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Vol. 74. Issue 6.
Pages 321-324 (December 2003)
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Vol. 74. Issue 6.
Pages 321-324 (December 2003)
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Estándares de calidad e instrumentación necesaria en la cirugía del cáncer de recto bajo
Standards of quality and instrumentation required for the laparotomic approach in the surgery of the lower rectum
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Hector Ortiz1
Corresponding author
hortizhu@cfnavarra.es

Correspondencia: Dr. H. Ortiz. Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital Virgen del Camino. Irunlarrea, 4. 31008 Pamplona. España.
Servicio de Cirugía General. Hospital Virgen del Camino. Pamplona. España.
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Resumen
Introducción

Una de las características del tratamiento del cáncer de recto bajo es la gran variabilidad de los resultados presentados en la bibliografía. Los excelentes resultados conseguidos por algunos cirujanos en el tratamiento del cáncer de recto bajo con la técnica denominada exéresis total del mesorrecto han conllevado la modificación de los estándares en el tratamiento del cáncer de recto. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido describir los estándares y la instrumentación necesaria para conseguirlos.

Material y método

Se han revisado en MEDLINE los artículos prospectivos, aleatorizados o no, sobre la exéresis total del mesorrecto que hubieran empleado o no tratamientos neoadyuvante entre los años 1998 y 2003, y que no hubieran sido elaborados exclusivamente por un centro hospitalario, sino desarrollados en áreas geográficas en las que participaran múltiples centros e incluso proyectos nacionales, con el fin de determinar si los excelentes resultados obtenidos por algunos cirujanos pueden ser conseguidos por la comunidad quirúrgica.

Resultados

En total, se han encontrado 8 artículos que cumplían las características indicadas y en los que se consideran los siguientes estándares adecuados de la calidad de la cirugía curativa: tasa de mortalidad operatoria del 2-3%, dehiscencia anastomótica del 9-12%, operaciones con preservación esfinteriana del 65-70%, recidiva local del 4-9% sin tratamiento neoadyuvante y del 1,5-2,4% con este tratamiento, y mortalidad por cáncer del 9 y del 27% según el tiempo de seguimiento fuera de 4 o 2 años, respectivamente.

Conclusión

Todos los estudios publicados sugieren que la introducción de la exéresis del mesorrecto ha mejorado los estándares provinciales o nacionales. Por otra parte, estos estudios sugieren que para conseguir estos resultados se requiere un proceso docente de los cirujanos y una auditoría de los resultados, tanto de la calidad del espécimen quirúrgico como de los estándares para los indicadores habituales.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer
Recto
Vía Laparotómica
Estándares
Introduction

One of the characteristics of the treatment of lower rectal cancer is the wide variability in the results reported in the literature. The excellent results achieved by some surgeons in the treatment of lower rectal cancer with the technique known as total mesorectal excision have modified standards in the treatment of rectal cancer. This study aims to describe the standards and instrumentation required to achieve them.

Material and method

Prospective, randomized and nonrandomzied studies published between 1998 and 2003 on total mesorectal excision were retrieved from MEDLINE, irrespective of whether they had used neoadjuvant treatment. Studies performed in a single center were rejected and those performed in geographical areas with the participation of multiple centers and even national projects were selected to identify whether the excellent results achieved by some surgeons could be reproduced by the surgical community.

Results

Eight articles fulfilled the selection criteria. In these, the following quality standards of curative surgery were considered adequate: operative mortality rate: 2-3%; anastomotic dehiscence: 9-12%; sphincter- preserving interventions: 65-70%; local recurrence rate without neoadjuvant treatment: 4-9% and 1.5-2.4% with neoadjuvant treatment; and mortality from cancer between 9% and 27% according to whether the follow-up period was 4 or 2 years, respectively.

Conclusion

All the published studies suggest that the introduction of total mesorectal excision has improved provincial and national standards. In addition, these studies indicate that the following are necessary to achieve these results: surgical training, audit of the results both of quality and the surgical specimen and of standards for commonly used indicators.

Key words:
Cancer
Rectum
Laparotomic approach
Standards
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Colorectal Dis, 5 (2003), pp. 180-184
Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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