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Barbed Sutures in General and Digestive Surgery. Review
Uso de las suturas barbadas en cirugía general y digestiva. Revisión de conjunto
Manuel Ferrer-Márquez
Corresponding author
Manuferrer78@hotmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Ricardo Belda-Lozano
Servicio de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Torrecárdenas, Almería, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the start of surgery sutures have been secured by tying a knot&#46; In spite of the multitude of materials that have been used&#44; there is no evidence regarding which is the best suture or the best way to secure one&#46; Historically it was assumed that sutures had to be secured by a final knot&#46; The majority of surgeons find it hard to understand a suture without its corresponding knot&#46; Barbed sutures have recently appeared in the market&#44; and make it possible to use a suture without a final knot&#46; This revision aims to analyse the advantages&#44; safety and applications of using barbed sutures&#46; Relevant articles were analysed for this purpose&#44; as obtained by searching the bibliography in the MEDLINE database for ones from 2000 to 2014&#46; The key words used in searching were &#8220;barbed suture&#8221;&#44; &#8220;laparoscopic anastomosis&#8221; and &#8220;laparoscopic knots&#8221;&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 1956&#44; Alcamo patented the first single direction barbed suture&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Use of this was first described in 1967 for the repair of hand flexor tendons&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Suture Property Concepts</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Many surgeons may find the idea of using a suture without a final knot to offer dubious safety&#46; Nevertheless&#44; although surgical knots are widely accepted in surgical tradition&#44; they have some disadvantages&#58;<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">1&#46;</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Tension</span>&#46; Although at first sight pressure seems to be similar throughout the whole line of suture&#44; it increases in the knot and in the suture that is closest to it&#46; This &#8220;tension gradient&#8221; could interfere with homogeneous scarring at the edges of the wound&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">2&#46;</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Slipping</span>&#46; The weakest point of any line of surgical suture is the knot&#46; The second weakest point is the part of the suture immediately next to the knot&#44; with reductions in strength of from 35&#37; to 95&#37;&#44; depending on the state of the material used&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;4</span></a> From a biomechanical point of view&#44; these data could explain the effects of slippage of the suture material itself through the knot&#44; and the inevitable elongation suffered at the point of the knot&#46;</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">3&#46;</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Human error</span>&#46; To counterbalance this slipping effect knots are sometimes tied &#8220;too tightly&#8221;&#44; which may cause necrosis or faults in wound scarring&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">4&#46;</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Foreign body</span>&#46; On the other hand&#44; the knot in itself represents a source of foreign body reactions in any suture&#46; In fact&#44; the inflammatory reaction around the knot has been found to be proportional to the size of the surgical knot&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;5</span></a></p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">5&#46;</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Use in minimally invasive surgery</span>&#46; The arrival of laparoscopic surgery has given rise to a technical challenge&#44; above all in the manoeuvres which require especial skill such as tying surgical knots&#46; Tying knots inside and outside the body requires a large amount of training&#44; and even with this knots tied using laparoscopy have often been found to less secure than those tied by hand&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In cases where it is difficult to tie a knot&#44; the use of barbed sutures could improve surgical time&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#8211;9</span></a> reduce the tiredness of the surgeon and even costs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Experimental Studies</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is not easy for a surgeon&#44; at least at first&#44; to use a suture and not tie it without feeling doubts about its security&#46; The way barbed sutures are made&#44; by making small cuts in the surface of a smooth suture&#44; may clinically give rise to a reduction in its tensile strength as a result of reducing the &#8220;functional diameter&#8221; of the suture&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; existing data indicate that barbed suture has a tensile strength that is comparable to its un-barbed equivalent&#44; as is reported in several in vitro studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0215"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;12</span></a> &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few experimental studies have been carried out to date&#44; although many of their findings can be extrapolated to our field of action&#44; even though they may not be directly connected with general surgery&#46; The majority of these studies examine the mechanical characteristics of barbed suture in quite a limited number of cases&#46; Studies are required that would evaluate the long-term biological effects of this suture and compare different types of barbed suture&#44; as well as the advisability or not of using other fixing elements at the end of the suture &#40;clips or similar&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2011&#44; Vakil et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> carried out a study of the closure of an arthrotomy with continuous barbed suture in comparison with single stitches using unbarbed suture&#46; They performed a stress test&#44; exposing the joint studied to 2000 flexions&#46; This left both types of suture intact&#46; Nevertheless&#44; when both sutures were gradually cut&#44; barbed suture resisted longer&#46; The unbarbed sutures gave way after the third cut&#44; while the barbed suture lasted until the seventh cut&#46; The authors therefore conclude that barbed suture is best able to maintain the integrity of suture&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2013&#44; Arbaugh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> carried out a series of gastropexies using barbed and unbarbed sutures in dogs&#44; after which they studied the tensile force necessary to cause a suture failure&#46; They found that the force applied to achieve dehiscence was greater for barbed suture&#44; which even led to the tearing of tissue rather than breakage of the suture itself&#46;</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2012&#44; Gozen et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> found that barbed suture was better in terms of the tightness of the suture in a series of pig bladder closures&#46; Following the closure of the defect in the bladder with barbed and unbarbed sutures&#44; they found by using cystometry that the bladder had to be larger in volume for a leak to be created at the closure with barbed suture &#40;419&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; than was the case with continuous unbarbed suture &#40;353&#46;08<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41; or in single stitches &#40;276&#46;2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml&#41;&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a similar way&#44; Nett et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> report greater tightness in the closure of an arthrotomy with barbed suture than is the case with unbarbed suture&#46; They found that following the simulation of a tension hemarthroma&#44; leakage of 89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml occurred from barbed suture while 356<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ml drained from the unbarbed suture&#46;</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once again in connection with suture tightness&#44; Ehrhart et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> studied the pressure at which dehiscence occurs at the suture following the closure of gastric&#44; colic and intestinal defects&#44; without finding any significant differences between single-thread and barbed suture&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Einarsson et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> investigate the reaction of tissue to barbed suture at a microscopic level in an ovine experimental model&#46; The procedure consisted of creating 2 defects &#40;bicorn uterus&#41;&#44; one of which was then closed using barbed suture while un-barbed suture was used in the other one&#44; so that each sheep functioned as its own control&#46; After 3 months the animals were sacrificed&#44; without any differences being found between the 2 groups in terms of the degree of adherences and arrangement of connective tissue around the scar&#46;</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2014&#44; Bellon et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> published a comparative study in rabbits&#46; They were operated using an average laparotomy of 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm which was then closed&#46; After 3 weeks the specimens were sacrificed and samples with barbed and un-barbed sutures were studied&#46; No differences were found in the morphological study&#44; collagen expression&#44; macrophage response or the biomechanical study&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">The Use of Barbed Sutures in Surgery</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Barbed suture has been used in recent years in different specialities&#46; In gynaecology&#44; several papers have been published that advise the use of barbed suture to reduce operative time and even&#44; in some cases&#44; intraoperative bleeding&#46; For myomectomy as well as hysterectomy several authors defend its use because it facilitates surgical technique&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;18&#8211;20</span></a> In the field of urology&#44; with the exception of one author who published unfavourable results with the use of this suture &#40;a high rate of urethropelvic stenosis in a small series &#91;5&#47;6 patients&#93;&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> the large majority of urologists defend its use as it reduces operation time and increases the safety of anastomosis&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22&#44;23</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general surgery&#44; the great majority of publications are about bariatric surgery and its use in laparoscopic gastric bypass&#46; It is well-known that a high level of skill and dexterity is required of surgeons to perform intracorporeal anastomosis &#40;suture and knotting&#41;&#46; Therefore&#44; everything that can help anastomosis and make it more reproducible and safer will be appreciated by the great majority of specialists &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this way Milone et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> included 60 patients in a prospective randomised study in which barbed suture was used in gastrojejunal anastomosis in 30 patients&#44; while in the other 30 Poliglactin 3&#8211;0 was used&#46; The main subject of the study was the time taken for the suture and operation&#44; while its secondary subjects were the rate of leakage&#44; bleeding and stenosis&#46; In the barbed suture group significantly less time was required for anastomosis than was the case in the control group &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#44; while no differences were detected in complications&#46; They conclude by indicating the use of barbed suture for gastrointestinal anastomosis&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">De Blasi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> undertook a comparative study of 100 gastric bypass candidate patients&#46; 50 were treated by gastrojejunostomy using single absorbable stitches&#44; while continuous barbed suture was used in the other 50&#46; The anastomosis time was significantly shorter in the barbed suture group &#40;11 vs 8&#46;22<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#62;&#46;01&#41;&#44; while the cost of the material used to complete reconstruction was lower &#40;26&#46;69<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8364; vs 18&#46;33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8364;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#60;&#46;001&#41;&#46; No differences were found in postoperative complications&#46; The authors conclude that the use of barbed suture is as safe as the use of conventional sutures&#44; while it permits faster and simpler suturing in gastrojejunal anastomosis&#44; so that it could be included in the standard technique for laparoscopic gastric bypass&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective study compares standard absorbable single-thread suture with barbed suture for creating gastrojejunal anastomosis&#44; as well as jejunojejunal anastomosis&#46; The new treatment is able to slightly shorten the operation time&#44; without any differences in terms of hospital stay or postoperative complications&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Palmisano et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> publish their experience in creating a gastrojejunostomy and jejunojejunal anastomosis with barbed suture in 2 planes&#44; finishing with placing an absorbable clip at the distal end&#46; Of the total number of 96 patients&#44; 2 had fistulas in the jejunojejunal anastomosis while there were none in the gastrojejunal anastomosis&#46; According to the authors&#44; these data are comparable to those described in the literature&#44; and they suggest that well-designed studies in the future should be undertaken to prove the safety and efficacy of this suture&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As well as bariatric surgery&#44; the use of this suture has other possibilities within the speciality&#46; These have been covered by recent publications&#46; Edil et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a> used barbed suture in the last 19 patients of a series of 37 in Whipple&#39;s procedure for pancreaticojejunostomy&#46; 5&#37; of the patients in the new technique group presented a pancreatic fistula&#44; while the corresponding figure for the standard group was 11&#37;&#46; Additionally&#44; the operation time was shorter for the patients with the new technique &#40;367<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41; than it was with the standard one &#40;440<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>min&#41;&#46; The authors conclude that the use of barbed suture for laparoscopic pancreaticojejunostomy is a safe and effective technique&#44; with similar results to those of other series of laparoscopic Whipple procedures&#46;</p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Barbed sutures have been safely used in closure of the pelvic cavity following abdominoperineal amputation&#46; Matsuhashi et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> present their first results in 2 cases that required laparoscopic Miles with closure inside the pelvic cavity&#46; During follow-up neither of the patients presented complications or signs of relapse&#46; The authors hypothesise that barbed suture may improve the efficacy of closure inside the pelvic cavity following laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection&#44; and they believe it may reduce the stress felt by the laparoscopic surgeon during the operation&#46;</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another use in colorectal surgery is for closure of the rectal wall after transanal endoscopic microsurgery&#46; Wilheim et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> compare closure of the horizontal defect in the rectal wall of experimentation animals using single-thread suture with a clip at the end or self-affixing barbed suture&#46; The objective is to measure the pressure at which air leaks through the line of suture as well as the time of leakage&#46; The average pressure for the barbed suture was 45&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mbar&#44; while it was 33&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mbar for the single-thread suture &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P</span>&#61;&#46;58&#41;&#46; The suture time was the same in both groups&#46; They conclude that the barbed suture permits the same pressure as the single-thread one&#44; and that it seems feasible to use it in the rectal wall&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several cases have been described in the literature of obstructive symptoms secondary to the use of barbed sutures&#44; possibly due to the contact of the barbed material with intestinal loops and its capacity to hold them&#44; as a result of its characteristics&#44; on the surface&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31&#44;32</span></a> Surgeons must keep this hypothetic problem in mind&#44; with a high level of suspicion in case of postoperative symptoms of obstruction&#46; It is therefore advisable to avoid contact with the material as far as is possible&#44; and it is recommended that its distal end be cut as close as possible to where it protrudes from the tissue&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conclusions</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is possible that the technically most demanding part of laparoscopic surgery in terms of dexterity is anastomosis and suturing inside the body&#46; In spite of the development of laparoscopy and the fact that it is now a standardised technique in many habitual surgical procedures&#44; relatively few diseases require the use of sutures within the body&#46; Barbed sutures may facilitate this practice&#44; avoiding the need to tie knots inside the body as well as the need for the assistant to maintain continuous tension in the suture&#44; clearly improving key aspects of surgery such as reproducibility&#44; operating time and surgeon tiredness&#46; The principles of tension&#44; vascularity and perfect surgical technique must be respected regardless of the material used&#46;</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical review of the literature supports its use as a safe and effective technique&#44; one which is at the least equivalent to conventional absorbable sutures&#46; In any case prospective&#44; controlled and randomised studies are necessary to confirm these findings&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conflict of Interests</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflict of interests to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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          "titulo" => "Introduction"
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          "titulo" => "Suture Property Concepts"
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          "titulo" => "The Use of Barbed Sutures in Surgery"
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        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The appearance of new barbed sutures is an advance in making knots and anastomosis&#44; mainly in laparoscopic surgery&#44; where the majority of the surgeons find themselves limited dealing with these sutures&#46; Through this review we aim to evaluate both the use and the safety of the sutures in General and Laparoscopic Surgery&#46; Barbed sutures seem to ease the procedures improving key aspects such as reproducibility and operative time&#46;</p></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La aparici&#243;n de las nuevas suturas barbadas es un avance en la realizaci&#243;n de nudos y anastomosis&#44; principalmente en cirug&#237;a laparosc&#243;pica&#44; donde gran parte de los cirujanos se encuentran limitados en la realizaci&#243;n de dichas suturas&#46; Con esta revisi&#243;n&#44; se pretende valorar el uso que se ha realizado y la seguridad que presentan en cirug&#237;a general y digestiva laparosc&#243;pica&#46; La sutura barbada parece facilitar la pr&#225;ctica&#44; mejorando claramente aspectos claves en cirug&#237;a como son la reproductibilidad y el tiempo operatorio&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Ferrer-M&#225;rquez M&#44; Belda-Lozano R&#46; Uso de las suturas barbadas en cirug&#237;a general y digestiva&#46; Revisi&#243;n de conjunto&#46; Cir Esp&#46; 2016&#59;94&#58;65&#8211;69&#46;</p>"
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos