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Inicio Cirugía Española Ligadura hemorroidal mediante aspiración con dispositivo desechable
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Vol. 71. Issue 6.
Pages 296-301 (June 2002)
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Vol. 71. Issue 6.
Pages 296-301 (June 2002)
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Ligadura hemorroidal mediante aspiración con dispositivo desechable
Hemorrhoid ligation through aspiration with a disposable device
Visits
9260
Carlos Placer1
Corresponding author
caplacer@teleline.es

Correspondencia: Dr. C. Placer Galán. Apdo. de correos 1690. 20080 San Sebastián.
, Miguel Ángel Medrano, Ignacio Goena
Servicios de Cirugía. Hospital Donostia
Elisabet Bolloa
a Hospital de Zumárraga
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Resumen
Introducción

La ligadura elástica se ha convertido en una de las técnicas no quirúrgicas de elección en el tratamiento de las hemorroides no complicadas. Se presenta la experiencia a medio plazo con esta técnica que podría sustituir, en buen número de casos, al tratamiento quirúrgico.

Pacientes y método

Estudio prospectivo y descriptivo de los pacientes tratados en un servicio de cirugía con hemorroides sintomáticas no complicadas durante enero de 1997 a marzo de 2000. Tras estudio clínico y endoscópico se clasificaron los pacientes en grados de Goligher. En consulta externa y sin preparación previa se realizó la sesión de banding con un dispositivo desechable por aspiración con disparo frontal. Se repitieron las sesiones con un intervalo de 3 semanas. Todos los pacientes fueron revisados a las 3 semanas, los 3 y los 6 meses. Durante dos períodos (entre junio y julio de 1999 y entre septiembre y octubre de 2000) un auditor externo del hospital realizó una encuesta telefónica.

Resultados

Un total de 265 pacientes han sido tratados mediante banding durante dicho período. Dieciséis pacientes (6%) fueron excluidos al no poder completar su seguimiento. De los 249 incluidos en el estudio la edad media fue de 47,7 ± 12,5 años (límites, 22-80); 177 fueron varones (71,1%) y 72, mujeres (28,9%). La distribución por grados fue: 34 pacientes, I (13,7%); 128, II (51,4%); 81, III (32,5%), y 6 pacientes con un paquete hemorroidal único (2,4%), IV. La clínica principal de presentación fue de hemorragia en el 100% de los casos, dolor en el 67% y otros (prurito, prolapso, etc.) en el 39%. Se colocaron una media de 1,95 ± 0,75 bandas por sesión (1-4 bandas) y se realizaron una media de 2,04 ± 1,09 sesiones por paciente (1-7 sesiones). En total se emplearon 3,98 ± 1,95 bandas por paciente. En 169 (67,8%) pacientes no hubo dolor tras el procedimiento, salvo sensación transitoria de tenesmo, en 74 (29,7%) apareció dolor moderado durante las primeras 24 h y en 6 (2,5%) el dolor fue intenso y/o prolongado durante más de 24 h, por lo que se precisó analgesia. Veintisiete pacientes (10,8%) presentaron sangrado leve, que cesó de manera espontánea. Aparecieron complicaciones graves en 8 pacientes (3,2%): 6 casos con dolor intenso (incluyendo un caso de trombosis aguda que precisó una hemorroidectomía de urgencia y otro caso de prolapso agudo hemorroidal que se trató de forma conservadora), y dos hemorragias importantes. En 28 pacientes (11,2%) la técnica fracasó, por lo que se remitieron a cirugía programada.

El tiempo medio de seguimiento ha sido de 10,3 meses (6-16 meses). Los resultados fueron: 121 pacientes asintomáticos (48,6%), 81 mucho mejor (32,5%), 14 mejor (5,6%), 27 igual (10,8%) y 6 peor (2,5%). Cuando se les preguntó sobre su grado de satisfacción con la técnica empleada, 244 pacientes (97,9%) contestaron que volverían a intentar el mismo tratamiento, incluidos algunos de los que presentaron complicación o precisaron posterior cirugía.

Discusión

En nuestra experiencia, la ligadura elástica es el tratamiento de primera elección en los pacientes con hemorroides sintomáticas no complicadas de grados I, II y III. Sus buenos resultados superan el 86% de los casos, con un porcentaje de complicaciones inferior al 4%, presencia de dolor intenso y/o prolongado en menos del 3% y un porcentaje de fracasos del 11,2%.

La eficacia, facilidad de aprendizaje y reproducibilidad de resultados con esta técnica deberían cuestionar los hábitos de tratamiento de la enfermedad hemorroidal en nuestros hospitales, reduciendo el número de intervenciones quirúgicas.

Palabras clave:
Hemorroides
Ligadura elástica
Boding Hemorroidal
Introduction

Rubber band ligation has become one of the non-surgical techniques of choice in the treatment of uncomplicated hemorrhoids. We present our medium-term experience with this technique which could, in many cases, substitute surgical treatment.

Patients and methods

We performed a prospective descriptive study of the patients with symptomatic uncomplicated hemorrhoids treated in a surgery department between January 1997 and March 2000. Clinical and endoscopic examination was performed and the patients were classified according to Goligher’s grades. Banding sessions were performed in an outpatient clinic and without prior preparation using a disposable suction device with frontal shoots. The sessions were repeated after a 3-month interval. All the patients were followed-up at 3 weeks, 3 and 6 months. In two periods (between June and July 1999 and September and October 2000) an auditor external to the hospital performed a telephone survey.

Results

Two hundred sixty-five patients were treated during the period. Sixteen patients (6%) were excluded because they were unable to complete the follow-up. The mean age of the 249 patients included in the study was 47.7 ± 12.5 years (range: 22-80); 177 (71.1%) were men and 72 (28.9%) were women. The distribution according to stage was as follows: stage I: 34 patients (13.7%); stage II: 128 patients (51.4%); stage III: 81 patients (32.5%) and stage IV: 6 patients with a single hemorrhoid (2.4%). The main presenting symptom was hemorrhage in 100% of the patients, pain in 67%, and other (pruritus, prolapse, etc.) in 39%. The mean number of bands placed per session was 1.95 ± 0.75 (1–4 bands) and the mean number of sessions per patient was 2.04 ± 1.09 (1-7 sessions). In total, 3.98 ± 1.95 bands per patient were used. One hundred sixty-nine patients (67.8%) experienced no pain after the procedure except for a transitory sensation of tenesmus, 74 patients (29.7%) experienced moderate pain in the first 24 hours and 6 patients (2.5%) experienced severe and/or prolonged pain for more than 24 hours and required analgesics. Twentyseven patients (10.8%) presented slight bleeding that stopped spontaneously. Severe complications were found in eight patients (3.2%): six patients presented severe pain (including one patient with acute thrombosis who required emergency hemorrhoidectomy and another patient with acute hemorrhoidal prolapse who received conservative treatment), and two patients presented severe bleeding. Twenty-eight patients (11.2%) were treatment failures and were referred for elective surgery. The mean duration of follow-up was 10.3 months (6–16 months). The results were as follows: 121 patients (48.6%) were asymptomatic, 81 (2.5%) were much better, 14 (5.6%) were better, 27 (10.8%) were the same and 6 (2.5%) were worse. When asked about their degree of satisfaction with the technique used, 244 patients (97.9%) reported they would undergo the same treatment again, including some who presented complications or required subsequent surgery.

Discussion

In our experience, rubber band ligation is the treatment of choice in patients with stage I-III uncomplicated symptomatic hemorrhoids. The results are good in more than 86% of patients, complications are found in less than 4%, severe and/or prolonged pain is present in less than 3% and the percentage of treatment failures is 11.2%. Because the technique is effective, easy to learn and provides reproducible results, the treatment of hemorrhoidal disorders in our hospitals should be questioned and the number of surgical interventions reduced.

Key words:
Hemorrhoids
Rubber band ligation
Hemorrhoidal boding
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Copyright © 2002. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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