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Mechanical properties of mortar containing recycled Acanthocardia tuberculata seashells as aggregate partial replacement
Propiedades mecánicas del mortero que contiene conchas marinas Acanthocardia tuberculata recicladas como reemplazo parcial del agregado mineral
Daniel Suarez-Rieraa,b, Alessandra Merloa, Luca Lavagnaa,
, Roberto Nisticòc, Matteo Pavesea
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a Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
b Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
c Independent Researcher, via Borgomasino 39, 10149 Torino, Italy
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=> "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alessandra" "apellidos" => "Merlo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Luca" "apellidos" => "Lavagna" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "luca.lavagna@polito.it" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Roberto" "apellidos" => "Nisticò" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Matteo" "apellidos" => "Pavese" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Structural, Geotechnical and Building Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Independent Researcher, via Borgomasino 39, 10149 Torino, Italy" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author</span>." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Propiedades mecánicas del mortero que contiene conchas marinas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> recicladas como reemplazo parcial del agregado mineral" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1149 "Ancho" => 1484 "Tamanyo" => 112625 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">XRD diffraction of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> shells used as substitution of aggregate.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aquaculture industry provides food and employment for humans and plays an important role in the economy of nations <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">[1]</a>. Seashells are the protective exoskeleton of shellfishes and constitute by-products of the aquaculture industry. Furthermore, a variety of shellfishes is consumed everyday as food while the inedible shells are discarded. China is currently the largest producer of shellfish (oyster, clam, scallop, and mussel shells, etc.) in the world, with about 10 million tons of waste seashells disposed annually <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">[2]</a>. The European Union is estimated to produce 600,000 tons of shellfish waste <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">[3]</a>. These seashells have little or no commercial value and are often dumped in open fields or landfills, thereby creating unsightly appearance and unpleasant smell. Additionally, untreated seashell wastes left for a long time can lead to microbial decomposition of salts into (undesired) gases such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and amines <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">[4]</a>. Therefore, when large quantities of seashell wastes are produced, they could cause serious environmental concerns. A promising solution to the challenge of seashell waste management is to use them as aggregate in concrete <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">[5]</a>. Natural aggregate such as sand, gravel or crushed rock is the major constituent of concrete in terms of both volume and mass. Since huge quantity of concrete is produced annually, it reasonably follows that a large amount of natural aggregate is mined to produce concrete. A conservative estimate of the world's consumption of aggregate exceeds 40 billion tons a year, and between 64% and 75% of the mined aggregate is used for concrete <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135">[6]</a>. In the literature, several waste materials have been used into concrete and mortar mixtures, for example plastics, glasses, or construction demolition waste <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0140">[7–10]</a>. However, all these waste materials present a second problem in the demolition process. Plastics, in particular, has very long degradation times which exceed the life time of a building <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">[11]</a>. Because of their properties, previous attempts have been made to use seashells as a partial or total substitute for natural aggregate in mortar and concrete mixtures <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">[12–14]</a>. The use of seashells is advantageous because they have physical properties that are very close to those of the natural aggregates normally used. Lastly, using seashells in construction contributes to the protection of the environment in addition to preservation of natural resources with a cost save form materials <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">[15]</a>.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Therefore, the final aim of this paper is to evaluate the possible use of seashells as replacement of the aggregate fraction in mortar. Materials were prepared by adding <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> seashells, which constitute a food waste destined to landfilling, as partial substituents of inert in mortars and composites were characterized from both a chemical and mechanical point of view.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Oil-well cement Class G (Lafarge North America), CEN Standard sand (a natural siliceous sand consisting of rounded particles having a silica content of at least 98%, whose particle size distribution lies within specific limits according to UNI EN 196-1) was purchased from Societé Nouvelle Du Littoral, deionized water and seashell <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> (SH in the text) (recovered from open air fish market of Turin) were materials used for this experimental study. The SH was previously washed and crushed using a ball milling machine to obtain approximately the same particle size distribution of the sand as shown by the particle size distribution (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four types of mortar specimens were made, with different substitution percentage in weigh of aggregate with seashells (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%). All mixtures were prepared with a water-to-cement ratio (w/c) equal to 0.50 and a cement-to-aggregate ratio of 1:3. All the materials were weighted according to the amounts required in the mix design (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>) and mixed according to the UNI EN 196-1:2005. First deionized water and cement were mixed for 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, then either the sand or the SH and sand powder (previously weighed and mixed together inside a beaker) were gradually poured into the solution within the first 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s of the mixture. In the next 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, all the materials were mixed at high speed, after that, the mixer was stopped for 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s: in the first 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s, the material residues remaining on the bowl walls were removed, then the mixture was let stand. After the break, the mixer was reactivated at high speed for another 60<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s. At the end of the mixing phase, the cement mixture was slowly transferred into the steel mold, made up of four 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>×<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>80<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm prismatic specimens, carefully avoiding air entrainment, and then put inside an oven at 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C for 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h at 100% humidity.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once the maturation of the samples was finished, a U-shaped cut, 6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm deep, was made in the middle of the face orthogonal to the pouring surface of all the specimens, following the geometry and dimensions recommendations described in the JCI-S-001 standard. The samples underwent three points bending tests in Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) by using a clip-on gauge, to evaluate both flexural strength and toughness, as explained in the literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">[16]</a>. Subsequently the two halves of the broken prism have been subjected to compression tests. All tests were performed using a Zwick Z050 universal test machine. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained using the X-ray diffractometer PW3040/60 X’Pert PRO MPD from PANalytical in a Bragg–Brentano geometry, with Cu Kα anode source at 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kV and 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mA. Thermo-gravimetric analysis was conducted in a TGA instrument Mettler Toledo 1600, in air. Samples were heated from 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C to 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C with a constant heating ramp of 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>. The air was supplied with a constant flow rate (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">−1</span>). Stereomicroscope Leica EZ4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>W was used to investigate the structure of crushed seashell and standard sand. The tap density was evaluate following the standard normative ASTM B527-15.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results and discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The XRD pattern of the powdered seashells is reported in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>. As suggested in the literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190">[17,18]</a>, the structure of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> shells is pure aragonite (which is a particular polymorph of CaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>, according to the JCPDS card number 05-453). The cell parameters, calculated through a structure refinement by using the software <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Maud</span>, are <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">a</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9669<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Å, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">b</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7.9690<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Å, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.7511<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Å, respectively. These parameters demonstrate a slight deflection from the values of the geological aragonite, in particular along <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">c</span> direction, due to the biogenic origin of the shell <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">[18,19]</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to understand the organic ratio of seashells, the thermo-gravimetric analysis of seashell is shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig. 3</a>. The curves profile revealed two main thermal phenomena: (i) a weight loss around 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C due to oxidation and removal of organic material from the seashell <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">[20]</a>, followed by (ii) a more relevant weight loss that begins at ca. 550<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and continues until ca. 850<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C which is attributable to the CaCO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> chemical decomposition into calcium oxide with release of volatile carbon dioxide, according to literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">[21]</a>, leaving a final residue at 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C being ca. 55<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>wt.%.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Mechanical test results are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig. 4</a>: it is clear from the figure that both flexural stress and toughness decrease slightly. For the former, the use of 5%, 10% and 15% of SH showed a reduction of 7%, 22%, 10%, respectively, with respect to the mortar mix. In terms of toughness, there was a reduction of about 16.5% in the case of SH 5% and 30% for both SH 10% and SH 15% with respect to the mix without SH (i.e., Mortar). Such reductions, if compared to the mortar mix, are not present in the case of compression tests: for the mixes with 5% and 15% SH substitution, there was a light reduction in compressive strength of less than 1% and 6%, respectively. However, in the case of the SH 10% samples, there was a resistance loss of about 12%. These reduction in mechanical properties is in line with other results present in literature with other types of shells. The average reduction of mechanical properties is about 13% for 5% of substitution and 6.5% for 10%, and, particularly, our results on compression strength are higher with respect to 5% of substitution and slighter lower with respect of 10% <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">[12,13]</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This phenomenon (i.e., the flexural stress and toughness reduction in mortar) is largely attributed to the higher water absorption of seashell aggregates. Experimental tests performed in samples, demonstrated that the SH absorbs about 10.5% of water with respect to its weight, leading to a decrease in the water-to-cement ratio and consequently a non-optimal hydration of the cement. The presence of organic matter, as confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis can influence also the reduction in mechanical properties. Eziefula et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">[12]</a> find a possible explanation to the higher surface-to-volume ratio of the seashells results in less surface coated by cement paste, thereby causing reduction in bond strength. In contrast with the literature explanation of low compactness <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">[20]</a>, the crushed shells used in this work mixed with standard sand have a good arrangement shape, and similar morphology (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig. 5</a>). Although, the compaction level measured is better than that of normalized sand and seashells (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>), as it is known, the seashell structure is more brittle than the natural aggregate (the open porosity calculated from water absorption is around 30.6%). As reported in the literature, seashells have a lower resistance to fragmentation regarding natural aggregate, which would explain the obtained mechanical results <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">[21]</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nguyen et al. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">[21]</a> evidence that the mechanical properties for similar composites are strongly influenced from the granular arrangement between seashell and aggregate. In particular, the mechanical results reported in the literature <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0165">[12,14]</a> for similar substrates show a general decrease in terms of mechanical properties at different percentages of replacement of the aggregate. However, it should be taken into account that both these studies are relative to the use of seashells with different density and porosity respect to the one investigated in this study (namely, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span>). Interestingly, the compression strength measured in this work shows a lesser decrease in mechanical properties in comparison to the literature analyzed, whereas the flexural strength has results in line with the data collected for composites containing other types of shells. The comparison with the state-of-the-art revealed that the results obtained using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> are promising, even if these systems are intrinsic variable and subjected to the type of shell used.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conclusions</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study, grounded seashells of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> were used as partial replacement of the aggregate inert fraction in mortars. The analysis of the mechanical properties of mortars containing different amount of seashells revealed a depletion of the mechanical properties of composites. However, even if flexural strength and toughness are partially lowered by using seashells as aggregate replacement in mortar, the inclusion of seashells still guarantees acceptable strengths for various structural and plastering applications. For what concerns compressive strength, no notable differences were found with respect to mortars used in civil applications. Lastly, using waste seashells in concrete and mortars is an interesting solution since beneficial in terms of costs, waste reduction and environmental sustainability.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1556231" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1404507" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1556230" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1404506" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Materials and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-12-10" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-03-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1404507" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Mortar" 1 => "Mechanical properties" 2 => "Food waste" 3 => "Sustainability" 4 => "Recycled seashell" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1404506" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Mortero" 1 => "Propiedades mecánicas" 2 => "Desechos alimentarios" 3 => "Sostenibilidad" 4 => "Reciclaje de conchas marinas" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Waste management is a most current topic, and as such, numerous articles in literature discuss over the recycling and re-use of waste materials from various fields. A common solution is the to use these materials as partial substituent of the inert fraction in concretes and mortars. This work focuses on the possibility of using <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> seashells, which constitute a food waste destined to landfilling, as partial substituents of inert in mortars. The results obtained evidenced that the reduction in mechanical properties (in terms of toughness and flexural stress) is mainly due to the water absorption properties of seashells aggregates, which affect the hydration of the cement. However, as experimentally demonstrated, such decrease in mechanical properties in any case does not compromise the performance of the material when used for civil applications.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La gestión de residuos es un tema actual, y como tal, numerosos artículos en la literatura discuten sobre el reciclaje y la reutilización de materiales de desecho de diversos campos. Una solución común es utilizar estos materiales como sustituyentes parciales de la fracción inerte en hormigones y morteros. Este trabajo se enfoca en el posible uso de conchas marinas <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span>, que constituyen un desperdicio de alimentos destinados al relleno sanitario, como sustituyente parcial del inerte del mortero. Los resultados obtenidos evidenciaron que la reducción de las propiedades mecánicas (en términos de tenacidad y resistencia a flexión) se debe principalmente a las propiedades de absorción de agua de las conchas marinas, que afectan la hidratación del cemento. Sin embargo, como se demostró experimentalmente, dicha disminución de las propiedades mecánicas en cualquier caso no compromete el rendimiento del material cuando viene empleado en aplicaciones civiles.</p></span>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:7 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 858 "Ancho" => 1434 "Tamanyo" => 70628 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Particle size distribution of crushed seashell (orange line) and CEN standard sand (blue line).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1149 "Ancho" => 1484 "Tamanyo" => 112625 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">XRD diffraction of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> shells used as substitution of aggregate.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0015" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg" "Alto" => 1028 "Ancho" => 1495 "Tamanyo" => 89692 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thermo-gravimetric analysis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Acanthocardia tuberculata</span> shells (black) and derivative (blue) under air atmosphere.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0020" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr4.jpeg" "Alto" => 1601 "Ancho" => 2335 "Tamanyo" => 576538 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flexural stress (A), toughness (B), compressive stress (C) and prismatic sample of cement composite undergoing flexural testing in CMOD control mode (D).</p>" ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0025" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 5" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr5.jpeg" "Alto" => 577 "Ancho" => 2341 "Tamanyo" => 201974 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Macrographs taken by stereomicroscope of standard sand (a), Crushed seashell (b) and mix SH 15% (c) used for the preparation of the samples.</p>" ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mortar mix \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cement [g] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">w/c \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Water [g] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sand [g] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Seashell [g] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mortar \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Ordinary mortar mix \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">300 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">– \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SH 5% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mix with 5% of SH as substituent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">285 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SH 10% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mix with 10% of SH as substituent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">270 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SH 15% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Mix with 15% of SH as substituent \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">100 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">255 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2667600.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mix design of samples prepared.</p>" ] ] 6 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Materials \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Bulk density[g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Tap density[g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Specific gravity[g/cm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Packing degree[%] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sand \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SH \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SH 15%/sand 85% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2667601.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Properties of the bare aggregates (i.e., standard sand and seashell SH) as well as the aggregates containing 15% of seashell (SH 15%/sand 85%).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:21 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "[1]" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Aquatic-derived biomaterials for a sustainable future: a European opportunity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2024 October | 42 | 2 | 44 |
| 2024 September | 56 | 29 | 85 |
| 2024 August | 40 | 8 | 48 |
| 2024 July | 94 | 5 | 99 |
| 2024 June | 29 | 2 | 31 |
| 2024 May | 45 | 9 | 54 |
| 2024 April | 49 | 10 | 59 |
| 2024 March | 57 | 8 | 65 |
| 2024 February | 33 | 2 | 35 |
| 2024 January | 54 | 13 | 67 |
| 2023 December | 38 | 12 | 50 |
| 2023 November | 29 | 9 | 38 |
| 2023 October | 64 | 10 | 74 |
| 2023 September | 52 | 3 | 55 |
| 2023 August | 58 | 7 | 65 |
| 2023 July | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2023 June | 29 | 3 | 32 |
| 2023 May | 57 | 11 | 68 |
| 2023 April | 44 | 3 | 47 |
| 2023 March | 60 | 3 | 63 |
| 2023 February | 38 | 5 | 43 |
| 2023 January | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2022 December | 36 | 9 | 45 |
| 2022 November | 25 | 15 | 40 |
| 2022 October | 33 | 17 | 50 |
| 2022 September | 46 | 16 | 62 |
| 2022 August | 43 | 20 | 63 |
| 2022 July | 23 | 20 | 43 |
| 2022 June | 42 | 16 | 58 |
| 2022 May | 21 | 17 | 38 |
| 2022 April | 13 | 13 | 26 |
| 2022 March | 23 | 17 | 40 |
| 2022 February | 37 | 10 | 47 |
| 2022 January | 49 | 15 | 64 |
| 2021 December | 49 | 15 | 64 |
| 2021 November | 88 | 23 | 111 |
| 2021 October | 84 | 33 | 117 |
| 2021 September | 93 | 40 | 133 |
| 2021 August | 50 | 16 | 66 |
| 2021 July | 12 | 11 | 23 |
| 2021 June | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2021 May | 14 | 8 | 22 |
| 2021 April | 34 | 15 | 49 |
| 2021 March | 60 | 7 | 67 |
| 2021 February | 100 | 9 | 109 |
| 2021 January | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2020 December | 13 | 6 | 19 |
| 2020 November | 17 | 12 | 29 |
| 2020 October | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2020 September | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2020 August | 11 | 8 | 19 |
| 2020 July | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| 2020 June | 8 | 9 | 17 |
| 2020 May | 9 | 9 | 18 |
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