive index of the glass increased with the increase of the mole of Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#46; Brewster spectrophotometer has showed an optical index &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&#41;&#46; On other hand&#44; the chromatic coordinates of all samples to the area of blue&#8211;purple light emission&#46;</p><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Electrical properties were studied using the technique of impedance alternative spectroscopy over a temperature range 423&#8211;623<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K in the frequency range of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz&#8211;13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#59; conductivity under variable regime <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">ac</span> follows Jonscher&#39;s law&#46; The conductivity <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span> follows the Arrhenius law with an activation energy value too low &#40;&#8776;0&#46;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eV&#41; and decreased with the rate of iron&#44; indicating polaronic conduction&#46;</p><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The dielectric study showed high values of dielectric constant at low frequency with low loss at high frequency&#46; The modulus revealed dipolar relaxations&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se prepararon vidrios 88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;&#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0 a <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;5 a 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C con la t&#233;cnica de enfriamiento r&#225;pido <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#40;melt quenching&#41;&#46;</span></p><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estos sistemas v&#237;treos se caracterizaron por el uso de difracci&#243;n de rayos X&#44; calorimetr&#237;a diferencial de barrido &#40;DSC&#41;&#44; mediciones magn&#233;ticas&#44; espectroscopia Raman&#44; m&#233;todos de Arqu&#237;medes&#44; espectr&#243;metro Brewster&#44; espectrofot&#243;metro UV-Vis y espectroscopia de impedancia&#46; La difracci&#243;n de rayos X revel&#243; que estos sistemas v&#237;treos tienen una estructura amorfa&#46; La DSC ha demostrado que la estabilidad t&#233;rmica de las muestras de vidrio aument&#243; con la tasa de hierro&#46; Los espectros Raman mostraron la existencia del grupo PO-Fe que incrementa la rigidez de las muestras de vidrio&#46; La densidad de nuestros compuestos se increment&#243; con el aumento de la cantidad de &#243;xido de hierro&#46;</p><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las mediciones magn&#233;ticas a 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K utilizando la t&#233;cnica del magnet&#243;metro de muestra vibracional muestran el comportamiento antiferromagn&#233;tico de estos vidrios del sistema&#46;</p><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De acuerdo con los resultados de los espectros de absorci&#243;n &#243;ptica&#44; los valores de la energ&#237;a del intervalo y la energ&#237;a de Urbach disminuyeron&#44; y el &#237;ndice de refracci&#243;n del vidrio aument&#243; con el aumento del mol de Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#46; El espectrofot&#243;metro Brewster ha mostrado un &#237;ndice &#243;ptico &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#44;5&#41;&#46; En cambio&#44; las coordenadas crom&#225;ticas de todas las muestras al &#225;rea de emisi&#243;n de luz azul-p&#250;rpura&#46;</p><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las propiedades el&#233;ctricas se estudiaron utilizando la t&#233;cnica de espectroscopia alternativa de impedancia en un rango de temperatura de 423-623<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K en el rango de frecuencia de 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hz-13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#59; la conductividad por el r&#233;gimen variable &#963; AC sigue la ley de Jonscher&#46; La conductividad <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span> sigue la ley de Arrhenius con un valor de energ&#237;a de activaci&#243;n demasiado bajo &#40;&#8776;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>eV&#41; y disminu&#237;a con la tasa de hierro&#44; lo que indica conducci&#243;n polar&#243;nica&#46;</p><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El estudio diel&#233;ctrico mostr&#243; valores altos de constante diel&#233;ctrica a baja frecuencia con baja p&#233;rdida a alta frecuencia&#46; El m&#243;dulo revel&#243; relajaciones dipolares&#46;</p></span>"
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          0 => array:4 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The Urbach plots of &#40;PFCK00&#44; PFCK01&#44; PFCK02&#44; PFCK03&#44; PFCK04 and PFCK05&#41; samples&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      7 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0040"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 8"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1351
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            "Tamanyo" => 261643
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Emission spectra of PFCK00&#44; PFCK01&#44; PFCK02&#44; PFCK03&#44; PFCK04 and PFCK05 samples&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      8 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0045"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 9"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr9.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1492
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            "Tamanyo" => 179931
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Location of the chromatic coordinates of the light emitted by&#58; PFCK00&#44; PFCK01&#44; PFCK02&#44; PFCK03&#44; PFCK04 and PFCK05 samples&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0050"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 10"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr10.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1257
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 133401
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Experimental and theoretical impedance diagrams of the sample PFCK00 at different temperatures&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0055"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 11"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr11.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 150557
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Experimental and theoretical impedance diagrams of the samples PFCK00&#44; PFCK01&#44; PFCK02&#44; PFCK03&#44; PFCK04 and PFCK05 at temperature <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>423<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0060"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 12"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr12.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1164
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 148084
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variation of ln&#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#963;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">dc</span>&#41; versus 1000&#47;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span> for PFCK00&#44; PFCK01&#44; PFCK02&#44; PFCK03&#44; PFCK04 and PFCK05 glasses&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0065"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 13"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr13.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1182
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            "Tamanyo" => 239543
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0125" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variation of the ac conductivity versus frequency &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">f</span>&#41; of the sample PFCK00 at different temperatures&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      13 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0070"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 14"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr14.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1205
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 126169
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0130" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variation of the exponent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">S</span> with temperature for different samples&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      14 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0075"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 15"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr15.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1169
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 232272
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0135" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The frequency dependence curves of dielectric constant conduction <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#603;</span>&#8242; of PFCK samples at temperature <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>423<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      15 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0080"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 16"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr16.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1200
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 215012
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        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0140" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variation of loss &#40;tan<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#948;</span>&#41;&#44; versus frequency for PFCK05 sample at different temperatures&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      16 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0085"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 17"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr17.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0145" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The frequency dependence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; for PFCK05 sample at different temperatures&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      17 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0090"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 18"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr18.jpeg"
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            "Tamanyo" => 178687
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0150" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The frequency dependence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#8243;</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span>&#8242; for PFCK samples at temperature <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>423<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>K&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      18 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0095"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 19"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr19.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1252
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 239788
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0155" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The frequency dependence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M&#8243;</span> for PFCK05 sample at different temperatures&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      19 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0100"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 20"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr20.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1216
            "Ancho" => 1508
            "Tamanyo" => 79576
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0160" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variation of the exponent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span> with temperature for PFCK05 sample&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
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            "detalle" => "Table "
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glass code&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Composition&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">M</span> &#40;g&#47;mol&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;10K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;0&#46;1Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;9&#46;9K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">135&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;0&#46;2Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;9&#46;8K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;0&#46;3Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;9&#46;7K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136&#46;07&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;0&#46;4Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;9&#46;6K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;0&#46;5Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;2CoO&#8211;9&#46;5K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">136&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0165" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Glass codes&#44; glass composition &#40;in mol&#37;&#41; and molar mass &#40;M&#41; &#40;g&#47;mol&#41;&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      21 => array:8 [
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
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            "detalle" => "Table "
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        "tabla" => array:1 [
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glass code&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span> &#40;g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> &#40;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mol&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> &#40;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#47;mol&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Refractive index&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">51&#46;96&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">29&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0170" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Density &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span>&#41;&#44; molar volume &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">V</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span>&#41;&#44; molar refraction&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">m</span> and the refractive index &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#41; of the glass systems &#40;90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8722;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>&#41;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#8211;5CoO&#8211;5K<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">x</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0&#44; 0&#46;1&#44; 0&#46;2&#44; 0&#46;3&#44; 0&#46;4 and 0&#46;5 compared with other work&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Our work&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">138&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">127&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">266&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">138&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">122&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">301&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">178&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">122&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">183&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">50</span>&#40;CaO&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>&#40;SrO&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">20</span>&#40;Na2O&#41;<span class="elsevierStyleInf">10</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">436&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">550&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">114&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0565">&#91;34&#93;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0175" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thermal parameters of PCKF00&#44; PCKF01&#44; PCKF02&#44; PCKF03&#44; PCKF04 and PCKF05 compared with other glass&#46;</p>"
        ]
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="5" align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">PCKF05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">The dissolution rate &#40;10<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#8722;7</span>g&#47;cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">24&#46;338&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;846&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;892&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;138&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0180" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The dissolution rate of glasses and the molar ratio of iron ions <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#43;</span>&#47;Fe<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#43;</span>&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Glasses&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">gt</span> &#40;eV&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">u</span> &#40;eV&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ref&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Our work&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;23&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;27&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;931&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PCKF05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;212&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;876&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;989&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">CaLiBO10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;925&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0695">&#91;60&#93;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">60P<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;35V<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">5</span>&#8211;5CuO <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0700">&#91;61&#93;</a>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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Article information

ISSN: 03663175
Original language: English

DOI:10.1016/j.bsecv.2020.02.001

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	5	3	8
2024 October	81	15	96
2024 September	78	25	103
2024 August	65	20	85
2024 July	58	12	70
2024 June	48	8	56
2024 May	51	15	66
2024 April	63	24	87
2024 March	98	7	105
2024 February	66	14	80
2024 January	98	19	117
2023 December	69	9	78
2023 November	87	16	103
2023 October	115	15	130
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2023 August	118	10	128
2023 July	43	12	55
2023 June	55	17	72
2023 May	128	18	146
2023 April	123	16	139
2023 March	98	12	110
2023 February	62	16	78
2023 January	63	7	70
2022 December	50	15	65
2022 November	49	19	68
2022 October	98	19	117
2022 September	76	32	108
2022 August	63	36	99
2022 July	66	24	90
2022 June	68	33	101
2022 May	74	31	105
2022 April	57	27	84
2022 March	52	23	75
2022 February	65	29	94
2022 January	71	36	107
2021 December	62	43	105
2021 November	59	53	112
2021 October	66	62	128
2021 September	73	37	110
2021 August	68	23	91
2021 July	59	24	83
2021 June	46	18	64
2021 May	72	11	83
2021 April	158	31	189
2021 March	67	20	87
2021 February	39	20	59
2021 January	23	12	35
2020 December	13	9	22
2020 November	9	13	22
2020 October	9	5	14
2020 September	9	6	15
2020 August	5	5	10
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2020 May	6	2	8
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