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Vol. 72. Issue 2.
Pages 84-91 (August 2002)
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Vol. 72. Issue 2.
Pages 84-91 (August 2002)
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Resultados a largo plazo de un estudio prospectivo aleatorio comparando el tratamiento médico y el quirúrgico en el esófago de Barrett
Long-term results of a prospective randomized study comparing medical with surgical treatment in Barrett’s esophagus
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Luisa F. Martínez de Haro, Ángeles Ortiz, Vicente Munítiz, Joaquín Molina, Juan Bermejo, Manuel Canteras, Pascual Parrilla1
Servicio de Cirugía. Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca. El Palmar. Murcia
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Resumen
Introducción

El tratamiento del esófago de Barrett (EB) es controvertido. A pesar de que tanto el tratamiento médico como el quirúrgico son igualmente eficaces para el control de los síntomas, ninguno de ellos es capaz de eliminar el segmento metaplásico. No obstante, existen algunos estudios clínicos que sugieren que la cirugía podría ser más efectiva que el tratamiento conservador para prevenir la progresión del EB a displasia y adenocarcinoma. Sin embargo, hacen falta más estudios comparativos prospectivos para resolver esta cuestión. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los resultados del tratamiento conservador y la cirugía antirreflujo en pacientes con esófago de Barrett.

Métodos

Hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo aleatorio en 101 pacientes con EB, 43 con tratamiento médico y 58 con cirugía antirreflujo. En todos los pacientes se realizó una evaluación clínica, endoscópica e histológica tras el tratamiento. En todos los pacientes operados, así como en un subgrupo de pacientes sometidos a tratamiento conservador, se realizaron estudios funcionales. El seguimiento mediano fue de 5 años (rango, 1-18) en el grupo de tratamiento médico y de 6 años (rango, 1-18) en el grupo de tratamiento quirúrgico.

Resultados

En 39 de 43 pacientes (91%) del grupo de tratamiento médico se obtuvieron resultados clínicos satisfactorios (excelentes y buenos), así como en 53 de 58 pacientes (91%) del grupo sometido a cirugía antirreflujo. La persistencia de lesiones inflamatorias añadidas, como esofagitis y estenosis, fue significativamente superior en el grupo de tratamiento médico (p < 0,05). La longitud del segmento metaplásico disminuyó en un 50% de los pacientes intervenidos frente a sólo un 7% de los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento conservador (p < 0,001). Los estudios funcionales postoperatorios demostraron una disminución significativa en el porcentaje mediano de tiempo total con pH < 4, aunque hay que señalar que 9 de 58 pacientes (15%) presentaron tasas patológicas de reflujo ácido. El porcentaje de casos con displasia de novo fue significativamente menor (p < 0,05) en el grupo de pacientes con cirugía antirreflujo eficaz que en el de tratamiento conservador. La displasia grave apareció en 2 de 43 pacientes (5%) del grupo de tratamiento conservador y 2 de 58 pacientes (3%) del grupo de tratamiento quirúrgico, sin diferencias significativas. En este último grupo, los 2 pacientes presentaron recidiva clínica y pHmétrica. No hubo ningún caso de malignización tras la cirugía antirreflujo eficaz. El estudio con Bilitec demostró que la cirugía fue más eficaz para controlar el reflujo biliar al esófago.

Conclusiones

Nuestros resultados apoyan la hipótesis de que la cirugía antirreflujo eficaz, al controlar completamente el reflujo ácido y biliopancreático al esófago, parece prevenir mejor que el tratamiento conservador la progresión del EB a displasia y adenocarcinoma.

Palabras clave:
Esófago de Barrett
Fundoplicatura de Nissen
Inhibidores de la bomba de protones
Introduction

Treatment of Barrett’s esophagus is controversial. Although both medical and surgical treatment are equally effective in controlling symptoms, neither is able to eliminate the metaplastic segment. Nevertheless, some clinical studies suggest that surgery could be more effective than conservative treatment in preventing the progression of Barrett’s esophagus to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. However, further prospective comparative studies are required to resolve this debate. The aim of this study was to compare the results of conservative treatment with those of antireflux surgery in patients with Barrett’s esophagus.

Methods

We performed a prospective randomized study in 101 patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Fortythree patients were treated medically and 58 underwent antireflux surgery. All patients underwent clinical, endoscopic and histological evaluation after treatment. In all surgicallytreated patients, as well as in the subgroup that underwent conservative treatment, functional studies were performed. The median follow-up was 5 years (range: 1-18) in the medicallytreated group and was 6 years (range: 1-19) in the surgically-treated group.

Results

Satisfactory results (excellent and good) were obtained in 39/43 patients (91%) in the medically- treated group and in 53/58 patients (91%) in the group that underwend antireflux surgery. The persistence of additional inflammatory lesions such as esophagitis and stenosis was significantly greater in the medically-treated group (p < 0,05). The length of the metaplastic segment was reduced in 50% of the surgically-treated patients compared with only 7% of those undergoing conservative treatment (p < 0.001). Postoperative functional studies showed a significant reduction in the median percentages of total time that pH was < 4, although 9/58 patients (15%) presented abnormal rates of acid reflux. The percentage of patients with de novo dysplasia was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the group of patients in whom antireflux surgery was effective than in the conservatively-treated group. Severe aplasia develope in 2/43 patients (5%) in the conservatively-treated group in 2/58 (3%) in the surgically-teated group. The differences between groups were not significant. The two patients in the latter group presented recurrence observe clinically and by pH-metry. No malignant processes were found in patients in whom antireflux surgery was effective. Bilitec study showed that surgery was more effective in controlling biliary reflux to the esophagus.

Conclusions

Our results support the hypothesis that, by completely controlling acid and biliopancreatic reflux to the esophagus, effective antireflux surgery seems to be more successful than conservative treatment in preventing progression of Barrett’s esophagus to dysplasia and adenocarcinoma.

Key words:
Barrett´s esophagus
Nissen fundoplication
Proton pump inhibitors
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Copyright © 2002. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
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