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Microstructure, hardness and flexural strength of Ni/Al2O3 FGMs by pressure-less sintering with different cooling rates
Microestructura, dureza y resistencia a la flexión de Ni/Al2O3 FGM por sinterización sin presión con diferentes velocidades de enfriamiento
K. Ananta Bhaskararao
Corresponding author
ananta.bhaskark@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, G. Ranga Janardhana
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering, JNTUK, Kakinada 533003, India
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this procedure is referred as functionally graded materials &#40;FGMs&#41; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">&#91;2&#93;</a>&#46; The FGM model has been proposed to increase adhesion and to minimize the thermal stresses in metal-ceramic composites&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FGMs are divided into two broad groups&#44; namely thin FGM and bulk FGM&#46; Thin FGMs are produced by using surface coating techniques like physical&#47;chemical vapour deposition &#40;PVD&#47;CVD&#41; and plasma spraying respectively&#46; Bulk FGMs are fabricated by using methods like centrifugal casting&#44; powder metallurgy&#44; etc&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0120">&#91;3&#44;4&#93;</a>&#46; Powder metallurgy is one of the simplest and extensively used methods among the other fabrication techniques to control the composition of the FGMs <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0130">&#91;5&#44;6&#93;</a>&#46; There are two possible methods to model the FGMs&#44; one is a piecewise variation of volume fraction of elementary materials and the second one is continues variation of volume fraction of the basic materials from one end to the other <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140">&#91;7&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> blend has drawn significant interest in recent research activities by virtue of its thermo mechanical and physical properties&#46; This combination also exhibits high performance in extreme hot conditions because of its high bonding strength and low residual stress <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">&#91;8&#93;</a>&#46; The Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs can be designed to take advantage of mechanical properties of metal and heat and corrosion resistance of ceramic without severe internal thermal stresses <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">&#91;9&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Bhattacharyya et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">&#91;10&#93;</a> fabricated the five layered Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGM by thermal spray coating&#46; During this investigation&#44; a network type structure with interconnected distribution of &#945;-Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> in base matrix was observed&#46; He also reported that the porosity of composite layer depends on size of ceramic particle&#46; Seungkyu et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">&#91;11&#93;</a> studied the dimensional shrinkage of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGM during sintering&#46; He reported that by tailoring the material &#40;layer&#41; composition to provide a uniform shrinkage gradient across the entire sample&#46; Justyna et al&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">&#91;12&#93;</a> fabricated the hollow cylindrical Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs by centrifugal casting&#46; Most of the metallic particles were concentrated on the outer surface&#44; whereas the highest concentration of alumina was observed on the inner surface of the sample&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to the above findings&#44; layer composition&#44; particle size and dispersion of alumina particles is critical for development of FGM&#46; In the present study&#44; layered nickel&#47;alumina &#40;Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; FGMs engineered in different volume fractions is fabricated&#46; The piecewise variation model is chosen in order to fabricate a crack free FGM and powder metallurgy technique is opting for the bulk fabrication&#46; The Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> particle dispersion and size variation in Ni matrix of subject FGMs are analysed with different sinter-cooling rates&#46; Hardness and flexural strength of prepared samples also investigated&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Experimental procedure</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As received commercially pure Ni powder &#40;Sigma Aldrich&#44; India&#44; &#62;99&#46;7&#37;&#44; 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#44; spherical shape&#41; and Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;Alfa Aesar&#44; India&#44; &#62;99&#46;7&#37;&#44; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#44; irregular shape&#41; were used as raw materials&#46; The size distributions &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>a and b&#41; of Ni and Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> powder particles were recorded using particle size analyser &#40;Olympus&#44; Germany&#41;&#46; The Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> bulk FGMs are designed with four layers of variation in the nickel and alumina compositions&#46; Four samples of four layered FGM with different layered composition between Ni and Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> were fabricated&#46; The detailed compositional distributions of four layers in the investigating samples are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Initially&#44; the required amounts of powder composition were weighed precisely and merged as per the specific volume fractions by considering the size of the specimen and densities of the rudimentary materials&#46; The mixed powders are blended in a high energy planetary ball mill &#40;Fristch GmbH&#44; Germany&#41; for 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h with a ball to powder ratio of 10&#58;1&#46; The milled powders were warmed up to 150<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C in a vacuum furnace to eliminate the wax from the powders&#46; The powder mixture was stacked layer by layer in high speed steel &#40;HSS&#41; die with an inner diameter of 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm as per the composition listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46; Each layer is shaken and compacted with small loads &#40;&#60;1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ton&#41; before stacking the next layer for attaining homogeneity of compositional distribution throughout the layer&#46; The stacked layers undergo cold compaction with a load of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>tons via hydraulic press by uniaxial method&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The green compacts were placed on a graphite plate in order to attain a uniform temperature during the sintering process&#46; The samples were sintered at a temperature of 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C and cooled with different sinter-cooling rates such as 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min respectively&#46; The sintering time of 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min was maintained under vacuum atmosphere during the consolidation&#46; The sintered samples of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>c and d&#46; The microstructure of subject FGMs was analysed by a scanning electron microscopy &#40;Hitachi S300N&#44; Japan&#41; equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy &#40;EDS&#41; system&#46; The layered microstructure was viewed under back scattered electron image &#40;BSE&#41; mode and secondary electron image &#40;SE&#41; mode at different conditions&#46; The densities of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs are estimated in terms of theoretical density&#46; The theoretical density of the composite layers is calculated by hand calculations using the rule of mixtures with densities of elementary materials&#46; The green and sintered density of composites was analysed through mass and physical dimensions&#46; The porosity &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#41; of each composition was expressed in terms of density <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">&#91;13&#93;</a> by the following expression&#46;<elsevierMultimedia ident="eq0005"></elsevierMultimedia>where <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span> is the porosity of the sample in percentage&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">S</span> is the sintered density and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#961;</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf">T</span> is the theoretical density&#46; The densities used in the above Eq&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#eq0005">&#40;1&#41;</a> are in g&#47;cc&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hardness of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> layered composite was evaluated by the Vickers micro hardness tester&#46; The test was performed with a load of 50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g and a dwell time of 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>s in several regions of each layer along the direction of gradation&#46; Three point bending test is conducted to know the flexure strength of the subject FGMs&#46; The pure metal layer is placed at the bottom and the alumina rich composite layer is placed on top in position&#46; The intention behind the arrangement of the specimen is metals have more tensile strength and ceramics have maximum compressive strength&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The flexural test of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> composites was performed by INSTRON &#40;Model 4201&#41; universal testing machine with 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kN capacity load cell&#46; The test sample was prepared with a dimension of 40<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm and span distance was 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#46; The tests were conducted in three point bending mode at a loading rate of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#47;min&#46; The average of five sample values of each composition was taken as a final result&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Results and discussions</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Densification studies</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows the theoretical and green densities of subject FGMs&#46; The green density of four compositions was around 61&#46;8&#37; of theoretical density&#46; The sintered density and the corresponding porosity values of various compositions of FGMs consolidated at different cooling rates are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0015">Tables 3 and 4</a>&#46; The FGMs consolidated at a higher cooling rate &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#41; showed higher sintered density as compared to lower cooling rate &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#41; sintered FGMs&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#44; the FGMs of PLS15 had exhibited highest sintered density increments&#44; in the range of 3&#8211;4&#37;&#44; as compared to the PLS20 and PLS25 FGMs&#46; This may be due to the bonding difference between Ni and Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> in layers 3 and 4 of FGMs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46; The increase of ceramic composition in the layers 3 and 4 of PLS20 and PLS25 FGMs could increase the apparent viscosity of the matrix that enriches the chances of air setup <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175">&#91;14&#93;</a>&#46; This is the main reason for an increase in the porosity of PLS20 and PLS25 FGMs&#46; It can be observed that the density variation between PLS10 and PLS15 FGMs is negligible&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Microstructural studies</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>a and b shows the BSE micrographs of PLS15 and PLS25 FGMs&#46; From the images&#44; four layered structure is perceived&#46; The pure nickel layer is in light phase and the composite layers are seen in gradient dark phase&#46; The microstructure of each layer is different from the adjoining layers and stepwise variation is observed&#46; The bonding of Ni and Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> in composite layers is fine and the interfaces of all four layers have appropriate linkages with contiguous layers&#46; The gradient coefficient of thermal expansion is caused for the crack free interference and uniform structures in both sintered FGMs&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The BSE micrographs and the corresponding EDS analysis of layer 3 of PLS15 FGM sintered with different cooling rates are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#8211;h&#46; The EDS analysis of subject FGMs confirmed that the existence of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;Region<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#41; particles in Ni &#40;Region<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41; matrix&#46; The size of alumina grains in numerous regions of sintered layers of PLS15 FGM was estimated from <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a and e through Image-J software&#46; The calculations were performed from more than 100 particles for each condition&#46; The particle size frequency distribution of FGMs at 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>d and h&#46; It is observed that cooling rate has a significant effect on the size of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> particles&#46; The microstructure of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooled sample showed fine particles of alumina &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>h&#41; in the Ni matrix&#46; On the other hand&#44; the precipitation of large sized alumina particles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>d&#41; was observed in the microstructure of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooled sample&#46; Similar observations were made in the microstructure of PLS25 FGM sintered under the cooling rate of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0020">Fig&#46; 4</a>a&#8211;h&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a> shows the average size of alumina particles in numerous regions of sintered layers of subject FGMs&#46; It can be noted that there is a large deviation with the size of alumina particles in the respective layers of PLS15 and PLS25 samples&#46; The average size of alumina particles in layer 4 of PLS15 FGM at 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min is 11&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#46; However&#44; the value increased to 21&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m in layer 4 of PLS25 FGM for the same condition&#46; This is due to the difference in the elemental concentration of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> particles in the layer 4 of PLS15 and PLS25 FGMs&#46; The large concentration &#40;75&#37;&#41; of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> in layer 4 of PLS25 caused the formation of coarse sized Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> particles&#46; Increasing ceramic particle concentration in the base matrix can apparently increase the final size of the reinforced particle <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180">&#91;15&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0025"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>a&#8211;d shows the SEM micrographs in layer 4 of PLS15 and PLS25 FGMs sintered with a cooling rate of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min respectively&#46; The PLS15 FGM sintered at a cooling rate of 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>a&#41; had large sized pores&#46; On the other hand&#44; the 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooled FGM &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>a&#41; had small sized pores&#46; This indicates that the pore size reduced as the sinter-cooling rate increased&#46; On the contrary&#44; PLS25 FGM at a higher cooling rate &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#41; had large sized pores &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>d&#41;&#46; This is because of the variation in the layered composition between PLS15 and PLS25 FGMs&#46; The high concentration of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41; and precipitation of coarse sized particles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41; in PLS25 FGM may increase the size of pores <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185">&#91;16&#93;</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0025"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Hardness</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The hardness results of different layers of subject FGMs at different cooling rates are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a> and the corresponding values are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#46; The average of eight values taken from different regions of each layer is considered for the final results&#46; As seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>&#44; the hardness of pure nickel layer &#40;1&#41; of subject FGMs is in the range of 128&#8211;130 HV&#46; The variation in hardness is observed from pure nickel layer to composite layers of subject FGMs&#46; It can be found that the hardness increases fast with the increase of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> concentration in the respective layers&#46; When increasing the concentration of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> from 0&#37; &#40;layer 1&#41; to 45&#37; &#40;layer4&#41;&#44; the hardness increments of PLS15 FGM are in the range of 32&#8211;36&#37; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0030">Table 6</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0030"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0030"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of PLS25 sample&#44; when increasing the alumina content from 0&#37; &#40;layer 1&#41; to 75&#37; &#40;layer 4&#41;&#44; the hardness increments is in the range of 28&#8211;32&#37;&#46; The reason for this variation is due to the difference in porosity values as observed in the samples &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41;&#46; The sample of PLS15 got less porosity when compared to the sample of PLS25&#46; Because of this reason&#44; PLS15 composite layers reported higher hardness when compared to PLS25 composite layers&#46; As seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>a&#8211;d&#44; the hardness of layer 4 of PLS15 FGM sinter-cooled by 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min is 205 HV&#44; which is higher than the 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooled FGM with a hardness of 188 HV&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Flexural strength</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The stress&#8211;strain curves of subject FGMs consolidated at different cooling rates are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a> and the corresponding flexural strength values are listed in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0035">Table 7</a>&#46; The PLS15 FGMs sinter-cooled by 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min underwent 6&#37; plastic deformation prior to fracture and flexural strength is 140<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MPa&#46; This value is significantly higher than the PLS25 sample of the same condition with a flexural strength of 126<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MPa&#46; The high strength of PLS15 sample is primarily attributed to less porosity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0025">Fig&#46; 5</a>b&#41; as well as high hardness &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0030">Fig&#46; 6</a>c&#41; observed after sintering&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0035"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0035"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is also noted that better flexural strength seems to be exhibited by higher cooling rate &#40;20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#41; sintered samples compared to lower cooling rate &#40;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#41; sintered samples&#46; This is due to homogenous dispersion of fine grained ceramic particles in the base matrix &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3e and 4e</a>&#41; as obtained with higher sinter-cooling rates&#46; Moreover&#44; the reduced levels of porosity at a sinter-cooling rate of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41; also contribute towards improvement in the strength of the samples&#46; It is to be noted that the flexural strength increases with an increase in the hardness of subject FGMs&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Variation in the flexural strength with respect to the porosity and the particle size of subject FGMs are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0040">Fig&#46; 8</a>a and b&#46; It can be seen that the strength increase with the decrease in porosity and particle size&#46; The less porosity &#40;12&#37;&#41; and smallest alumina particle of size 7&#46;6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m obtained for PLS15 FGM sinter-cooled at 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min registered the higher flexural strength values&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0040"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Discussion on the effect of cooling rate in composite layers</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is worth noting that the sintered density of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs increases with increase in cooling rate during pressure less sintering&#46; It is considered due to particle size variation in respective composite layers&#46; The small size particles as formed at higher cooling rates &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0025">Table 5</a>&#41; have large mass transportation that eliminates the porosity <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190">&#91;17&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microstructure of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs was studied as a function of cooling rate used during pressure-less sintering&#46; The degree of precipitation is low for the FGMs sintered with the higher cooling rate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>e&#41; as compared to lower cooling rate &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>a&#41;&#46; FGMs of all compositions consolidated by 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min showed high quantity large sized alumina particles in the Ni matrix&#46; On the other hand&#44; less quantity of small sized alumina particles is presented the Ni matrix of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooled FGMs&#46; This is a reasonable observation because the time for precipitation of coarse sized ceramic particles is low at higher sinter-cooling rates <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195">&#91;18&#44;19&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is deduced that 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooled samples of all compositions show lesser hardness&#46; The decrement on the hardness values can be based on uneven distribution of large sized ceramic particles &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0015">Figs&#46; 3a and 4a</a>&#41; in the base matrix&#46; These high quantities large particles may deteriorate the precipitation strengthening which could lead to poor interface between reinforced particle and base matrix <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205">&#91;20&#93;</a>&#46; This is the main reason for early deformation as observed in lower sinter-cooled FGMs &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0035">Fig&#46; 7</a>&#41;&#46; Nevertheless&#44; higher sinter-cooling rate with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min exhibited better bending properties&#46; This is due to uniform distribution of ceramic particles in the base matrix and thus weakens the stress concentration at the interface <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210">&#91;21&#93;</a>&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding experimental factors&#44; it is worthwhile to notice that the sinter-cooling rate and layered composition played a relevant role to define the mechanical properties of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs&#46; The results reveal that the density&#44; hardness and strength of FGMs significantly improved by increase of cooling rate&#44; but when cooling rate is above 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; the properties increases slowly&#46; It can be pointed out that the density &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0010">Tables 2 and 3</a>&#41; and porosity &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>&#41; variation between PLS10 and PLS15 FGMs and also between PLS20 and PLS25 FGMs are negligible&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conclusions</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A four-layered Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGM samples are obtained by a simple method of cold compacting and pressure-less sintering with different sinter-cooling rates&#46; Four samples of PLS10&#44; PLS15&#44; PLS20 and PLS25 with different compositional gradients are prepared&#46; From the micrographs&#44; the variation in microstructures with respect to composite layer is noticed&#46; The compositional elements of subject FGMs are confirmed with the EDS technique and no other material is found except constituent materials in all layers&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this work we demonstrated that<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The increase in the porosity of PLS20 and PLS25 composite layers is observed&#46; It has been suggested that the increase of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> concentration in composite layers leads to decrease of the final density of the sample&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microstructural studies proved that the layer composition with sinter-cooling rate has a significant effect on the degree of precipitation and ceramic particle size&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hardness test revealed that the hardness of PLS15 composition with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min fast-cooled FGM is more pronounced than the hardness recorded at all other conditions&#46; The reduction in porosity and even dispersion of fine particles of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> was the cause for this expected behaviour&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One can note that hardness increases with increase of Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> concentration in the respective layers of subject FGMs&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">&#8226;</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hardness results are correlated with bending properties of subject FGMs&#46;</p></li></ul></p><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the view of the above findings&#44; Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGM of PLS15 layered composition fabricated by pressure less sintering with a cooling rate of 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min appears to exhibit possible formation of microstructure and better mechanical properties&#46;</p></span></span>"
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            0 => "Functionally graded material"
            1 => "Nickel"
            2 => "Alumina"
            3 => "Powder metallurgy"
            4 => "Cooling rate"
          ]
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          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1404514"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Material funcionalmente calificado"
            1 => "N&#237;quel"
            2 => "Al&#250;mina"
            3 => "Metalurgia de polvos"
            4 => "Velocidad de enfriamiento"
          ]
        ]
      ]
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In this work&#44; four-layered functionally graded materials &#40;FGMs&#41; are fabricated with nickel &#40;Ni&#41; and alumina &#40;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; as principle materials&#46; Four FGMs of different compositional layers such as PLS10&#44; PLS15&#44; PLS20 and PLS25 are prepared through powder metallurgy&#46; Developing the Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs starts with weighing the elementary powders&#44; blending&#44; stacking and cold compacting followed by pressure-less sintering&#46; The sintering is performed at 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C for 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min with different cooling rates such as 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min and 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min respectively&#46; In microstructural context&#44; SEM micrographs are the clear evidence for varying microstructure with different percentages of raw materials and cooling rate&#46; Energy dispersive spectroscopy &#40;EDS&#41; technique is used to determine the composition of sintered FGM samples&#46; As a part of mechanical characterization&#44; both green and sintered densities&#44; hardness and flexural strength are evaluated&#46; The results indicate that densities decrease steadily with increased alumina composition and hardness increases with alumina content&#46; The use of PLS15 layer composition with 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min sinter-cooling rate promoted the best results for the subject FGMs&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En este trabajo&#44; los materiales graduados funcionalmente de cuatro capas &#40;FGM&#41; se fabrican con n&#237;quel &#40;Ni&#41; y al&#250;mina &#40;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&#41; como materiales principales&#46; Cuatro FGM de diferentes capas de composici&#243;n como PLS10&#44; PLS15&#44; PLS20 y PLS25 se preparan a trav&#233;s de pulvimetalurgia&#46; El desarrollo de las FGM de Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> comienza pesando los polvos elementales&#44; mezclando&#44; apilando y compactando en fr&#237;o&#44; seguido de sinterizaci&#243;n sin presi&#243;n&#46; La sinterizaci&#243;n se realiza a 1200<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C durante 90<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min con diferentes velocidades de enfriamiento&#44; como 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min y 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#44; respectivamente&#46; En el contexto microestructural&#44; las micrograf&#237;as SEM son la evidencia clara de la variaci&#243;n de la microestructura con diferentes porcentajes de materias primas y velocidad de enfriamiento&#46; La t&#233;cnica de espectroscopia de dispersi&#243;n de energ&#237;a &#40;EDS&#41; se utiliza para determinar la composici&#243;n de muestras de FGM sinterizadas&#46; Como parte de la caracterizaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica&#44; se eval&#250;an las densidades verdes y sinterizadas&#44; la dureza y la resistencia a la flexi&#243;n&#46; Los resultados indican que las densidades disminuyen constantemente con una mayor composici&#243;n de al&#250;mina y la dureza aumenta con el contenido de al&#250;mina&#46; El uso de la composici&#243;n de la capa PLS15 con una velocidad de enfriamiento de sinterizaci&#243;n de 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min promovi&#243; los mejores resultados para las FGM del sujeto&#46;</p></span>"
      ]
    ]
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BSE micrographs of &#40;a&#41; PLS15 and &#40;b&#41; PLS25 samples&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">BSE micrographs and EDS analysis of PLS25 samples&#58; consolidated at &#40;a&#41;&#8211;&#40;d&#41; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;e&#41;&#8211;&#40;h&#41; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 5"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Hardness of FGMs consolidated at different cooling rates&#58; &#40;a&#41; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;b&#41; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;c&#41; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;d&#41; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stress&#8211;strain curves of FGMs consolidated at different cooling rates&#58; &#40;a&#41; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;b&#41; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;c&#41; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#59; &#40;d&#41; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Variation of flexural strength with &#40;a&#41; porosity and &#40;b&#41; particle size&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Sample designation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Layer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Chemical composition &#40;wt&#46;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PLS10</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37; Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">90&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>10&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">80&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">70&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">PLS15</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37; Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">85&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">70&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>30&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>45&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS20</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37; Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>40&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">60&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">40&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS25</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#8211;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37; Ni&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">50&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>50&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&#37; Ni<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#43;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>75&#37; Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2667618.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Layered composition of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      9 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at2"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Theoretical density &#40;g&#47;cc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Green density &#40;g&#47;cc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2667619.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Theoretical and green density of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      10 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at3"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:2 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Samples&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cooling rate &#8211; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cooling rate &#8211; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sintered density &#40;g&#47;cc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative density &#40;&#37; Th&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sintered density &#40;g&#47;cc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative density &#40;&#37; Th&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;16&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">84&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">78&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2667617.png"
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Samples&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cooling rate &#8211; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Cooling rate &#8211; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sintered density &#40;g&#47;cc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative density &#40;&#37; Th&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sintered density &#40;g&#47;cc&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Relative density &#40;&#37; Th&#46;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">87&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">83&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2667622.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Sintered density of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      11 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0020"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at4"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Samples&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cooling rate &#8211; 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cooling rate &#8211; 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cooling rate &#8211; 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cooling rate &#8211; 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C&#47;min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Porosity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Porosity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Porosity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Porosity &#40;&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;85&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">18&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;62&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">19&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;44&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab2667620.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Porosity of Ni&#47;Al<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span>O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">3</span> FGMs&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      12 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0025"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 5"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at5"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Sample&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cooling rate &#40;&#176;C&#47;min&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Layer 2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Layer 3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Layer 4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Average particle size &#40;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Particle size &#40;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Particle size &#40;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Particle size &#40;&#956;m&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS15</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;26&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;72&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;61&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " rowspan="4" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">PLS25</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">38&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">23&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;39&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">17&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;74&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  """
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Article information
ISSN: 03663175
Original language: English
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