metricas
covid
Buscar en
Cirugía Española
Toda la web
Inicio Cirugía Española Tratamiento adyuvante y resultados
Journal Information
Vol. 73. Issue 1.
Pages 38-45 (January 2003)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 73. Issue 1.
Pages 38-45 (January 2003)
Full text access
Tratamiento adyuvante y resultados
Adjuvant treatment and results
Visits
7686
Cristina Grávalos Castroa,1
Corresponding author
cgravalos@terra.es

Correspondencia: Dra. C. Grávalos Castro. Micenas, 126. 28230 Las Rozas. Madrid. España.
, M.a Ángeles Pérez Escutiabb
a Servicios de Oncología Médica
b Oncología Radioterápica. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España.
This item has received
Article information
Resumen

Aproximadamente el 50% de los pacientes tratados con cirugía con intención curativa fallecerán por recurrencia del cáncer colorrectal. La quimioterapia (QT) adyuvante aumenta la supervivencia libre de enfermedad y la supervivencia global en el estadio III del cáncer de colon, y es controvertida en el estadio II, salvo en pacientes de alto riesgo. Actualmente el 5- fluorouracilo (5-FU) y leucovorín (LV), administrado por vía intravenosa durante 6 meses, se considera el régimen más adecuado. No existe ninguna opción terapéutica estándar tras la resección de metástasis, pero en la práctica clínica diaria se suele emplear 5- FU/LV durante 6 meses. En metástasis hepáticas irresecables de inicio, la QT neoadyuvante logra una reducción del tamaño del tumor y permite resecciones completas en casos seleccionados. Los pacientes ancianos con buen estado general pueden beneficiarse de la QT igual que los más jóvenes. En estadios II y III de cáncer de recto, la administración postoperatoria de radioterapia pélvica y quimioterapia basada en 5-FU disminuye la recidiva local y aumenta la supervivencia. La eficacia de nuevos citostáticos, como las fluoropirimidinas orales (UFT, capecitabina), raltitrexed, irinotecán y oxaliplatino, se está estudiando en ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La identificación de nuevos factores pronósticos permitirá seleccionar a subgrupos de mayor riesgo que puedan necesitar terapias más agresivas.

Palabras clave:
Cáncer de colon
Cáncer de recto
Quimioterapia
Inmunoterapia
Radioterapia
Adyuvante
Neoadyuvante
Estudios aleatorizados
Ancianos

Despite curative surgery, approximately 50% of patients with colorectal cancer will die due to disease relapse. Adjuvant chemotherapy has been shown to improve disease free survival and overall survival in patients with stage III colon cancer, and remains controversial in stage II, except for patients with high-risk characteristics. 5Fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (LV) given intravenuously for 6 months is the reference regimen. There is no a standard therapy after metastases resection, but 5-FU/LV for 6 months is often offered in the clinical practice. In selected cases of non-resectable metastases, the tumor size may be reduced by neoadjuvant chemotherapy and a complete resection perfomed. Selected elderly patiens colon cancer can receive the same benefit as their younger counterparts. Combined-modality therapy (fluorouracil- based chemotherapy plus concurrent pelvic radiation) decreases local recurrence and improves overall survival in stage II and stage III rectal cancer. New drugs, such as oral fluoropyrimidines (UFT, capecitabine), raltitrexed, irinotecan and oxaliplatin, are being tested in randomized clinical trials. Identification of new pronostic factors will contribute to select subgroups of patients with higher risk of recurrence who would benefit with more aggressive treatment.

Key words:
Colon cancer
Rectal cancer
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Radiotherapy
Adjuvant
Neoadjuvant
Randomized trials
Elderly
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 5th ed. Philadelphia Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1997.
[2.]
L.L. Gunderson, H. Sosin.
Areas of failure found at reoperation (second or symptomatic look) following “curative surgery” for adenocarcinoma of the rectum: clinicopathologic correlation and implications for adjuvant therapy.
Cancer, 34 (1974), pp. 1278-1292
[3.]
Cohen A, Minsky B, Schilsky. Cancer of the colon. En: Vita V, Hellman S, Rosenberg S, editors. Cancer: principlespractice of oncology. 5th ed. 1997; p. 1144-97.
[4.]
T.B. Grage, S.E. Moss.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in cancer of the colon and rectum: demostration of effectiveness of prolonged 5-FU chemotherapy in a prospectively controlled randomized trial.
Surg Clin North Am, 61 (1981), pp. 1321-1329
[5.]
G.A. Higgins, L.E. Lee, R.W. Dwight.
The case for adjuvant 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer.
Cancer Clin Trials, 1 (1978), pp. 35
[6.]
J.D. Boice, M.H. Greene, J.Y. Killen, S.S. Ellenberg, R.J. Keehn, E. McFadden, et al.
Leukemia and pre-leukemia after adjuvant treatment of gastrointestinal cancer wiht semustine (methyl-CCNU).
N Engl J Med, 309 (1983), pp. 1079-1084
[7.]
M. Buyse, A. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, T.C. Chalmers.
Adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer: why we still don’t know.
JAMA, 259 (1998), pp. 3571-3578
[8.]
J.A. Laurie, C.G. Moertel, T.R. Fleming, H.S. Wieand, J.E. Leigh, J. Rubin, et al.
Surgical adjuvant therapy of large-bowel carcinoma: an evaluation of levamisole and the combination of levamisole and fluorouracil.
J Clin Oncol, 7 (1989), pp. 1447-1456
[9.]
C.G. Moertel, T.R. Fleming, J.S. Macdonald, D.G. Haller, J.A. Laurie, P.J. Goodman, et al.
Levamisole and fluorouracil for adjuvant therapy of resected colon carcinoma.
N Engl J Med, 322 (1990), pp. 352-358
[10.]
NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer.
JAMA, 264 (1990), pp. 1444-1450
[11.]
B.G. Taal, H. Van Tinteren, F.A. Zoetmulder.
Adjuvant 5-FU plus levamisol in colonic or rectal cancer: improved survival in stage II and III.
Br J Cancer, 85 (2001), pp. 1437-1443
[12.]
Advanced Colorectal Cancer Meta-Analysis Projet. Modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin in patients with advanced colorectal evidence in terms of response rate.
J Clin Oncol, 10 (1992), pp. 896-903
[13.]
M. O’Connell, J. Mailliard, M. Kahn, J.S. Macdonald, D.G. Haller, R.J. Mayer, et al.
Controlled trial of fluorouracil and low-dose leucovorin given for 6 months as postoperative adjuvant therapy for colon cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 15 (1997), pp. 246-250
[14.]
International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer.
Lancet, 345 (1995), pp. 939-944
[15.]
N. Wolmark, H. Rockette, B. Fisher, D.L. Wickerham, C. Redmond, E.R. Fisher, et al.
The benefit of leucovorin-modulated fluorouracil as postoperative adjuvant therapy for primary colon cancer: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project protocol C-03.
J Clin Oncol, 11 (1993), pp. 1879-1887
[16.]
D. Haller, P.J. Catalano, J.S. Macdonald, R.J. Mayer.
Fluorouracil, leucovorin and levamisole adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. Five year final report of INT-0089.
Proc Am Soc Clinic Oncol, 17 (1998), pp. 256a
[17.]
M. O’Connell, J.A. Laurie, M. Kahn, R.J. Fitzgibbons, C. Erlichman, L. Sheperd, et al.
Prospectively randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-risk colon cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 16 (1998), pp. 295-330
[18.]
N. Wolmark, H. Rockette, E. Mamounas, J. Jones, S. Wieand, D.L. Wickerham, et al.
Clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy of fluorouracil and leucovorin, fluorouracil and levamisole, and fluororuracil, leucovorin, and levamisole in patients with Dukes’ B and C carcinoma of the colon: Results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-04.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 3553-3559
[19.]
W.A. Bleeker, N.H. Mulder, J. Hermans, R. Otter, J.T. Plukker.
The addition of low-dose leucovorin to the combination of 5-fluorouracil-levamisole does not improve survival in the adjuvant treatment of Dukes’ C colon cancer. IKN Colon Trial Group..
Ann Oncol, 11 (2000), pp. 547-552
[20.]
R. Porschen, A. Bermann, T. Loffler, G. Haack, K. Rettig, Y. Anger, et al.
Fluorouracil plus leucovorin as effective adjuvant chemotherapy in curatively resected stage III colon cancer: results of the trial adjCCA-01.
J Clin Oncol, 19 (2001), pp. 1787-1794
[21.]
Comparison of fluorouracil with additional levamisole, higher-dose folinic acid, or both, as adjuvant chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: a randomised trial-QUASAR Collaborative Group..
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 1588-1596
[22.]
Meta-analysis Group in Cancer. Efficacy of intravenous continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil compared with bolus administration in advanced colorectal cancer..
J Clin Oncol, 16 (1998), pp. 301-308
[23.]
A. Saini, D. Cunningham, A. Norman, M.E. Hill, D. Tait, T. Hickish, et al.
Multicentre randomized trial of protracted venous infusion (PVI) 5- FU compared to 5-FU/folinic acid (5-FU/FA) as adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer..
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 19 (2000), pp. 240a
[24.]
E. Poplin, J. Benedetti, N. Estes, D. Haller, S. Mayer, R. Goldberg, et al.
Phase III randomized trial of bolus 5-FU/leucovorin/levamisol versus 5-FU continuous infusion/levamisole as adjuvant therapy for high risk colon cancer (SWOG 9415/INT-0153.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 19 (2000), pp. 240a
[25.]
T. Andre, P. Colin, E. Louvet, E. Gamelin, O. Bouche, E. Achille, et al.
Phase III trial (GERCOR C96.1) comparing bimonthly LV5-FU2 to monthly 5-FU-leucovorin hgi dose (LV hd) in patients with Dukes B2 and C colon cancer.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 21 (2002), pp. 133a
[26.]
Custem E Van, C. Twelves, J. Cassidy, D. Allman, E. Bajetta, M. Boyer, et al.
Oral capecitabine compared with intravenous fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a large phase III study.
J Clin Oncol, 19 (2001), pp. 4097-4106
[27.]
R. Pazdur, J.Y. Douillard, J.R. Skillings, P.D. Eisenberg, N. Davidson, P. Harper, et al.
Multicentre phase III study of UFT in combination with leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 18 (1999), pp. 263a
[28.]
T.S. Maughan, R.D. James, D.J. Kerr, J.A. Ledermann, C. McArdle, M.T. Seymour, a.l. et.
for the British MRC Colorectal Cancer Working Party. Comparison of survival, palliation, and quality of life with three chemotherapy regimens in metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial.
Lancet, 359 (2002), pp. 1555-1563
[29.]
J.Y. Douillard, D. Cunningham, A.D. Roth, M. Navarro, R.D. James, P. Karasek, et al.
Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial.
Lancet, 355 (2000), pp. 1041-1047
[30.]
Gramont A De, A. Figer, M. Seymour, M. Homerin, A. Hmissi, J. Cassidy, et al.
Leuvovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 8 (2000), pp. 2938-2947
[31.]
I. Chau, D. Cunningham.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer: state of the art.
Educational Book Am Soc Clin Oncol, 21 (2002), pp. 228-239
[32.]
E. Mamounas, S. Wieand, N. Wolmark, H.D. Bear, J.N. Atkins, J. Jones, et al.
Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes’ B versus Dukes’ C colon cancer: results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project adjuvants studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, and C-04.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 1349-1355
[33.]
International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of B2 Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT B2) Investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in B2 colon cancer.
J Clin Oncol, 17 (1999), pp. 1356-1363
[34.]
J. Scheele, R. Stangl, A. Altendorf-Hofmann, M. Paul.
Resection of colorectal liver metastases.
World J Surg, 19 (1995), pp. 59-71
[35.]
J.W. Smith, J.G. Fortner, M. Burt.
Resection of hepatic and pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer.
Surg Oncol, 1 (1992), pp. 399-404
[36.]
S. Iwatsuki, B.W. Shan, T.E. Starzl.
Experience with 150 liver resections.
Ann Surg, 197 (1983), pp. 247-253
[37.]
N. Kemeny, Y. Huang, A.M. Cohen, W. Shi, J.A. Conti, M.F. Brennan, et al.
Hepatic arterial infusion of chemotherapy after resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer.
N Engl J Med, 341 (1999), pp. 2039-2048
[38.]
M.M. Kemeny, S. Adak, B. Gray, J.S. Macdonald, T. Smith, S. Lipsitz, et al.
Combined-modality treatment for resectable metastatic colorectal carcinoma to the liver: surgical resection of hepatic metastases in combination with continuous infusion of chemotherapy –an intergroup study.
J Clin Oncol, 20 (2002), pp. 1499-1505
[39.]
S. Giacchetti, M. Itzhaki, G. Gruia, R. Adam, R. Zidani, F. Kunstlinger, et al.
Long-term survival of patients with irresectable colorectal cancer liver metastases following infusional chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and surgery.
Ann Oncol, 10 (1999), pp. 663-669
[40.]
H. Bismuth, R. Adam, F. Levi, C. Farabos, F. Waechter, D. Castaing, et al.
Resection of nonresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Ann Surg, 224 (1996), pp. 509-522
[41.]
L.F. Hutchins, J.M. Unger, J.J. Crowley, C.A. Coltman, K.S. Albain.
Underrepresentation of patients 65 years of age or older in cancertreatment trials.
N Engl J Med, 341 (1999), pp. 2061-2067
[42.]
D.J. Sargent, R.M. Goldberg, S.D. Jacobson, J.S. Macdonald, R. Labianca, D.G. Haller, et al.
A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients.
N Engl J Med, 345 (2001), pp. 1091-1097
[43.]
Liver Infusion Meta-analysis Group. Portal Vein Chemotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: a meta-analysis of 4.000 patients in 10 Studies.
J Nat Cancer Inst, 89 (1997), pp. 497-505
[44.]
H.C. Hoover, J.S. Brandhorst, L.C. Peters, M.G. Surdyke, Y. Takeshita, J. Madariaga, et al.
Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for human colorectal cancer: 6,5-year median follow-up of a phase III prospectively randomized trial.
J Clin Oncol, 11 (1993), pp. 390-399
[45.]
J.B. Vermorken, A.M. Caessen, H. Van Tintern, H.E. Gall, R. Ezinga, S. Meijer, et al.
Active specific immunotherapy for stage II and stage III human colon cancer: a randomised trial.
[46.]
J. Harris, L. Ryan, G. Adams, A. Benson, A. Haller.
Survival and relapse in adjuvant autologous tumor vaccine therapy for Dukes’ B and C colon cancer. Est 5283.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 13 (1994), pp. 294
[47.]
G. Riethmueller, E. Holz, G. Schlimok, W. Schimiegel, R. Raab, K. Höffken, et al.
Monoclonal antibody therapy for resected Dukes C colorectal cancer: seven-year outcome of a multicenter randomized trial.
J Clin Oncol, 16 (1998), pp. 1788-1794
[48.]
C.J. Punt, A. Nagy, J.Y. Douillard, A. Figer, T. Skovsgaard, J. Monson, et al.
Edrecolomab (17-1A antibody) alone or in combination with 5- fluoruracil based chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: results of a phase III study.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 20 (2001), pp. 123a
[49.]
A.L. Fields, A.M. Keller, L. Schwartzberg, S. Bernard, R. Pazdur, C. Kardinal, et al.
Edrecolomab (17-1A antibody) (EDR) in combination with 5-fluorouracil (FU) based chemotherapy in the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: results of a randomised north american phase III study.
Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, 21 (2002), pp. 128a
[50.]
B. Minsky.
Adjuvant therapy for rectal cancer. Educational Book.
Am Soc Clinic Oncology, 50 (2002), pp. 472-477
[51.]
D.M. Hyams, E.P. Mamounas, N. Petrelli, H. Rockette, J. Jones, S. Wieand, et al.
A clinical trial to evaluate the worth of preoperative multimodality therapy in patients with operable carcinoma of the rectum.
Dis Colon Rectum, 2 (1997), pp. 131-139
Copyright © 2003. Asociación Española de Cirujanos
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos